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Scott R. Seitzer 5907 North 5th Street Arlington, Va. 22203

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♦

HELD IN COMMEMORATION

OF

THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.

WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF

THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OP INTEREST EXHIBITED IN THEM,

EMBRACING ~I.SO

A Concise History of the Origin am1 Success of the Exhibition, and Biographies of the Leading Members of the Centennial Commission,

TO WHICH 18 ADDED

A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. BY JAMES D. McCABE,

AUTHOR OF THE “ CENTKNN I V I, HISTORY OF Tn E UNITED STATES,”

“PATHWAYS OF THE HOLY LAND,” ETC., ETC. •

EMBELLISHED WITH NEARLY 400 FINE ENGRAVINGS OF BUILDINGS, EXHIBITS AND

SCENES IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION.

Usued Hy subscription only, and not for sale in the book stores. Residents of any State desiring a copy should address the Publishers, and an Agent will cal! upon them. See page 019.

PUBLISHED BY

THE NATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY.

Philadelphia, Pa., Chicago, III., St. Louis, Mo.

I

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by J. K,. JONES,

In the Office of the Librarian o. Tongress, at Washington, D. C.

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VIEW IN THE MAIN BUILDING, SHOWING THE SPANISH,

EGYPTIAN AND DANISH COURTS.

PREFACE.

IIE close of the first century of American Inde¬ pendence naturally called for some extraor¬ dinary and imposing commemoration of the great event ; and when it vras proposed to cele¬ brate it by an International Exhibition, in which the American Republic should display to the world the triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace during its first century of national existence, And in which these triumphs should be compared in friendly rivalry with those of other and older nations, there was a general and cordial response of approval from the entire country. Out of this sentiment the Inter¬ national Centennial Exhibition was born. Foreign nations entered cordially into the competition to which they were invited, and the enterprise was carried for¬ ward to completion with the most gratifying energy and promptness.

The International Centennial Exhibition was a

grand success. It surmounted its early difficulties and

delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the

beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by its

3

4

preface.

positive and overwhelming success as compared wita the previous great Exhibitions ot the woild.

It is a success of which the American people have especial cause to be proud, for it was entiiuy then work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments ot the countnes m which they were held, and were fostered with the great¬ est care, and every resource of the state was placed at their disposal to insure success. The Centennial Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor by the American Government, which withheld its aid until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced it to come forward and do its share in the work. The Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people of the United States, conceived by them, carried for¬ ward to its close by them, and made by them the grandest success of the century.

The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of

our people in their beautiful Exhibition. Thousands

came from all parts of the Union, and yet other

thousands from abroad, to visit the great Exhibition,

and all these went away with the acknowledgment

that, great as their expectations were, they were more than realized.

Believing that such would be the interest of the

Amencan people in the Exhibition, the author began

a an ear y day the preparation of this work, in which

he has sought to present to ftm i

history nf it ? the reftder not only the

y of the £reat eaterPrise> ft™ its inception down

PREFACE.

to its close, but at the same time to give to him a life¬ like picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights and attractions. Apart from his other labors, he visited every portion of the Exhibition in person, note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record faithfully and accurately the various features and incidents of the great fair which seem to him most likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. lie ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task, and that the work will be found of use and interest by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for themselves the beautiful and instructive display de¬ scribed herein, as well as by the thousands who could not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Ex¬ hibition only by the reports that reach them through their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit chiefly the author has written these pages, in which he has endeavored to enable them to become familiar with the Exhibition without either the expense or trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed that those who visited the Exhibition will find a perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Ex¬ hibition was a world within itself, and the visitor entering its portals was plunged at once into the midst of so much that was beautiful, novel, and at¬ tractive that he was bewildered. A thorough study of this eighth wonder of the world through the medium of some systematic and carefully prepared account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to the

6

preface.

intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is olk ivd him in this work.

Those who saw the Exhibition will, it is believed, admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented, whatever they may think of the manner in which the work is executed.

The engravings in this work have been prepared especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Van Ingen & Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York, and other well-known houses.

Philadelphia,

February 20th , 1877.

Jas. D. McCabe.

THE CENTRAL AISLE OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL.

Founding of Philadelphia by "William Penn — His Treaty with the Indians — Original Plan of the City — Growth of the City — The Revolution — Occupation by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia —

Its Banking Interests — Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The Centennial Census — Population of Philadelphia . 17

CHAPTER II.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876.

Location of Philadelphia— Size of the City — Its Regularity — Materials used in Building the Houses — “The City of Homes”— Philadelphia Houses— Mr. Kortwright’s Statistics — The Public Squares— Market Street — The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written — The National Publishing Company’s Building— Second Street— Christ Church — Chestnut Street — A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter’s Hall — The Continental Congress — The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom House — The Post-Office — Independence Hall — The Fashionable Prom¬ enade — Noted Buildings — The Hotels — The Continental — The Lmited States Mint — Walnut Street — The Merchants’ Exchange — The Commer¬ cial Exchange — An Interesting Site — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission —

The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch Street — The Grave of Frank¬ lin — Handsome Churches — Broad Street — The Baltimore Depot — Penn¬ sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Academy of Music — The Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public Buildings — The Masonic Temple — Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Railroad Depot — Third Street — The Financial Centre — The Girard Bank — Old Churches. - 1

7

3

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876— CONCLUDED.

Steam Railroads— Steamship Lines — The Philadelphia Markets — Promi¬ nent Churches— Cathedral— The old Swedes’ Church — The Public Schools— University of Pennsylvania— The Medical Colleges Girard College— The Philadelphia Library— Mercantile Library — Ridgway 'Library— Academy of Natural Sciences— Learned Societies— The Zo¬ ological Gardens— Benevolent Institutions— The Pennsylvania Hospital Insane Asylum — Prisons — House of Correction — Places of Amuse¬ ment— Cemeteries— Newspapers— Banks — Gas and Water — Street Rail¬ ways— The Water Front— The Delaware Shore— The Coal Wharves— Camden— Smith's and Windmill Islands— League Island— The Xavv \ard— Fort Mifflin— A Reminiscence of the Revolution— The Schuyl¬ kill River— The Bridges— The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges — M est Philadelphia— Germantown— Manufactures and Commerce. ... 92

CHAPTER IV.

- * *»xuv.

Dimensions of (he Pnrk— Its History— Improvements— Old Fairmount ",rk 7 R I'’' 'Valmwk-Th* Lincoln Monument

Lansdonne— George’s Hm-fleW-Thc WOW. <;,r‘le" —

CHAPTER V.

the international exhibitions of the past

Pngin of Industrial Exhibitions— Tl.e First Frwl r 1 t • •

Intaons at P„i, i„ 1SM , , „ ' lru,:l1 Exhibitio*-Tlie Fx-

H« International EMtiL '] f,Ub“Tn rf 1827-

Crystal Palace — Tlte New York Fxliil'v “ 'on<lon’ in 18ol-The liibition of 1835 — The Pall ,f °n °f 1:«8-TI,c Frenol, Kx-

ence Exhibitions— The London f") lll<3 MancllC8tor ;if>d Flor-

Jt! P"“ .1W-0H« His, . .

Htion of 1873 . r Exl»bitions-The Vienna Exhi-

chapter VI.

TIIE IIIST°RY OF THE CENTEX NT Tk F« Proposals for ths - . .. . . EX»H»TION.

Memorial ,0 cl”^T°h °l ** ^ <*

Appotnttneot of ,he Centeno*, Com^S^

tston— Creation „f Board 0f

167

CONTENTS.

9

Finance— Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia — Donation of the Exhibition Grounds— Proclamation of the President of the United States — The Invitation to Foreign Powers— The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors’ Goods — The General Government Takes Part in the Exhi¬ bition— The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874 — Plans of the Commission —Regulations for Exhibitors— Order of the Treasury Department — Work of the Board of Finance — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of Medals — Appropriations by Pennsyl¬ vania and Philadelphia — Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition- Report of the Board of Finance — Action of the States — Appropriations by Foreign Governments— Congress Appropriates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition— Reception of Goods— Completion of the Work — The System of Awards . . . 193

CHAPTER VII.

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION.

A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners from Foreign Countries . 253

CHAPTER VIII.

the WORK OF THE RAILROADS AND THE HOTELS.

Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia — Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States— Settlement of the Ques¬ tion of Fares — Arrangements of the Railroads loading into Philadelphia — IIow the Exhibition Grounds were reached from the City — The Penn¬ sylvania Railroad — Magnificent Equipment of the Road — The Model Railroad of the Union— Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad — I he Schuylkill Steamboats — The Street Railway Arrange- ments — Cabs and Carriages — Regulations concerning them — The Phila¬ delphia Hotels — The Centennial Lodging-House Agency — Boarding Houses — Suburban Hotels . 263

CHAPTER IX.

THE OPENING OF TIIE EXHIBITION.

Arrangements for the Opening — Programme Issued by the Centennial Commission— Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May— The Opening Day The Rush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points— The Gates Thrown Open— The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene Arrival of the President of the United States — Wagner’s Centennial March — Bishop Simpson’s Prayer — Whittier’s Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude — Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commis-

10

CONTENTS.

sion— Tlie Centennial Cantata-Addre* of General llaw'ey-r^idettt Grant Declare, the Exhibition Open-The Hag Uuiurled— ll.e 1 dent’s Tour Through the Buildings— The Starting oi the Great Engine

—Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds— Illumination oi die C it \ . 2, t

CHAPTER X.

WITHOUT THE GROUNDS.

Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town— The Transcontinental and Globe Hotels— The United States— The Grand Exposition— The Panorama- Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue— The Cheap Hotels— The P.eer-t har¬ dens— The Carriage Sheds— The Cheap Museums— The Oil Wells The StreetCar Concourse— A Busy Scene— Centennial Depot of the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad— Belmont A venue— Appearance of the Street— The Largest Soda Fountain in the World— The Restaurants— The Tropical Garden— A Delightful Resort— George's Hill— Belmont— The Steam boat Landing— Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad . 306

CHAPTER XI.

THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

Topography of the Grounds— The Ravines — The Entrances— The Turn¬ stiles— Styles of Tickets used— The Photograph Regulation- Tin Cen¬ tennial Guard— The Fire Department— The Narrow-Gauge Railway - The Rolling Chair Service — Landscape Gardening— The Flower- The Avenues— The Bridges— Bartholdi’s Fountain— The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain— The Centennial Waterworks Relief Plans of Foreign Cities— Statue of Religions Liberty— Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe— The Hunter’s Camp— An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train— The American Soldiers’ Monument— The Ice-Water Fountain— The Indian Camp .

CHAPTER XII.

THE MAIN BUILDING.

Description of the Main Building— A Monster Edifice— The Interior— A Magnificent Hall- Decorations— The Galleries— A Beautiful and Imposing Scene — M ater-Closets— Restaurants— Fountains — Letter Boxes-Telegraph System-The Elevator-Classification of the Display in the Building— The American Department-The Great Organ-Tho Massachusetts Educational Exhibit— The Roosevelt Organ-The Paper Ma^eB°okp„e Mode! Post-Ofiee-The clnZ \V oollen Goods— The Carpet Rooms-Americnn Pottery-Among the bon Workem-The Fire-Arms Exhibit-Rich Costume*- -The Tele! g apluc Display— The Gas Future Department- A Brilliant Display-

FOOD FISHES OF THE SEA - EXHIBITED IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING,

CONTENTS.

n

The Jewellers and Silversmiths — The Moorish Pavilion — A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects — The Century Vase — The Cologne Fountains — The Furniture Display — Model Houses Completely Fur¬ nished — The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful Instruments — Concerts— Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware — Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments — Beautiful Porce¬ lains — Superb Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tile Exhibit — Rich Iron Work — Rare Furniture — A Royal Pavilion — Grand Display of Cotton and Woollen Goods and Linens — Jewelry — Splendid Carpets — The Book Display — The Graphic’s Art Collection — Rich Stained Glass — A Gorgeous Show from India — The Canadian Exhibit — The Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion — The Educa¬ tional Exhibit of Ontario — The Australian Exhibits — The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent — Pyramids of Gold— Superb Photo¬ graphs of Australian Scenes — Dust from the Gold Coast — Native Dia¬ monds — The West Indian Display — France — The French Court — Rare Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics of France — The Silk Court — Beautiful Laces — Statuary — Religious Groups — The Book Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — Articles de Paris- Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus .

CHAPTER XIII.

THE MAIN BUILDING — CONCLUDED.

Germany — Location of the German Section — A Superb Display of Porce¬ lain — Beautiful Vases — Plate Glass — Bronzes — The Silks — Display of the E'berfeid Manufacturers — The Ivory Pavilion — The Chemical Dis¬ play — The Velvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church Decorations — Models of an Ocean Steamer — The Book Pavilion — The Austrian Court — Magnificent Bohemian Glass — The Meerschaum Pipes — Exquisite Carvings — Vienna Leather Work — The Italian Court — Artistic Wood Carvings — Beautiful Jewelry — Glassware from Venice — Belgium — Magnificent Display of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture — Fire-arms — A Belgian School and Gymnasium — The Lace Court — Beautiful Iron Work — Pictures in Tapestry — The Netherlands — A Grand Display of the Public Works of Holland — The Woollen Goods — Model Farms — A Dutch Eating-house — Rare and Beautiful Art Works — Educa¬ tional Exhibit — The Artisans’ School — Switzerland in Miniature — The Watchmakers — Scientific Instruments — The Swiss School System — Rich Laces — The Wood Carvers — Sweden — The Peasant Groups — Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes — A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains — The Bessemer Steelmakers — Display of the Swedish Army — Norway — Peasant Groups — The Laplanders — A Fine Collection — The Danish •Court — Etruscan Imitations — Esquimaux Houses and Boats— The Span¬ ish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure — Rich Display of the Resources .aid Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish Industry — The Egyptian

337

12

CONTENTS.

Court— A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land of the NBe-The Past and the Present-A Page from the Arabian Nights luch Ro >es Articles from Central Africa-Kgypt’s Agricultural Resources- The Japanese Court-A Wonderful Display-Superb Bronzes-The Lacq¬ uered Ware— What the Island Empire Exhibits— '1 he ( hiuese Court A Beautiful and Curious Display-Exhibit of the Orange Free Stntc- Another Sample of Dutch Energy-The Tunisian Court-Eastern Mag¬ nificence-Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico —The Brazilian Pavilion— A Superb Edifice—1 The Empire of Brazil Illustrated— Exhibit of the other South American States— Display from the Sandwich Islands— The Russian Exhibit— Rich and Beautiful Ob¬ jects from St. Petersburg and Moscow— The Portuguese Court— A Hand¬ some Collection— Special Portuguese Features— The Turkish Court—

The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan— The Mineral Annex— The Carriage Annex . 409

' CHAPTER XIV.

MACHINERY HALL.

Description of the Building— The Interior— Conveniences for Visitors— Precautions Against Eire— The Corliss Engine— Distribution of Power —The American Display— Curious and Interesting Machines— The Steam-Engines— The First Steam-Engine in America— The Blast Fur¬ nace— The Sewing Machines— A Handsome Display— The Suspension Biidge Exhibit A Monster Cotton Press — \\ caving Machines — Making Watches by Machinery-Carpet Weaving-The Water Motors -The Locomotives-Thc Railway Exhibit-The Vacuum Pan-The Tobacco Factory-Making India Rubber Shoes-Making Candies by Machinery -The Massachusetts Marine-Among the Printing Machines— The Old Franklin Press-Printing the New York Herald— The Ice Yacht— American Machine Shops-Xail and Tack Making-The Hydraulic Annex— The Tank— The Cascade— The Hydraulic and Blowing Ma¬ chines— The British Section— The Road Steamers— Iron Armor Plate- Weaving Machines-Railway Models-The Walter Press-The Sutrar

“Cr'r ^‘-The German Section-The Krupp G„ns -The I'rench Section— Silk Wming-Li,l,ographing_BelBian i ac nnery ie A\ ell-Borer— The Swedish Section and Exhibits— The

Dilphy ""T !! Bmi'ia" SCC'i°n_A Ha"'ls0"’e and a“”"ri*lic

CHAPTER XV

AGRICULTURAL HALL.

r Arral'Se^nenl,>— Classification nf the

Plena— Harvesting lIlaeliine8--'Thre8hing^rMac||1ij|^_^lp|'lg'^,aj^^^!l|^

470

CONTENTS.

13

— Tlie Native Wines of America — Thu Starch Makers — The Windmill _

The Natural History Collection — The California Buffet — The Aquaria _

The Tobacco Exhibit — A Fine Display — Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union — Daniel Webster’s Plow — The Cape Ann Fisheries — “Old Abe” — The British Court — A Small Display — Agricultural Products of Canada — Canadian Machinery — The French Exhibit — A Fine Display of French Wines — Germany’s Contribution — The Wines of the Rhine land — Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary — Exhibit of Russian Products — Italian Wines and Oils — Bologna Sausages — The Spanish Court — A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain — The Portuguese Collection — Holland’s Exhibit — The Norway Fisheries — Swedish Exhibit — The Japanese Court — The Tea and Silk Culture — The Brazilian Court — The Cotton Pavilion — A Remarkable Collection — The Brazilian Silk Cnlture — Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic — The Liberian Court — The Pomologieal Annex — The Wagon Annex .

CHAPTER XVI.

HORTICULTURAL HALL.

Description of the Building — The Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Hall — The Fountain — Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit — A Rich Collection of Tropical Plants — A Beautiful Scene — The Forcing Houses — The East and West Rooms — Exhibit of Gardening Materials —

The Electrical Organ — The Horticultural Grounds — The Guano Pavilion — The Tent — Anthony Waterer’s Rhododendrons — The Cuban Summer House . 5(54

CHAPTER XVil.

MEMORIAL HALL.

Description of the Building— Bronze Groups of Statuary — The Annex — Classification of the Art Exhibit — The Reception and Central Halls —

The Paintings and Statues in them— The Art Galleries— Notable Pic¬ tures by American Artists — The English Gallery — Masterpieces of the Modern English Painters— The Older English Artists— The Queen’s Pictures — The South Kensington Exhibit — The French Pictures — The German Gallery — The Austrian Collection — A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary — Italian Paintings — The Castellani Collections — Spanish Pictures — Art Gems from Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School — No'table Pictures from Belgium — The Danish Gallery — Brazilian and Mexican Art — The Photographic Annex — A Fine Display of Photographs. . . 577

11

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVIII.

the united states government building.

Inscription of the Building-The Grounds-Exhibits of the Various

J Departments Outside of the Building The Monitor Turret-The Great IZ of the Armv and Navy-The Postal Care-The Transit of Venus

Exhibit _ Army Trains— Disposition of Space in the Hall— Exhibit of

the Post-Office' Department-A Model Post-Office— The Agricultural Department-A Fine Display-The Interior Department— Exhibit of the Patent Office-Historical Relics— A Rich Display of Indian Curi- osities-The Educational Exhibit— The Censns— Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Territories— A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution— The Animals and Fishes of the United States —The Mineral Collection— The Treasury Exhibit— The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches— The Navy Detriment— A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equipment of an American Man-of-War— The Torpedo Service— The War Department -Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service— The Engineer Corj* and its Work- Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post I lospitul The Laboratory— The Light-House. . ftOT

CHAPTER XIX.

TIIE WOMAN’S BUILDING.

Description of the Building— Its Cost— A Lady Engineer- The Interior of the Building— The Exhibit— The Looms— Works of Female A rti<t.s — Inventions of Women — Institutions Managed by Women -Splendid Effi&roiu’eries— Display from Foreign Countries— The Printing Office.. Go I

CHAPTER XX

THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF TIIE EXHIBITION.

The State Buildings-St. George’s House— The French Government Bmlding-The French Stained Glass Pavilion— The German Govern¬ ment Building— The Spanish Buildings-The Portuguese Building— m Swedish SchoohHouse-The Canadian Log-House-The Brazilian Buddmg-The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar-Thc Turkish and Tu- Vil n eS" B“aar<-Tht Syrian Bazaare— The Moorial,

BniWi'n- Tl "T a, _Ti'e R<*t”"r;ln1’— The Shoe and Leather Crt»»,I ImT? , a"~TI,C Bnlto Cheese Faelorv- Cetltennial Madli"c Cottage-The

Office— EmnireTr l'"C ^0Clatl0n_1'he American Railroad Ticket

-T =Gtw»^ TT:nmran-V'aB RnS — Starr’s Work,

' 0 k*~C“ipbeU Printing Press Building-The A merictu.

CONTENTS.

15

Newspaper Building — The World’s Ticket Office — The Palestine Camp — The Women’s School-House — The American Kindergarten— The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen — Pacific Guano Company’s Building— The Sheet-Metal Pavilion— The United, States Life-Saving Station — The Elevated Bailway — The Windmills . (5G2

CHAPTER XXI.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission — John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Fi¬ nance — Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition — Pro¬ fessor John L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission — General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of Revenue . -07

CHAPTER XXII.

THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 187G,

AT PHILADELPHIA.

Arrangements for the Great Celebration — Independence Hall Decorated — 1 he Centennial Legion — The Blue and the Gray — Ceremonies of July 1st— Congress of Authors— The Great Civic Parade of July 3d—

The Midnight Celebration— Dawn of the Fourth— The Military Parade The Exercises in Independence Square — Illumination and Fireworks. 741

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA.

Arrangements for the Regatta— The Prizes— Sketch of the Schuylkill Xa\y 1 rogramme of the Races — Biographical Sketch of Commodore James M. Ferguson— Description of the Races— The Winners . 753

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS.

Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock — Description of the Grounds —The Horse Show— The Noted Animals— The Dog Show— The Cattle Show A Superb Exhibit — Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats— The Poultry Show .

CHAPTER XXV.

THE STATE DAYS.

Arrangements for the State Celebrations — New Jersey Day — A11 Inspirit¬ ing Spectacle— Connecticut Day— Massachusetts Day— New York Day A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State — Pennsylvania Day— The Grandest Celebration of All— A Gala Day at the Exhibition

16

CONTENTS.

-rRhode Island Day— New Hampshire Day— Delaware, Mary la ml, .mil Virginia Day— The Delaware Celebration— The Tournament— The Dali —Ohio Day— Vermont Day .

CHAPTER XXVI.

the record of the exhibition.

Statement of Leading Events Connected Witl^and Growing < hit oi the Exhibition .

CHAPTER XXVII.

TIIE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS.

Ceremonies at Judges’ Hall— Announcement of the Awards granted by the Commission— List of the Principal Awards in Each Class . 8.‘57

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION.

The Closing Day— The Attendance at the Exhibition— (Vremonit- in Judges’ Ilall— The Music— Address of lion. D. J. Morrell- The Te Deum— Remarks of President John Welsh— Address of Director-General Goshorn— Speech of General Hawley— President Grant Declare- the Exhibition Closed— Stopping the Machinery . jyr»3

CHAPTER XXIX.

STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE.

Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition— Gradual Increase in the Attendance-- Statement of The

Receipts— Comparison of the “Centennial ” with Other Exhibitions... . 885

CHAPTER XXX.

WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED.

Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition-Views o General Hawley-What General Goshorn Thinks the Exhibition t 0f **«, Welsh, Mr. John Sar.ain,

A W Ikt C T* Landreth’ Mr- Miner, and General Francis

A. H aiker Concerning their Respective Departments . 891

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION.

S!1", I“~I Exhibition

B. inding-De.cription of tl,e Main ui iUhf_A 7 "f Main

nent Exliibiiion— The P.nn«.t ■ - :|' Arranged for the IVrma

The Pennsylvania Mt»,m of Industrial Art . 909

VIEW OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUI EDI NT

SHOWING THE GREAT CROWD ON PENNSYLVANIA HAY

t iie

ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

OF THE

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

CHAPTER I.

THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL

Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn — Ilia Treaty with the Indiana- Original Plan of the City— Growth of the City— The Revolution— Occupa¬ tion by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia — Its Banking Interests— Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City— The Centennial Census — Population of Philadelphia.

HEN it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first century of the independence of the United States by an International Exposition, it was admitted that the proper place for the holding of such an exhibition was the city of Philadelphia, in which occurred the decisive event which placed the United States among the nations of the

world, and which the exhibition was designed to commemorate. Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to introduce the reader to the great city in which it was held.

I he city of Philadelphia, in the county of the same name, is the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. It is the second city in the Union, and is classed as the sixth great city of the world.

The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn

Jg the illustrated history

immediately after taking possession of the province ol Pennsyl¬ vania granted to him by Charles II. He sent over a body ol colonists in August, 1681, and in 1682 came over himself and superintended the surveys of the new city. lhc land was chosen by him because, he declared, “ It seemed appointed tor a town, because of its coves, docks, springs, and lofty land.’ A 1 1 these features have long siuee disappeared before the rapid

growth of lus city. During the year 1682 a We number of co o„lsts arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or Q akers and persons of respectability and wealth

ihe place at which William Penn first set foot « tl •, r

his neweitv was lnnn- 1- , " 1 00 011 t'ie soil of

sw uty was long known as the “Blue l r ,»

from a tavern of that name the firs, I

limits of the city. ]itti ’ ■ . ' '"use built within the

5 ttle later' - spreading elm at

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

19

Shack am axon, now Kensington, Penn met the chiefs of the neighboring Indian tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace and friendship with them. This treaty was confirmed bv no oath, but it remained unbroken for fifty years, and as neither side sought to evade its obligations, which were simply of peace aid good will, the colony of Pennsylvania escaped in its. earlier years the horrors of a savage warfare from which the other settlers suffered. “We will live, ” said the Indian sachems, “in love with William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun shall endure.” They kept their word. “Penn came without arms; he declared his purpose to abstain

‘centennial award medal.

from violence ; he had no message but peace ; and not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian.”

The venerable elm tree which witnessed “ the only treaty ever ratified without an oath, and the only one never broken,” stood unharmed until 1810, when it was blown down by a furious gale. Its site is now marked by a small obelisk of granite, which stands on the east side of Beach street, a few steps north of Hanover. The Second and Third street cars will convey the visitor to Hanover street, from which he will have but a square to walk ; but the monument is so surrounded by piles of stone and "lumber that it will require a sharp eye to detect it.

On the pleasant tract lying between the Delaware and the

20

THE

ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Schuylkill, which was purchased from the Swedes who h«j oa

Lr part purchased it from the Indians, Penn m 1683 la.d out the capital of his province, which he named Philadelphia, the city of Brotherly Love, in token of the principles which he meant should constitute the common law of his possessions. 1 1 was abundantly supplied with streams of pure wjiter, and was admirably situated for purposes of trade. He did not wish it to be built after the manner of European cities, but designed it to be a “ greene country town, gardens round each house, that it might never be burned, and always be wholesome. 1 he streets were laid off by marking their course through the primitive forest by blazing the trees, and the building of dwellings was begun. In the first year of Penn’s arrival in the colony, twenty- three ships with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three years after its foundation Philadelphia contained upwards of six hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm friends of the colonists, and supplied them with wild fowl and venison in return for articles of European manufacture.

The original plan of the city was a parallelogram, two miles long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide. It contained nine streets, running from river to river, crossed by twenty -one running north and south. A grand square of ten acres was laid off in the heart of the city, and in each of the four quarters was a square of eight acres, all for pleasure

grounds and promenades. In the main the original* plan is still adhered to.

The streets running from river to river, with the exception of High street, were named after the native forest trees. They were called Vine Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pme, and Cedar. Nearly all of these names remain. Wras ,s now called Race; Mulberry Is Arch; High is

these were numbered.1* ^ ^ ^ intereecting

JKS c f b!i the rariv part °f the e*h-

Americs 1,7 gCSt an(i n,ost flourishing city in

in wS. ItSCOmm™ important, and ,t increased stjdily

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

21

“In 1711 the dry was divided into ten wards. In December. 1719. a printing press was set up. and Andrew Bradford began to publish the American Weekly Mercury , which was continued until 1746. In 172S the Gazette was begun, which fell to Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year the building of a State House was authorized, the site was selected in 1730, and the building begun in 1732. and completed in 1735. The bell tower was not erected until 1750, and on June 7th, 1753, the new 4 great bell,' cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the motto, i Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof,” was raised to its place. Tins is the bell celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence,

PENN LAVING OUT THE PLAN OF PHILADELPHIA.

and now in Independence Hall. The first Colonial Congress met in Philadelphia at Carpenter’s Hall, a building still in use as a hall, September 4th, 1774. Congress held its sessions at the State House in 1776, and here adopted and signed the Declaration of Independence. The British forces occupied the city from September, 1777, co June, 1778.”

During the British occupation a census of the city was taken 6v order of Lord Cornwallis, and showed a population of 21,767 inhabitants and 5470 houses. After the evacuation of the city by the enemy, Congress re&umed its sessions at the State House, which remained the seat of government of the Union until the close of the war. The Convention which framed the Constitu¬ tion of the United States met in Philadelphia in 1787, and that

22

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

great instrument was adopted in the same building that had witnessed the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Upon the inauguration of the Federal government, the national capital was removed to New York, but in 1790 was restored to Philadelphia, which remained the seat of government until 1800, when the new city of Washington became the capital. In 1800 Philadelphia also ceased to be the capital of the State,

which was located at Harrisburg.

The foreign commerce of Philadelphia grew with great rapidity between the close of the Revolution and the ) eai 1812. The second war with England almost destroyed this commerce, which did not return with the peace of 1815, and the completion of the Erie canal a few years after the close of the war, gave to New York an advantage which reduced Philadelphia to a secondary place in our foreign trade.

“Previous to 1839, the banking capital of Philadelphia wa3 large, and for the most of the period previous to 183G, it \va3 the monetary centre of the country. The first Bank of the United States, established by Act of Congress, in 1791, with a capital of $10,000,000, was located here, and the second Bank of the United States was established here in 1810, with a capital of $35,000,000. I he subsequent failure of the hank under its State charter in 1839, and the loss of its large capital, greatly weakened the financial strength of the citv, and the monetary centre was permanently transferred to New York. The revul¬

sion ot 1837, and the subsequent financial depression, fell heavily

on the city and State, the recovery from them not being apparent until 1844.”

The city retained its original limits until 1854. In the mean- t,me the thriving suburbs of Kensington, Germantown, West Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Richmond, enn Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, had sprung up around it, makmg in the aggregate a city much larger tl.an the

number 7’ V CaUS"'g n° ‘/tle COnfusion a"<' foul.lo by the

In 1854 the St?1 T j-msdicLis.

and all it, f ? LeSlslature consolidated tl.e parent town all tts suburbs m one city under the general name of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

23

Philadelphia. By the same enactment the corporate limits of the city were made to embrace the entire count" Philadelphia.

MONKEY HOUSE, ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN'S.

Since the consolidation the city has grown with marked rapidity. In 1860 the population was 565,529; in 1870, 674,022 ; and by the municipal census of the 1st of April, 1876, was 817,448, showing an increase of 21^- per cent, in the six years that have elapsed since the last Federal census.

CHAPTER II.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876.

Location of Philadelphia— Size of the City— Its Regulanty-Matemls uaed in Building the Houses—" The City of Homes ’’-Philadelphia llousea-Mr. Kortwright’s Statistics— The Public Square-Market Street-The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written— The National Pub¬ lishing Company’s Building-Second Street-Christ Church— Chestnut Street —A Splendid Thoroughfare-Carpenter’s Hall— The Continental Congress —The First Prayer in Congress— The Custom House— The Post-Office — Independence Hall— The Fashionable Promenade— Noted Buildings— The Hotels— The Continental— The United States Mint— Walnut Street— The Merchants’ Exchange— The Commercial Exchange— An Interesting Site — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission— The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch Street— The Grave of Franklin— Handsome Churches— Broad Street The Baltimore Depot— Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Acad¬ emy of Music— The Colosseum— Union League Club House — The Public Buildings— The Masonic Temple— Academy of Fine Arts— Reading Rail¬ road Depot— Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank— Old Churches.

HE city of Philadelphia lies between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, at a distance of nearly one hundred miles fr^m the Atlantic ocean, following tho course of $ ^ie Delaware bay and river. It is one hundred and thirty-six miles northeast of Washington City, and eighty-seven miles southwest of New York. The old city is located in a nearly level plain, elevated above the Delaware and Schuylkill, but the recent additions, especially those on the northwest, are built on a fine rolling countrv, which abounds in picturesque views that offer a striking contrast to the uniform atness of the old city. The corporate limits cover an area of

Zi'T T "ly Square milcs- Its length from

north to south ,s twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from

GENERAL, VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF MACHINERY nALL.

THE HYDRAULIC BASIN, IN MACHINERY HALL.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

25

east to west, eight miles. The densely inhabited portion of the city covers an area of about nine square miles, extending for about five miles along the Delaware, and two miles along the Schuylkill. The greater part of the business of the city is trans¬ acted between Vine and Spruce streets, east of Twelfth street. The wealthiest private section, that inhabited by “ the fashion," is south of Chestnut, and west of Seventh street. Walnut above Tenth is considered the most desirable street in the city, and contains many of the most costly and beautiful residences in the Union. Arch street above Broad, and Broad along its northern portion, are handsome residence streets. Market street is entirely devoted to business, and Chestnut street is the principal retail thoroughfare, and one of the handsomest streets in the Union.

The suburbs of Philadelphia are noted for their beauty, and are thickly built up with handsome country seats, villas, and cottages. They abound in exquisite scenery, especially in the vicinity of the Wissahickon.

Philadelphia is laid out with great regularity. As we have stated, the original plan of Penn contemplated a city of ten streets running from river to river, and crossed by twenty-five others at right angles. Broad and Market streets were to divide this city into four nearly equal portions, a considerable area being reserved at the intersection of these streets for a large public square. This was the famous Penn Square, now the site of the magnificent City Hall, in course of erection. The streets are usually from fifty to sixty-six feet in width, with a few of greater breadth. Those running from north to south are num¬ bered, beginning at the Delaware river; those from east to west are named. In the older sections of the city the sewage is defective in consequence of the flatness of the land, but the higher portions have nothing to complain of in this respect. Considering its size and importance, Philadelphia is remarkably deficient in good pavements. The streets are generally paved with cobble stones, but Belgian and wooden pavements are now superseding these in the more important thoroughfares. The general aspect of the city is bright and pleasing, mingled with a certain degree of primness, due to its Quaker origin. Except

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

27

in those portions along the rivers it is clean and healthy. Market street divides it into two portions, called North and South. The houses are numbered according to a peculiar plan, one hundred numbers being assigned to each block or square. Thus 950 would be located between Ninth and Tenth streets. This system renders it easy to find a building in any part of the c.itv between the numbered streets. The portion of the city lying beyond the Schuylkill still retains its old name of West

NINTH AND MARKET STREETS.

Philadelphia. It was in this section that the Exhibition grounds were situated.

As a rule the city is built of brick, but of late years many edifices of brown and free stone, iron, and marble have been erected, which cive to the city a more varied as well as a hand- somer and more substantial appearance. Philadelphia is emphatically a “city of homes.” Of its 140,000 buildings, 130,000 are dwelling-houses, a number greater than the whole

2g the illustrated history

number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Louis¬ ville in 1870. Of these 60,000 are the homes ot mechanics. It is the boast of Philadelphia that her working classes are better housed, better fed, and better clothed than those oi any city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as com¬ pared with New York, Boston, Chicago, or St. Louis ; Baltimore alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing Philadel¬ phia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to l>e i lie best arranged internally ot any dwellings in this count i y . 1 hey

are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick trouts, and white marble steps and trimmings. They have solid white

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PROCLAIMED IN 1 i; 1 1.A lIA.l'H I A.

wooden shutters which greatly disfigure them. On the first floor there is a wide hall, a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, and usually a summer kitchen. On the second floor are two cham¬ bers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third floor, two spare chambers, and one or more servants’ rooms. They are lighted with gas, heated by furnaces in the cellar, and supplied

with hot and gold water. About six thousand new buildings are erected every year

A year ago, Mr. Kortwright, the British Consul at Philadel- p na, tons summed up the leading features of the city, in one of his official reports to his government:

Philadelphia has a population of nearly 800,000, and it

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 29

lives in an area of 129£ square miles. The city has 1000 miles of streets and roads opened for use, and over 500 of these are paved. It is lighted by nearly 10,000 gas lamps. The earth beneath conceals and is penetrated by 134 miles of sewers, over •600 miles of gas mains, and 546 miles of water pipes. It has over 212 miles of city railways and nearly 1794 city railroad

DELAWARE STATE BUILDING.

cars passing over these railroads daily ; 3025 steam boilers ; over 400 public schools, with suitable buildings, and over 1600 school-teachers and over 80,000 pupils. It has over 34,000 bath-rooms, most of which are supplied with hot water, and for the use of the water at low rates the citizens pay more than a half million of dollars; it has over 400 places of public worship, and accommodation in them for 300,000 persons ; it has nearly

30

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

9000 manufactories, with a capital of $185,000,000, employing- 145,000 hands, the annual product of whose labor is over 384,000,000. It exported in 1873 in value over $24,000,000, and imported in value over $26,000,000; the amount for duties in gold was nearly $8,500,000 ; the real estate, as assessed for

market street above eighth.

»9^000,000 for" taxes4’*’5 8’°00’000' !m<, there was collected nearly

, Public Squares.

square in rachV'the f' Im’e SaK'’ n public

CEREMONIES AT THE OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

31

Independence Square, or, as it was formerly called, The State House Yard, lies immediately back of Independence Hall, ex¬ tending back to Walnut street, and from Fifth to Sixth streets. It has been put in order for the centennial year, and is now a neat and tasteful ground. The lampposts recently set up at the entrances to the square are not only quite pretty, but appropriate also. On the base of the posts appear the names of the original thirteen States, and above them, on a part made in imitation of the Independence Bell, is the inscription, “ Proclaim liberty throughout the land,” etc. Each lamp, of very beautiful design, lias four representations of the bell upon it, surrounded by thirteen stars. They add much to the appearance of the square.

Washington Square lies diagonally opposite Independence Square, and extends from Walnut almost back to Spruce street, and from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is shaded by fine old trees, and is a pleasant lounging-place in summer. This square was once a “ Potter’s field,” and here were buried many soldiers who died from the small-pox, camp fever, and prison diseases of the Revolution.

Rittenhouse Square lies between Walnut and Locust streets, and extends from Eighteenth to above Nineteenth street. It is a handsome enclosure, provided with walks, seats, and a tasteful fountain, and is a favorite resort for the nurses and children of the aristocratic neighborhood in which it is located. It is sur¬ rounded by elegant and substantial dwellings, some of which are among the handsomest in the Union.

Logan Square lies between Race and Vine and between Eighteenth and I wentieth streets. It is the handsomest square in the city, and a favorite resort. In 1864 the great Sanitary lair for the benefit of the Union army was held here. The entire square was roofed over and the ground covered with flooring. I he tru nks of the trees served as so many pillars for the roof, above which waved the branches of the trees.

Franklin Square lies between Race and Vine streets, and ex¬ tends from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is a fine old square, the principal attraction of which lies in its fine old trees.

32

the illustrated history

It was originally a burying-ground, and was used as such for many years.

Norris Square, in Kensington, and Jefferson Square, at Third street and Washington avenue, are very handsome. They are new; the first four named above constituting the squares de¬ signed by Penn.

The streets of Philadelphia are among the most attractive in the world, and the business streets have few equals.

Market Street.

Market street is the great thoroughfare of the city. It is the grand entrepot of the domestic and foreign commerce of Phila¬ delphia, and extends in an unbroken line from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, cros¬ ses that river, and continues its course to the city line. It was the High street of William Penn, and lias always en¬ joyed the pre-emi¬ nence it now holds. It is one hundred feet wide, and is lined with magnificent warehouses from the Delaware almost to the Schuylkill. Some of these are in 1 n A L superb edifices, built

with etv °meSt a r mamim raanner- are provided ItoZZ ZTT t\C bUSineSS *M>in then,,

the great nuUkr lese are the splendid buildings occupied by

r Si ~ Lippinr & Co" ™(i

s r, the mammoth warehouse of Hood,

CORNER OF MARKET AND SIXTH STREETS.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

33

Bonbright & Co., dry-goods merchants ; the vast clothing ware¬ house of John Wanamaker & Co., at Sixth and Market, on the site of the presidential mansion of Washington and Adams, perhaps the largest and most complete clothing establishment in the world. The Bingham House , at the corner of Market and Eleventh streets, is an excellent hotel, and a tasteful structure.

The great width of Market street allows an immense amount

BINGHAM HOUSE.

of traffic to be done upon it. In addition to the lines of the street railways, tracks are laid from West Philadelphia down the greater part of the street, connecting with the principal steam railway lines, and merchants are thus enabled to run the cars consigned to them directly into their warehouses. The various railways have branch depots, and the Adams Express Company has its main depot on this street.

I he scene on Market street is always bright and animated, 3

34

THE ILLUSTRATED JllbTOKV

and viewed from any point at any hour of the day the street is thronged with an eager, hurrying crowd of vehicles and pedestrians.

Adjoining the southwest corner of Market and Seventh streets is a plain, modest-looking building of brick, now used as a business house. A stranger would pass it by a dozen times without notice, but it is among the most noted edifices in the city, and should be dear to every American heart. It is the

House in which the Declaration of Independence was written.

In 1776 this building stood beyond the thickly settled por-

house m which the declaration OF INDEPENDENCE WAS WHITT]

tion of the city, and in what was known as “The Fields ” «« ™by “ "a"' of^ hon

of that dear lov!r of nature Th ' °T "“''aote<1 lhc attentio to Philadelphia to M " t ’ ™ Jefferson> he «a™

“I rented the second floor” he III’, tl’e„Cont!nental Congrest

’ he te,ls us. “consisting of a parlo

o F F I C I N A L S U G A R C 0 A T E:P P I L .LS^POORtS ESPM

\mm u «

ffM R . W A R N E g & C 0. PHIL AD'-

JS&B!!

JJXHI BIT OF SUGAR-COATED PIUS BY \YM. WARNER A C'O., IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

35

and bedroom, ready furnished.” He paid thirty-five shillings a week for his rooms, and in the parlor he wrote the Declara¬ tion of Independence upon a little writing-desk three inches high, which still exists.

The desk was bequeathed by him to a friend, and was ac¬ companied by a certificate in Mr. Jefferson’s own handwriting, setting forth the place and time of its purchase by him, and the fact that he had used it in the preparation of the great and glorious document with which his name and fame are insepara¬ bly connected.

On Seventh street, just north of Market, is the splendid iron- front building of the

National Publishing Company.

The offices, store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., of the Company

are in the building shown in the accompanying engraving.

Their extensive printing office and bindery are located in two

36

WAV

(ortOK

twist,

fflir %
1 Hi •■ II	K
IU	1 f j -f
'M	1 fi ?!
If!
|W:j ! ' J 1 ' ™	IS

		nr , \i if f Al
	'v * ffj	I r*If
	SRI®
m		■; J!j||!![|l

ill	H Kta
	ilia
fflJ	B
1	j?

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

37

adjoining buildings in the rear of this one. They are fitted up with every convenience for the manufacture of books, and with the latest and most improved labor-saving machinery. Every appointment is perfect in its way, and the work of this immense establishment goes on from day to day with regularity and precision. The unusual facilities enjoyed by the Company enable them to supply large editions of their books with a rapidity which only a great publishing house can command, and to supply their agents with promptness and regularity.

The Company was organized in 1863, under the presidency

CHRIST CHURCH IN 1776.

of Mr. J. R. Jones, who remains at its head. Under his able management it lias enjoyed thirteen years of remarkable pros¬ perity, and has taken rank as the largest and most successful subscription book house in the world.

Second Street.

Second street is one of the most peculiar features of the city. It extends in an almost unbroken straight line from the northern to the southern limit of the city, and is to Philadelphia very

the illustrated history

much what the Bowery is to New York. It is lined for miles with retail stores of every description, the customers of which are almost entirely of the humbler class, and it would be hard to surpass the confusion and the utter disregard of “ the eternal fitness of things” with which these are thrown together. It is a street which the visitor must sec in order to appreciate it thoroughly.

The most prominent object on Second street is

Christ Church,

Situated north of Market. It stands on the site of the first church erected by the followers of William Penn. It was begun in 1727, and was completed in 1754. It is built of brick, in the old style, and is surmounted by a tall spire, from which he who has the courage to ascend it will be rewarded with a noble view over the city, the Delaware, and the sur¬ rounding country. The steeple is 196 feet in height, ami con¬ tains a chime ot eight bells, said to be the oldest in America.

They rang out merrily upon the Proclamation of Independence one hundred years ago, and will join their voices to the glad chorus of rejoicing that will go up from the great city on the 4th of July, 1876. They were east in London, and on the tenor hell is inscribed this legend: “ Christ Church, Philadel¬ phia, 1754. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London, made us all.” The interior of the church is tasteful, but is finished in the style of the early part of the eighteenth century, except that the old high-back pews are gone, and the sitting arrangements are altered to suit the needs of a modern congre¬ gation. In the aisles of the church are buried John Penn, the Pp! raGp fr ° tie *>enn famil7 k°rn in America, Dr. Richard in f 1 1 ;R1bert I S lel0n’ and others who wore noted men WashiLty’»'t.,,r,eJnmV rememb<TOl only by the scholar.

this olutreb,

deuce in PI, M m'™8 tlle R«'olution, and during his rcsi-

thelet of mint 'f 1? " Pw,M“t of ">* United Slate* and

the hallowed aisles of 'thf/v f °"r llistor>’ l>«ve trod

this venerable edifice. Christ Church is-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

39

*he property of the Episcopal Church. In 1772 the Rev. William White, afterwards the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania, was made Assistant Rector, and in *789 the first general convention, which adopted the Constitu-

YOUXG men’s CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUI RUING.

tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, met here.

The church is opened twice for service on Sunday, and for prayers on Wednesday and Friday mornings, at which time it may be visited.

GUARANTEE TRUST AND SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY'S BUILDING, CHESTNUT STREET.

SCENE IN THE ART GALLERY-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

/

THE CENTENNaA-L EXHIBITION. '

41

Chestnut Street.

Chestnut street is the Philadelphia Broadway. Iz extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, crosses it by means of a magnificent bridge, and continues its course through West Philadelphia to the corporate limits. From the Delaware to Fifteenth street, it is lined with long blocks of lofty and elegant stores, and beyond this, to within a few squares of the Schuyl¬ kill, the street is built up with handsome residences.

Some of the most noted buildings in Philadelphia are located on this street. Commencing at the Delaware, we find the wharf at the lower end of the street lined with river steamers, and the busy crowded Delaware avenue, which lies along the river’s bank, is noisy with the constant roar of the immense torrent of business that pours along it. Climbing the hill which leads up from the river, Front street is reached, “the high and dry bank ” that rose above the river in the days of Will iam Penn. From Front to Third street, the buildings are massive, very tall, and below Second street are almost entirely constructed of brick. Above Second street marble and other stores relieve the monotony of the brick fronts. This part of the street is devoted to the wholesale dry-goods trade.

On the southeast corner of Third street is the five-story brick building of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with long lines of wires radiating from it in everv direction. Third is the Wall street of Philadelphia, and we shall refer to it again. On the south side of Chestnut, above Third, is the handsome brown- stone building of the Bank of North America. This was tho first bank established in the United States. It was chartered in 1781, at a time of great financial distress, and one of its prin- cipal originators was Robert Morris. This able financier made a good use of the bank in behalf of the Federal government, and restored the national credit by its aid. Immediately above the bank, and separated from it by an alley, is the new build¬ ing of the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. It is one of the handsomest structures in Philadelphia, and its two banking: rooms are among: the most beautiful and convenient in

42 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the Union. The safe deposit vaults are burglar-proof in every sense of the word.

A little above this building, and standing back from the street in a court, is a quaint, venerable-looking edilice. ibis is

Carpenters' Hall.

The Carpenters’ Company of Philadelphia was organized in 1724, and in 1770 began the erection of this structure as a place of meeting. It was finished in li *1. Ou the oth ol September, 1774, the Continental Congress, the great Congress

Of the Revolution, composed of delegates from all the colonies except Georg, a, assembled in this building. It numbered fiftv-

GclrtP C°"S,St'ng,0f del0SatCS from everv colony save W t l SC Tern0r ha<1 P1" election of delegates, d, e l d FT V- ''OTe many°f Ule eminent, men in

PatriCk

Adams and John Adams- fV v Tr Massachusetts, Samllel

John Jay and William Li ^ ^ °rk’ PlliliP Livir-.*CSton,

1 atU LlvlnSst<"> ; from Rhode Island, the

— — JL

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

43

veneiable Stephen Hopkins j from Connecticut, Roger Sherman • from South Carolina, Edward and John Rutedge and Christo¬ pher Gadsden ; and from New Jersey, the Rev. John Witherspoon, the President of Princeton College. The members of this illustrious body were not strangers to each other, though the majority of them met now for the first time. They had corre¬ sponded with each other, and had discussed their wrongs so

STUDIO OF THE NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPANY.

thoroughly, that each was well acquainted with the sentiments of his colleagues, and all were bound together by a common sympathy.

The Congress was organized by the election of Peyton Ran¬ dolph, of \ irginia, as Speaker. Charles Thomson, of Penn¬ sylvania, an Irishman by birth, and the principal of the Quaker High School in Philadelphia, was then chosen secretary. It

44

tiie illustrated history

was proposed to open the sessions with prayer Some of the member! thought this might be inexpedient, as all the tie cgates might not be able to join in the same form ot worship. Up

PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY.

rose Samuel Adams, in whose great soul there was not a grain o Siam. He was a strict Congregational ist. “ I ara no bigot,” e said. I can hear a prayer from a man of piety and virtue, whatever may be Ins cloth, provided he is at the same time a

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

45

friend to his country.” On his motion the Rev. Mr. Duch^, an Episcopal clergyman of Philadelphia, was invited to act as chaplain. Mr Duchd accepted the invitation.

CHESTNUT STREET BELOW THIRD.

When the Congress assembled the next morning all was anx¬ iety and apprehension, for the rumor of M:e attack upon Boston, which had reached Putman and aroused Connecticut, had gotten

4g THE illustrated history

as far as Philadelphia. The chaplain opened the session by reading the thirty-fifth psalm, which seemed, as John Adams said, ordained by Heaven to be read that morning, and then broke forth into an extempore prayer of great fervor and elo¬ quence. At the close of the prayer a deep silence prevailed in the hall. It was broken by Patrick Henry, who rose to open

. t/iil»TM.T STREET ABOVE SIXTH.

be*“ s,ow'y'and hesitating a

h~, , r ‘,0"'n b'' the '™?ht of ■>» subject,” but a

i„ a sZ f ' r°Se1gram'l}r t0 the "f the occasion, a,v

American cn! he recitwl tlle "Tongs of

tCuwlllt8 A6 han<1S °f Grat Britei"’ »"<< *cl.re

merica was dissolved, and urged upo

PARANA

MMMliilP

fAJ Rk if	m	H	H
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	If
	gy TO gijiiy	||	l|K
Bi	m 1	M?
, j ]f;i	i1	lit*	Is
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1	e»	|iit
	SKS	jtp;	spi

O
hij
iii	Pl|P|
tii
1 1 1 '111 1.. / 'limWtr

'U £T. ^	• ■ f 7 saifl,
	Vi1 1*®	if _ ^

	jv #T
B 1	fir [pi v > it 1 ,1
Sm ‘‘ij v	’ 1 1 1 , 1 .

	is SFuir
	sy ,tin\
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	jffl
/	8

VIEW IN AGRICULTURAL HALL, SHOWING THE BRAZILIAN EXHIBITS

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

47

the Congress the necessity of forming a new government for the colonies. Toward the close of his speech lie struck a chord which answered in every heart. “ British oppression,” lie ex¬ claimed, “ has effaced the boundaries of the several colonies ; the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, Yew Yorkers and Yew Englanders are no more. I am not a Vir~ ginian, but an American.” The deputies were astonished at his eloquence, as well as at the magnitude of the interests with which they were intrusted.

Opposite Carpenters’ Hall, on the north side of Chestnut street, is the elegant white marble building of the Fidelity Safe Deposit mid Insurance Company. It is built in the Italian style, is one of the principal ornaments of the street, and is the most extensive establishment of its kind in the country. Its vaults are burglar and fire-proof. Its immense safe weighs one hundred aud fifty tons, and was constructed at a cost of 160,000. A handsome iron building, used by the Provident Life and Trust Company, stands in Fourth street just below Chestnut. The massive granite buildings of the Jayne estate front on Chestnut street, east of Third. The central one is eight stories in height.

On the south side of Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth, is the

United States Custom House.

This noble structure was originally built for the second Bank of the United States. It was begun in 1819, and was finished in 1824, at a cost of nearly $600,000. The bank was char¬ tered by Congress in 1816, after the close of the second war with England. Its capital was $35,000,000, of which the United States took $7,000,000. It began operations in Jan¬ uary, 1817. This was the bank at which Andrew Jackson struck such hard blows. In 1833 he removed the government funds from its keeping, and as he steadily vetoed the acts of Congress for a renewal of its charter, the bank passed out of existence at the expiration of its charter, in 1836. A few years later the building was purchased by the Federal government for about half of its original cost, and was converted into a

48

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Custom House. It is constructed of white marble, and stands upon a platform or dais of stone, isolated from all the surround- in<r houses. It is an imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in America. It has a front of eighty-seven feet and a depth of one hundred

POST-OFFICE.

mit Street" n"ei ?|et' ,rt has tn'° massive faS!K,cs- one on Cl of a heavv'p n ? °n Library street- Each front con

fluted Doric columns ^ The reSt'"S "P°n e!!:,lt '

THE JAPANESE BAZAAii — CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

49

The Post-Office

Is situated immediately above the Custom House. It is built of a bluish white marble, iu the French style, with a mansard roof. The business of the Post-Office has long since outgrown its present contracted quarters, and a new building for its use is in course of construction higher up Chestnut street. The pres¬ ent edifice contains, in addition to the Post-Office, the rooms of the United States District and Circuit Courts and the office of the United States Marshal.

On the north side of Chestnut street, opposite the Custom House, is the substantial granite building of the Bank of Phil¬ adelphia. Just above it is the Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank , a white marble structure. This bank is one of the oldest in the Union, its charter dating from 1807. The present banking- house was built in 1855. It stands on the site of a spacious old-time mansion, which was the head-quarters of Admiral Lord Howe during the occupation of the city by the British in the Revolution. The bank is the financial agent of the State of Pennsylvania and of the city of Philadelphia, and is the depository of the “Philadelphia Clearing House.” The Clearing House occupies a portion of the building. Here the banks of the city make their daily settlements.

Immediately above the Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank is the buildi ng occupied by the Pennsylvania Life Insurance and Trust Company. This company was established in 1812. It does an immense business as an executor, and is said to hold nearly $100,000,000 in trust. In the same block are the Pco- plcs’ Bank and the Philadelphia Trust and Safe Deposit Com¬ pany, both handsome structures. On the south side of Chest¬ nut street, occupying the entire square from Fifth to Sixth, are the venerable buildings of

Independence Hall.

This building is decidedly the most interesting of any in the city. It was designed by Dr. Kearslev, who also planned Christ Church, was commenced in 1729 and completed in 17b4.

4

HA7-L, PHILADELPHIA, IN 1876.

independence

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

51

The builder was Edmund Wooley ; the wings were not added until 1740. The glazing of the windows was done by Thomas Godfrey, since known to fame as the inventor of the quadrant. The original cost of the building was £5,600. The building is of brick, with marble trimmings, and has an air of stately dignity and repose, which offers a striking contrast to the hurry and bustle of the busy street. The central building is the handsomest, the wings being much plainer as well as smaller. A tasteful steeple, ornamented with a clock, rises from the cen¬ tre of the main building. It was erected in 1828, in place of the original steeple, which was taken down in consequence of

INTERIOR OF INDEPENDENCE HALE.

being decayed in the latter part of the last century. In front of the Chestnut street entrance stands a handsome statue of Washington of white marble, the gift to the city of the children of the public schools.

The building was erected by the province of Pennsylvania for the purposes of a State House. The Continental Congress, composed of delegates from the thirteen colonies, assembled here

52

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

at the opening of its adjourned session on the 10th of May, 1775; and here was signed the Declaration of Independence, which lias made this venerable edifice for all time the very shrine of American patriotism.

The interior decorations remain as originally designed by the architect. Over the doors of the main halls on the first floor are medallions containing the head of one of the Georges. The eastern hall — the one on the left of the visitor as he enters from Chestnut street. — is “Independence Hall.” It was in this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions, and that the Declaration of Independence was signed. The hall is substantially unchanged, the only repairs that have been made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs from the ceiling. The walls of the room are adorned with portraits of the Signers of the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart, Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush’s statue ol Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and the table on which the Declaration was signed.

At the opposite or western end of the building is the hall formerly used by the Court of Common Pleas. It is now a Museum of National Relics, and contains many rare and curious articles of historical interest. The collection is being constantly enlarged.

. °" the ground-floor of the steeple stands the old bell which, in 1776, hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed iberty to the people of America. It was cast in England, especially lor the State House, in 1 752, but was cracked in testing it. It was then recast by Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia, V° lrjscnl)ed upon it the strangely prophetic words, “ Pro-

7Ugh°UtaU the ]an<l> »"t° *>l the inhabitants °" ' ,e morn!nS °f the 4th of July, 1776, vast

l " ar°nd the S,a,C H°"*> as it was known

^:r7?rthat day ,ake ^ -i-

ready to ,1 1 ^'t***' himself in the tower . to proclatm the good „ews the moment u ^ ^

AMARANTH BEDSTEAD, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN BUILDING,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

53

nounced to him, and had posted his little son at the door of the hall to await the signal of the door-keeper. When the an¬ nouncement of the vote was made, the door-keeper gave the signal and the boy ran quickly to the tower. The old man heard him coming, and clutched the bell-rope with a firm grasp. The next instant the glad cry of the boy’s voice was heard. “Ring! ring!” he cried; and then the deep, sonorous tones of the bell went rolling out of the tower, and were answered with a mighty shout from the assembled throng without.

A few days later the Declaration of Independ¬ ence was formally read by order of Congress, from the doorway of Independence Hall to the people assembled in the square in the rear of the hall, and was received by them with overwhelming enthusiasm. At the close of the reading the crowd tore the royal decorations from the hall, and carried them into the square and made bonfires of them.

A broad stairway leads to the second floor, on which are located the chambers used by the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia. The hall at the western end was used as the Senate chamber during a part of the sessions of the First Congress. At the time of the Revolution, the lobby extended from this hall to the eastern end of the building. The American officers captured by the British at the battle of Germantown were confined here.

The eastern wing is now occupied bv the Municipal Govern¬ ment, and contains the offices of the Mayor of the city, and the Police Department. The western wing is known as “Congress

OLD BELL OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.

54

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Hall.” On the eastern wall of this wing is a marble tablet bearing this inscription :

“ In this building met the First Senate and the

First House of Representatives of the United States of America ; and herein George Washington was inaugurated President, March 4, 1793, and closed his official career; where, herein also,

John Adams was inaugurated the Second President of the United States,

March 4, 1797.”

The House ol Representatives occupied the first door, now used by the Court ol Quarter Sessions and tbs Highway

ri-BLIC LEDGER BUILDING

} r at ,,rp5c"f

President, presided over the So, t Jefferson» as Vi'

ministration. Congress sat \J ? ° ' "nns ^r* Aflams’ £

Immediately opposite Inde^endTnce^H-d/° ^tl^' ,

1 ence -fciall are the Amrric

EXHIBIT OK CHEMICALS BY BILLINGS, CLAPP <fc CO.,

IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

t

\

/

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

55

Hotel, the rooms of the Philadelphia Press Club, and the office of the Adams Express Company.

At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Sixth streets is the splendid brown-stone building of the Public Ledger. It is one of the most pei fectly appointed newspaper offices in the world, and is a noble monument to the energy and ability of Mr. George W. Childs, its proprietor, who has made the Ledger one •of the most useful as well as one of the most successful journals in the Union. On the northwest corner is the office of The Day, and a few doors above is the office of the Evening Bulletin, the •oldest afternoon paper in the city. Almost immedi¬ ately opposite the Bulletin is the office of the German Democrat, a showy build¬ ing; and on the southwest corner of Seventh and Chestnut is the office of The Press. A few doors above Seventh, on the north side of Chestnut, is the office of The Times.

At the northeast corner of Seventh is Guy’s Hotel, a handsome building; of white marble. The hotel is conducted on the European plan, and is an excellent house.

The heavy business of the street may be said to end at Seventh street, at which point the fashionable promenade beg ins. Above this, the stores are chiefly retail establishments, and in the next eight squares are collected the handsomest and most extensive dry-goods, clothing, jewelry, house-furnishing, carpet, book, and fancy stores of the city. Many of these are palatial structures, and in the majority the display of goods is

GERMAN DEMOCRAT BUILDING.

56

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

rich and beautiful. The windows are dressed with great taste, and afford a constantly changing series of pictures unsurpassed bv any street in the world. The scene on the street is always brilliant. The whole fashionable world turns out here to see and be seen in fine weather, and from two to six in the after¬ noon the street is thronged with elegantly dressed people, and showy carriages and other vehicles.

On the north side, above Seventh, is the elegant front of the

guy's hotel.

and HT: T™r‘k: 11 is a conspicuous object on the street

structure' VT, ,"?ereCti0n was considered the most elegan

ne:°Teml"S t the “""**• I‘ - now eclipsed l,v tin

brethren is I™ '0a< Street’ ancl having been deserted by tin oretnren, ,s bemg converted into a hotel

hZT\ C°rner.0f Ninth a"d Chestnut is the Conti

cncerl travellers thTbest'in' the' U f*!"’'4 '*>' <‘XPCri'

heght, and covers an area of 41 -"T U S'X St0ri°9 "

Ga of 41,536 square feet of ground

OLD MASONIC TEMPLE, CTIESTNl'T STREET.

57

Ifcau *£ jf.

58

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Chestnut street front is built of Albert and Pictou sand¬ stone, and is elegant and tasteful in design. The Ninth and Sansom street fronts are of a tine quality of pressed brick. The hotel was opened in February, 18G0, and has done a steady and prosperous business ever since. It has accommodations for 1000 guests, and is famous as setting a better table than any American hotel. All of its appointments are elegant and sub¬ stantial, and combine solid comfort with beauty. Elevators convey guests and their luggage from the ground-floor to the

continental hotel.

smh story; telegraph wires radiate from the hotel to all parts

dtl tt t,raVe"er may l"'rclmse llis ticket to his and most" fn '"S lM?sa"e 1>efore leaving the house;

may be a, I f T**" ^ luxuries of life

my be I ad from the stwes under ^

the budding was 81,000,000.

a statektS 7/bT t C°nt!nental is tlle Girard Home,

EXHIBIT 01' TIIIO OSWEGO STARCH CO., IN AGRICULTURAL HALL

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

59

midable rival to the Continental. It has accommodations for S00 guests.

The eastern half of the square, bounded by Chestnut, Market and Ninth streets, is the site on which the new Post-Office is being erected. An appropriation of $3,000,000 has been made for this work, and the Post-Office will be a splendid and per¬ fectly arranged building. It will be constructed of granite, and it is estimated that its cost will not fall short of $6,000,000.

At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Ninth is the “ Burd Block/’ built of white marble, and consisting of three beautiful and magnificent stores — the handsomest on the street.

At the northwest corner of Tenth street is the building of the

GIRARI) HOUSE.

New York Mutual Life Insurance Company. It stands on the site of the old Keene mansion, and is a magnificent structure of light Rhode Island granite, in the Renaissance style. It is one of flie principal ornaments of the city, and one of the handsomest business edifices in the world. Its cost was $1,000,000.

On the north side of Chestnut, above Tenth, is the American Theatre , better known as Fox's. It is a gaudy structure, stands on the site of the old Academy of Fine Arts, and will seat 2800 people. On the opposite side of the street are a number of elegant stores.

The American Sunday-School Union occupies a handsome granite edifice on the south side of the street, between Eleventh

60

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and Twelfth. It was erected in 1854, and is the head-quartern and central office of this vast organization. Girard How, on the opposite side of the street, contains a number of handsome stores. One of these is occupied by the art galleries of C. F. Haseltine, a place which no lover of art should fail to visit.

Bailey’s Jewelry Store, at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Twelfth, is a superb edifice of white marble. It is the largest establishment of its kind in the city, and is richly worth

CHESTNUT street at twelfth.

a visit. The building is owned by Dr. S. S. White, manumc turer of dental materials, who occupies all the upper floors, n the north side of the street, above Twelfth, are th

miZnmimmln’ "le lea<'ing l''eatre °f ““ °itJ

The United States Mint

ttr* n°rth SMC °f Cl'estmit above Thirteenth

.

rented with n *i on ic order, and the front is orna-

Vlde P°rtlco of beautiful design, supported bj

_

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

61

six large pillars, and approached by a flight of wide steps. The United States Mint was established by Act of Congress, in April, 1792, and in 1794 David Rittenhouse was appointed by President Washington its first Director. A building on Seventh street, near Market, was first used, and there copper cents were

A CHESTNUT STREET DRY-GOODS STORE.

coined in 1793. Silver dollars were coined the next year, and gold eagles in 1795. Until 1826 all the work of coining was done by hand, but in that year steam machinery was introduced. The present structure was begun in 1829, and was finished in 1833. It is the principal mint of the country, all the others

62

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

being merely branches of this establishment. It is one of the most complete and perfectly equipped institutions of its kind. The steam-engine and the coining and milling machinery are exceedingly intricate and costly. The steam-engine used for driving the coining machinery is one of the most perfect and beautiful pieces of machinery in existence. The largest scale used in the mint will weigh 6000 ounces of metal, and the smallest one-thirteenth-hundredth part of a grain. Of late years the mint has been largely engaged in coining money for China and Japan. The probable resumption of specie pay¬ ments at an early day will no doubt restore to this institution its old time activity. The operations of the mint are con¬ ducted with the most scrupulous integrity. The government has never lost a cent’s worth by the dishonesty of any of the officials or employes since the institution was established. Visitors are admitted from 9 to 12 each day, and the officers of the mint take pleasure in explaining the coining and other processes. There is a valuable and extensive cabinet of rare and curious coins attached to the mint. Some of the coins are of a date 700 years before the Christian era.

Xearly opposite the mint is the new building of the Presby¬ terian Board of Publication. It is built of white granite, with trimmings of polished Aberdeen stone.

At the southeast corner of Chestnut and Fifteenth streets is the magnificent new building of the Young Men's Christian Association. The ground-floor is devoted to stores, but the upper floors are used by the Association. It is the handsomest building owned by this society in the United States.

At the southwest corner of Fifteenth street is the Colonnade Hotel , a handsome structure of white marble, seven stories in height. It is a first-class hotel, and has accommodations for 700 guests.

At the northwest corner is the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany.

Immediately above the Colonnade Hotel is the Reform Club

House, a marble building, pleasantly situated, and fitted up in superb style.

INTERIOR OF THE BRAZILIAN COURT, IN TIIE MAIN BUILDING.

GENERAL VIEW of TIIE INTERIOR OF HORTICULTURAL IIALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. G3

Beyond Fifteenth, Chestnut street is lined with handsome residences, to within a short distance of the Schuylkill. The most beautiful and costly of these is the mansion built by the late Dr. Jayne, at the southeast corner of Nineteenth street. On the north side of Chestnut, above Eighteenth, is the Taber¬ nacle Baptist Church.

The Schuylkill is crossed by means of a handsome bridge of iron, with stone piers. Beyond the river the street is built

COLONNADE HOTEL.

up regularly for a few squares, but then gives way to a series of elegant villas.

Walnut Street,

The lower part of Walnut street is devoted entirely to business. At the corner of Second and Walnut is a large four-story brown- stone building known as u Anthracite Block,” as it is occupied entirely by persons engaged in the coal trade. rl his part of the street is principally devoted to the same interest.

Just above Second street Dock street intersects Walnut

CHESTNUT STREET BRiiXiE OVER THE SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA,

THE CHINESE COURT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

EXHIBIT OF GARDEN SEED, IN AGRICULTURAL nALL.

I

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION,

65

obliquely, and in the triangle bounded by Third, Dock, and Walnut streets stands

The Merchants’ Exchange.

This is the most conspicuous feature of this portion of Phila¬ delphia. It is a splendid edifice, constructed of Pennsylvania marble. It is used for the purposes indicated by its name; and the large rotunda on its eastern side has lately been fitted up at

merchants' exchange.

gieat expense for the daily sessions of the Philadelphia Board of Brokers. Dock street, upon which the eastern side of the building fronts, is said to have been once the course of a stream of running water.

In Second street below Chestnut, and almost within sight of the Exchange, is the Commercial Exchange. It is a handsome building of brick and brown-stone, with a tower. The lower hall is used by the grain and flour merchants for their daily meetings, and the tower by the Philadelphia branch of the 5

66

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

United States Signal Service. The building stands on the site of the “Old Slate ltoof House,” which was so called because it was at that time the only house in Philadelphia provided with such a roof. It was built at a very early day by Samuel Carpenter. William Penn occupied it during his second visit to Philadelphia, in 1700, when he brought his lamily with him, and John Penn, the only native American of the lamily, was born here. General Forbes, Braddock’s successor, died here, and General Henry Lee, the famous “Light-Horse Harry ’ of the Revolution, was buried from here. John Adams, John Hancock, and the Baron de Kalb also resided here for a while. Washington was a frequent visitor to the house.

At the southeast corner of Walnut and Third streets is the building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Company , one of the handsomest in the city. On the opposite corner of Third street is the office of the Sunday Dispatch. Between Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal offices.

On Fourth street below Walnut are the offices of the Pcnn- syhama and the Philadelphia & Heading Padroad Companies. The Pennsylvania Company controls more miles of railway than any other organization in the world. The building of this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy granite. I he Reading Railroad is the second corporation in the State, and controls the bulk of the transportation from the rich coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the seaboard.

Independence Square lies on the north side of Walnut street, between Fifth and Sixth; and diagonally opposite, at the corner o Sixth is Washington Square, both of which have been a reac y described. This is a region of lawyers’ and real estate agen s offices; a number of insurance offices are also located lore. n the corner of Walnut street and West Washington , quare is the handsome bank building of the Philadelphia Sav- / / Fund Society the first savings bank established in America.

her qq nm'1 anc* lts depositors now num-

, , w ne its deposits amount to more than $10,000,000.

On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets b the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

67

Walnut Street Theatre , once the leading theatre of the Union. It was the scene of many of the most memorable triumphs of K.ean, lvemble, Forrest, Macready, and the elder and younger Booth.

Adjoining the northwest corner of Walnut and Ninth is the

RESIDENCE OF GEO. W. CHILDS, WALNUT STREET.

building occupied bv city offices of the United States Centennial Commission. Immediately opposite is the office of the Cen¬ tennial Board of Finance. On the north side of the street, just below Tenth street, is the Irving House, a fashionable hotel, with accommodations for 200 guests.

The business portion of Walnut street may be said to end

68

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

at Tenth street. Beyond this the street is occupied by dwell¬ ings, which, above Twelfth street, are among the handsomest in the country. Marble, brown-stone, granite, and free-stone alternate with brick, and give to the street an appearance more varied than that of Fifth Avenue, and almost as handsome.

Rittenhouse Square, already described, is at the intersection of Eighteenth and Walnut streets. The residences surrounding it are especially attractive, and afford a fair sample of the higher class of the domestic architecture of the city. At the upper end of Rittenhouse Square is the Church of the Holy Trinity, a handsome brown-stone edifice with a square tower and pinnacles of the same material. At the southeast corner of Twenty-first and Walnut is one of the most beautiful specimens of church architecture in Philadelphia. It is the property- of the Presbyterian denomination, and is known as the Second Presbyterian Church.

The line of residences ceases abruptly about a square from the river. Beyond the Schuylkill it is taken up again, and Walnut street forms one of the most beautiful thoroughfares of West Philadelphia. At Thirty-ninth and Walnut is the pala¬ tial residence of Anthony J. Drexel, the well-known banker, and one of I hiladelphias most useful citizens. It is a splen¬ did specimen of villa architecture.

Arch Street.

Arch street is the next great thoroughfare north of Market street, and extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. It is a wide and handsome avenue, the lower part of which is given to business. It is a street which retains more traces of the Phila¬ delphia of half a century ago than any of the great highways of the city, and is quieter and more staid than either Market or icstnut. It is one of the brightest and most attractive of the

city thoroughfares, and forms a pleasing contrast to either of those just mentioned.

JA tho corn^ °f Fourth and Arch, surrounded by a high

PhiMeU f 'S th<!i Medm° IToUSe lhe Orthodox Friends. P ailadelphia owes her prosperity today, in a great measure, to

an.VKlt PITCHEU, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING 00.

Will) SILVER 5.UVER. EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. VAI.UI-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

69

the people of this society, and in this city at least, the sincere and modest virtues of the Quaker will always command the

grateful reverence of the people.

At the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch streets is

Old Christ Church Graveyard.

It is enclosed by a high brick wall. It was purchased at the same time the ground on which Christ Church stands was ac¬ quired, and the first in¬ terment was made here in 1700, five years after¬ wards. Many prominent men are buried here.

Here lie the bones of Peyton Randolph, the Presidentof the first Con¬ tinental Congress; Fran¬ cis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of In¬ dependence ; and Major- General Charles Lee.

Close by the Arch street wall, at the upper end of the cemetery, are the

graves of Benjamin corner of arch and sixth streets. Franklin, and Deborah,

his wife. In 1858, a portion of the wall was removed, and an iron railing was set in its place. The passer-by can now look in from the street and behold the graves of the philosopher and states¬ man, and his wife. A plain slab of marble marks their last resting-place, bearing an inscription dictated by Franklin him¬ self, with the exception of the date. It reads thus :

“ Benjamin]

and V Franklin.

Deborah J

1790.”

What a contrast between this modest legend and the pompous

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

71

On the same side, above Seventh, is the St. Cloud Hotel , a handsome building, with a brown-stone front, with accommoda¬ tions for 400 guests.

At the northwest corner of Arch and Ninth streets is Colonel Wood's Museum , a popular place of amusement. Adjoining the northwest corner of Tenth and Arch is Simmons’ and Slocum’s Opera House.

ST. CLOUD HOTEL.

On Arch above Tenth, on the south side, are the Methodist Book Rooms.

At the southeast corner of Arch and Broad streets is the Arch Street Methodist Episcopal Church , one of the stateliest church edifices in the city. It was completed in 1873, is constructed entirely of white marble, and is built in the pure Gothic style,

72

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY -

with a spire rising to a height of 233 feet. Its cost was over $250,000. At the northwestern corner is St. John's Lutheran Church. It is built of serpentine stone, with gray sandstone and Hummel-stone dressings. The tower, which is not yet completed, will be massive in its proportions, and very beauti*

ARCH STREET METHODIST CHURCH.

ful. The interior decorations are very rich, and the altar is one ol the handsomest in this country. The church is built in the

nr\nrman st^°> a,)d will cost when completed about

$- 00,000. . At the northwest corner of Arch and Broad is the 11 S aP^ Church, one of the oldest organizations of that do-

MAIN

AISLE IN AGRICULTURAL HALL, SHOWING THE OLD WINDMILL, ETC.

+

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

73

nomination in this country. The congregation was formed in 1684. The present edifice was erected in 1854. The church is a substantial brown-stone structure, with a spire 225 feet in height. The interior is very handsome.

Above Broad, Arch street is entirely devoted to residences, many of which are very handsome. Many of the “ solid men ” of the city live in this quarter, and their residences, while often plain and unassuming without, are sumptuously and beautifully furnished within, and are arranged with every convenience. At the corner of Arch and Eighteenth is the West Arch Street Pres¬ byterian Church, a splendid edifice, much admired by the people of the city.

Broad Street.

Broad street is the longest in the city. It extends in an un¬ broken line from the Delaware to Germantown, a distance of about fifteen miles, and preserves a uniform width of 120 feet along this entire length.

The southern terminus of the street is at League Island, a low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and the Schuylkill. This island was presented to the United States by the city of Philadelphia a few years ago, for a Navy Yard. Work was begun upon it almost immediately, and about a year ago the Navy Yard was transferred to it from its old quarters higher up the river. We shall refer to it again in another por¬ tion of this work. For some distance north of League Island, Broad street is bordered by truck farms, and is ornamented with a double row of trees. Several handsome churches and some fine residences are located south of Washington avenue. At the northwest corner of Broad street and Washington avenue is the Depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail¬ road, or, as it is more commonly called, “the Baltimore DepotA It is a large and commodious building, well suited to the needs of this prosperous road. Diagonally opposite the depot, in the square bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian and Carpenter streets, is the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Libra y, to which we shall refer again.

At the corner of Broad and Pine streets is the Pennsylvania

74

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb . This noble charity was or¬ ganized in 1820, by Bishop White, and in 1821 was incor¬ porated by the State. The building presents a front of cut stone, with a portico supported by pillars of the Tuscan order. It consists of a central portion and two wings, the whole having a

beth-eden- baptist church

Zr ■ fet- The State °f Pennsylvania makes a lib- of Marl "J r Ty yCar ,0"'ar',S i,S RUPP°rt, an<! the States

a L 3 I • 7'V,e?y’ an<1 also contrilmte to it,

and e d the r .leaf and dumb to enjoy its benefits.

C;: zzfs7* s,wt >s,£M CM>-

Ll • It is a superb edifice, and when

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION,

75

its spire is completed, will be one of the most perfect specimens of church architecture in America.

On Broad street above Locust is Horticultural Hail, the prop¬ erty of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which was in¬ corporated in 1827.

HORTICULTURAL HALL.

Immediately above Horticultural Hall, and separated from it by a space of a few yards, is the

American Academy of Music,

The most capacious and elegant opera house in the country. It was completed on the 26th of January, 1857, and was opened with a notable ball. It is still used for the grand balls of the Philadelphians, on which occasions a temporary bridge is thrown across the space between the Academy and Horticul¬ tural Hall, and the two buildings are used in common. The Academy is built of fine pressed brick, with brown-stone trim¬ mings, and has a front of 140 feet on Broad street, and a depth ■of 238 feet on Locust street. The exterior is substantial, but

7g THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior. The stage is 90 feet wide, nearly 50 feet high, and nearly 100 feet deep. The proscenium is richly ornamented, and the boxes which it contains are situated between six splendid Cor¬ inthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously up¬ holstered. The parquette and its accompanying circle are very large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which are rows of private boxes, the family circle, and the amphitheatre.

ACADEMY OF MUSIC.

The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to those of the proscenium, but smaller. The dome is frescoed to represent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobby, hand¬ somely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms, etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony, which is backed by a smaller lobbv opening into the foyer,.

MEMORIAL BUILDING OR ART GALLERY — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.,

365 feet in length and 21 ('• fee! in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

7>

which is located immediately over the main lobby. The build¬ ing will comfortably seat 3000 persons, and has held as many as 4000 sitting and standing. Its estimated value, with its scenery and other appointments, is $800,000.

On the southeast corner of Broad and Locust streets is The Colosseum. It stands directly opposite the Academy of Music, and is one of the most noticeable buildings in the city. It was originally erected at the corner of Broadway and Thirty-fifth street, in New York, but was taken down, transferred to Phila¬ delphia, and rebuilt here in the spring of 1876. As it con¬ stitutes one of the most prominent places of interest in the city the whole year round, a brief description of it will be of interest to the reader. The building is cylindrical in form, and has a diameter of 129 feet at the base, and 126 feet at the eaves. The height from the pavement to the under side of the roof is 77 feet. The foundations are of masonry, capped with granite blocks. The walls are constructed of wrought-iron frame work. T irons, 34- by 34 inches, are set upright, 6 feet apart at the base, and 3 feet apart at the top, and are connected at in¬ tervals of 7 feet 6 inches by T and angle-irons bolted to them, the whole forming a kind of ladder. There are twenty- eight of these ladders placed round the circumference, all se¬ curely joined together. Wooden braces are added to the panels of the ladders. The outside, 405 feet in circumference, and 75 feet high, is covered with corrugated iron. Being constructed in this way it can be seen how it was possible to take the building down in New York and ship it to Philadel¬ phia, although the undertaking was a laborious one, and at¬ tended by enormous expense. The roof is covered with tin, and contains forty-eight skylights. Within the building is a promenade 94 feet in diameter, and >300 feet in circumference. It is fitted with ornamental columns and pilasters, and has fif¬ teen alcoves containing many objects of interest and beauty. The main entrance to the building is at the corner of Broad and Locust streets, the fagade of ornamental galvanized iron stand¬ ing diagonally across the corner of the streets. The fagade is 32 feet wide, and 65 feet high. The whole building is beauti-

78

the illustrated history

fully frescoed in bright colors. The engine for working the elevator is in the basement at the centre of the structure, and the boiler at the rear of the lot, entirely separated from the building. There will be no lire whatever in the Colosseum, (the heating being done by steam-pipes), except gaslights, and every precaution in the shape of plugs, hose, Ac., will be used to guard against accident.

A great feature of the Colosseum is the tower. This sub¬ structure arises from the ground in the interior of the building, around it running the promenade already described. It is 88 feet 6 inches in diameter at the base, and formerly terminated at the roof-line. In reconstructing the building on the Phila¬ delphia site, the tower was run up to a total height of 1 G6 feet, with a diameter at the top of 20 feet. The tower has a balcony 113 feet above the pavement-line, 47 feet in diameter. From this point the tower takes a conical form, decreasing in width as it rises. At a height of 141 feet from the pavement, a second balcony is reached, with a diameter of 33 feet. T he balconies are each 4 feet wide outside the tower, and protected by substan¬ tial railings. The two balconies will accommodate from 250 to 300 people at one time. An Otis steam elevator, capable of carrying forty persons at a time, is run from the ground to the upper balcony, whence there will be an iron stairway on the outside of the tower giving access to the summit, twenty-five feet above, where fifty or more persons may be accommodated at one time. This topmost space is protected by a high and strong iron railing. The tower is composed of sixteen a ladders” sim¬ ilar to those used in die construction of the main building. On the inside is a heavy framing of timber, extending from the floor to the tep, and braced to the iron work, within which the ele- vatoi works. In addition to the elevator, a staircase seven feet w ide runs round the interior of the tower to the top. At an appropriate point is hung a chime of bells. Here it may be stated that the cost of the Colosseum in Xew York was §250,000. I he extension of the tow-er and the cost of tearing down, shipping and rebuilding, brought the total value of the

A G RICH I /n J U A L IIAL L — I NTE R NATION A E EX II I B ITION, 8-0 feet in length and 540 feet in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

79

investment at Broad and Locust streets, apart from the paint¬ ings, to a sum not far short of half' a million.

It is expected that the tower will prove a great point of at¬ traction to residents and visitors. There is no place in the vicinity from which so good a bird’s-eye view of Philadelphia can be had, nor under such pleasant circumstances. A few steeples in the city have the requisite elevation, but there are no accommodations in them for visitors, who are forced to climb the whole distance. At the Colosseum tower the visitor is taken up by an elevator, and all the surroundings will be of a nature suited to the class of citizens who will be attracted to the spot. Arrived at the first balcony, the sight-seer may either there satisfy his curiosity, or again entering the elevator, may be carried still higher up the shaft to the second balcony. If he has yet further aspirations, he may take the outside stair¬ way to the extreme top. It is probable ladies will not much affect the last stage of the journey, but it will be perfectly safe for those who choose it. It is evident that visitors may gain a more correct and immediate idea of the topography of Phila* delplu'a through this medium than by any other means at hand in the city.

The building is designed expressly for the exhibition of the magnificent panorama of Paris, which has attracted so much attention in that city and in New York. The picture shows “Paris by Night,” and is the work of Messrs. Danson & Son, artists of eminence. It covers over 40,000 square feet — or more than an acre — of canvas, and represents a territory of about seven square miles. Every street and every building of prominence or interest in all this wide space is depicted on the canvas with absolute correctness. The great capital is shown in its most magnificent mood, and the painting has a reputation among artists higher than that of the “Old London.” In its illusion “Paris by Night ” surpasses all works of this kind ever devised. It is almost impossible to escape the impression that one is indeed looking down upon an enormous living and breathing city. Drawing and perspective are perfect, and Paris, absolutely as it was before the Communistic spoilers

80

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ravaged it in parts, is practically before the gazer. All persons who have been in Paris will take delight in refreshing their memories- by this means, and it will give the greater number who have not been there an excellent idea ot the place where all “ good Americans go when they die.” The Cyclorama is arranged by ingenious mechanism around the entire inner sur¬ face of the circular edifice, its lower edge, however, not coming to within twenty-five feet of the ground floor, that space being filled, as before stated, by the promenade. The spectator ascend¬ ing the tower emerges at a height of about fifty feet upon a central platform, looking downward from which he sees the sparkling city spread seemingly for miles around him. The idea is that the sight-seer is upon some eminence in the city of Paris, and there is nothing to break the spell, unless it is the queer French spoken by the people around him.

To further carry out the pleasant fiction the canvas is made to extend far up and beyond the platform, and is painted to represent the heavens. The stars shine out, and the moon pour? its full soft light over the scene, harmonizing and contrasting with the myriad illuminations which make gay the Boulevards, the bridges, and the other busy centres of Parisian life. At certain times mechanical means are brought in play by which there is a perfect simulation of a storm over the city. The moon becomes obscured by clouds and the lights of the city an blurred and extinguished by fast driving rain. This scenk effect universally excites admiration and astonishment.

At the southwest corner of Broad and Walnut is the new

St. George Hotel , a first-class house, with accommodations for 400 guests.

On the west side of Broad, north of Walnut, is the

Union League Club House.

This magnificent edifice is the property of the Club whose name it bears. It is built of brick, with brown-stone trimmings, m the French Renaissance style, and cost over $200,000. It Was finished in May, 1865. It is sumptuously and tastefully furnished, and has all the appointments of a first-class club

HORTICULTURAL IIALL — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 383 feet in length and 193 feet in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

81

house. Its restaurant is excellent, and it contains many valu¬ able paintings, statues, and busts. The club has now a member¬ ship of over two thousand. It was organized in 18G2 for the avowed purpose of giving to the general government “ an un¬ wavering support of its efforts for the suppression of the rebellion.”

Immediately above the “ League House” is the La Pierre House , one of the most elegant hotels of the city, with accommo¬ dations for over 200 guests.

UXIOX LEAGUE CLUB HOUSE.

A Presbyterian church, with a handsome Corinthian portico, stands opposite the “League House,” and immediately above Chestnut street is another on the same side of Broad street.

The line of Broad street is interrupted a little above Chestnut street, by the enormous pile of the new

Public Buildings,

now in course of erection for the use of the municipal govern¬ ment. The building is surrounded by a grand avenue, 135 feet wide on the southern, eastern, and western fronts, and 205 feet

6

82

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

wide on the northern front. The plan submitted by Mr. John McArthur, Jr., architect, was adopted. It is essentially modern in its leading features, and presents a rich example of what is known by the generic term of the “ Renaissance,” modified and adapted to the varied and extensive requirements of a great American municipality.

It is designed in the spirit of French art, admirable in its ornamentation, while the whole effect is one of massive dignity, worthy of us and our posterity.

This immense architectural pile covers, exclusive of the court¬ yard, an area of nearly 41 acres, and consists of one building,

LA PIERRE HOUSE.

surrounding an interior court-yard. The north and south fronts measure 470 feet, the east and west 48 6 £ feet, in their extreme length. I he four fronts are similar in their design. In the centre of each an entrance pavilion, of 90 feet in width, rises to the height of 185 feet, having receding wings of 128 feet eleva- tion. , The fionts terminate at the four corners with towers or pavilions of 51 feet square and 145 feet high.

The whole exterior is bold and effective in outline, and rich in etai , being elaborated with highly ornate columns, pilasters, pet iments, cornices, enriched windows, and other appropriate adornment. Archways of 18 feet in width by 36 feet in height, opening through each of the four central pavilions, constitute

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN' INDEPENDENCE HALL.

83

I

84

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the four principal entrances, and at the same time afford pas¬ sages for pedestrians up and down Broad and Mai hot sheets, directly through the buildings. 4 he basement is 18 feet in height, and stands entirely above the line of the pavement. Its exterior is of fine white granite, of massive proportions, forming a fitting base for the vast superstructure it supports. The exterior, above the basement, embraces a principal stoi> of 36 feet, and an upper story of 31 feet, with an attic over the central pavilions of 30 feet, and over the corner pavilions of 12 feet, all of white marble, from the Lee quarries, in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, wrought, in all its adornments, to express American ideas and develop American genius. In the centre of the group a court-yard of 200 feet square affords light and air to all the adjacent portions of the building. From the north side of this space rises a grand tower which will gracefully adorn the public buildings, and at the same time will be a crowning feature of the city, as St. Peter’s is of Borne, and St. Paul’s of London.

The tower, which is so deeply and strongly founded, is 90 feet square at the base, falling off at each story until it becomes, at the spring of the dome, an octagon of 50 feet in diameter. A 6tatue of the founder of Pennsylvania, 20 feet in height, will crown the structure and complete the extraordinary altitude of 450 feet, making it the highest tower in the world. The entire structure will contain 520 rooms, giving ample, convenient, and stately provision for all the departments of the city government, including heat, light, and ventilation, and the whole is to be absolutely fire-proof and indestructible. The several stories will be reached by four large elevators, placed at the intersections of the leading corridors. In addition to these there will be large and convenient stairways in the four corner buildings, and a grand staircase in each of the centre pavilions, on the north, south, and east fronts. It is computed that the entire cost of the work will be near ten millions of dollars, and that it will be completed in ten years from the day when the first spadeful of eartli was removed. .

Opposite the northwest corner of the public buildings is the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

85

School of Design for Women, the only institution of the kind in America. It was founded in 1848 by Mrs. Peter, and the work of the school consists in training women gratuitously in the business of mechanical drawing, and thus enabling them to acquire a pleasant and profitable means of support.

NEW MASONIC TEMPLE.

At the northeast corner of Broad and Filbert streets is the new

Masonic Temple,

A massive edifice of Cape Ann syenite of’ a grayish white color. At the southwestern corner a grand tower rises to a height of

86

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

230 feet. It is built of stone also. At the northwestern corner there is another, but a lower, tower, ihe main entrance is in the centre of the western or Broad street front, and is protected by a beautiful Norman porch of Quincy granite. The temple is 150 feet in length, with a side elevation of 90 feet. Its appearance is massive and beautiful. All the stone of which it was built was dressed at the quarry, and was brought to the city ready to be set up in its place. It may, therefore, be said of this temple as it was of Solomon’s, that “There was neither hammer nor ax, nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building.” The temple is devoted entirely to Masonic purposes, and its interior decorations are very beautiful and costly. It is fitted up with halls for the different branches of the Masonic order, each hall representing a distinct school of architecture, and each a model of beauty and magnificence. The temple was five years in process of erection, and cost $1,300,000.

The public buildings, the Masonic temple, and the churches at the intersection of Broad and Arch streets give to this portion of Broad street a magnificence unsurpassed in any city of the country, and in striking contrast with the appearance of the street north of Arch.

Crossing Arch street, the visitor enters upon a region of Warehouses, shops, and lumber yards, which it is to be hoped will ere long give place to buildings more suited to this fine street. This state of affairs continues as far as Callowhill street. The only building of note in this part of the street is the new Academy of Fine Arts. The academy was founded in 1805 by the subscriptions of private citizens of Philadelphia. For many jears it was located in a building on the site of the present Chestnut Street Theatre. In 1870 it was determined to remove to a latger and better building, and the present edifice was begun a year or two later. It is an elaborately ornamented uilding with a frontage of 100 feet on Broad street, and a depth of 258 feet on Cherry street. The Broad street front is two stories in height. The wall is laid in patterns of red and w nte brick, with light stone trimmings, and the ornaments consist of encaustic tiles and statues of terra cotta. The effect

MALN UUILD1NG OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876.

1880 feet in length and 404 feet in width.

»— *

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

87

is novel and rich. The Cherry street front is constructed of like materials. It is relieved by an elegant colonnade support¬ ing a row of arched windows, back of which rises a transept with a pointed gable. The collections of the academy are the most valuable in the country, and among them are the master¬ pieces of Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Benjamin West, and other eminent artists. These are arranged in handsome galleries. The cost of the building was $300,000. The galleries are open to the public at stated times. A slight admission fee is charged.

At Broad and Callowhill streets is the Depot of the Philadel¬ phia & Beading Railroad. This road is one of the direct routes to the Centennial Exhibition grounds.

Diagonally opposite, immediately below Spring Garden street, are the Baldwin Locomotive 1 Forks, one of the largest establish¬ ments in the world. Three thousand men are employed here, and one locomotive is completed in every eight working hours. It is worthy of mention that Oliver Evans, a Philadelphian, was the first to propose the use of a locomotive in America, and that M. W. Baldwin, the founder of these works, was the first to manufacture one.

On the east side of Broad, above Spring Garden street, is the Boys’ Central High School, above which rises an observatory. It is considered one of the best schools in the Union. Next door to it is the North Broad Street Presbyterian Church, a handsome edifice of brown-stone, with a lofty spire. The build¬ ing next beyond it is the Jewish Synagogue of Bodef Shalom, a rich and striking specimen of Saracenic architecture. The inte¬ rior is fitted up with great magnificence.

Above Green street the character of Broad street undergoes a change, and the visitor enters a region built up with some of the handsomest residences in the city. Some of these are mag¬ nificent, and all are elegant and tasteful. The street is bordered on each side with a row of fine trees, which add greatly to its beauty. It is a popular drive and promenade, and on Sunday afternoons and other fine days presents an animated and attrac¬ tive scene. At the southwest corner of Master street is the

88

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

handsome residence formerly occupied by the late Edwin Forrest. It was erected by him in 1859. It is now used as a hotel.

Diagonally opposite the Forrest Mansion is the Memorial Baptist Church, built of green-stone, and in the form of an amphitheatre.

Above Columbia avenue the street is more sparsely built up, and by degrees the houses become more scattered, until the visitor finds himself in the charming suburb that lies between the city proper and Germantown.

Third Street.

From Market to Walnut, Third street is the “Wall street” of Philadelphia, and is given up to the bankers and brokers of the city. It is lined with banking establishments and brokers’ offices, and its ways are as dark and its tricks as vain as those which have made the financial centre of New York famous. Fortunes are made and lost quickly here; and the street has witnessed some gigantic operations, and some tremendous fail¬ ures in its day. North of Chestnut is the Merchants' Bank , with a fine Corinthian portico. Nearer to Chestnut, on the east side of the street, is the banking-house of Drexel & Co., the leading establishment of its kind in the city. It has branches in New York, London, and Paris. At the southeast corner of Third and Chestnut is the Vandyke Building, used by the Western Union Telegraph Company as its central office. One hundred and seventeen lines of telegraph radiate from this budding to the different parts of the country: fifty-six <o New York, eighteen to the West, and forty-three to the South, ^ower t own the street is the Tradesmen's Bank, a showy build- in , ant at the corner of Dock street is the Penn Building, the first iron building erected in the city.

On the west side of Third street, between Chestnut and Walnut, is

The Girard Bank.

TMs is a handsome edifice, and is faced with white marble.

IS ornamented with an elegant portico with fluted-marble

EXHIBIT OF TIVOLI BEER IN AGRTCFLTFRAT. HALT.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

89

Corinthian columns. On the pediment is an American eagle. The cornice and the pediment are of wood, and the capitals of the columns are of lead. The building was erected in 1795, and was then considered the handsomest public edifice in the city. It was built for and occupied by the First Bank of the United States, which had been chartered by Congress in 1791. The charter of the bank expired by limitation in 1811, and Congress refused to renew it.

Stephen Girard, the famous Philadelphia merchant, who had accumulated a large fortune by his ventures in the East India trade, was a warm friend of the bank, which he regarded as the cause of a very great part of the prosperity of the country. He was so sure that Congress would renew the charter that, in 1810, he ordered the Barings, of London, to invest all his funds in their hands in shares of the Bank of the United States. This was done to the amount of half a million of dollars. When the charter expired, he was the principal creditor of the bank. Discovering that he could purchase the old bank building and the cashier’s house for $120,000, he at once secured them, and on the 12th of May, 1812, opened the Girard Bank with a capital of $1,200,000, which he increased the next year by $100,000 more. He retained all the old officers of the Bank of the United States, and continued the cashier, Mr. George Simpson, in his position. He was greatly indebted to Mr. Simpson for the subsequent success of the bank. The break¬ ing out of the second war with England, and the consequent suspension of specie payments, soon followed, and subjected his new enterprise to a severe strain. It was a matter of great doubt with Mr. Girard how he should preserve the integrity of his own institution, while the other banks were suspending their payments; but the credit of his own bank was effectually secured by the suggestion of his cashier, Mr. Simpson, who advised the recalling of his own notes by redeeming them with specie, and by paying out the notes of the State banks. In this way not a single note of his own was suffered to be depreciated, and lie was thus enabled,

90

the illustrated history

iu 1817, to contribute effectually to the restoration ol specie

payments. .

Mr. Girard was instrumental in securing the establishment

of the Second Bank of the United States, and was its largest stockholder and one of its directors. When the books were opened for subscriptions to the stock of the bank, he waited until the last moment before the books were to be closed, and then came forward, and asked if all had subscribed who wished to do so. Being answered affirmatively, he asked how much of the capital remained uncalled for. He was told <$3,100,000. To the surprise of all present, he said he would subscribe for that entire amount. At his death the capital of his own bank had increased to $4,000,000. By the terms of his will his bank¬ building became the property of the city of Philadelphia. In 1833 the Girard Bank was chartered bv the State, and began business in a portion of this building, which it still occupies, having, since 1864, become a national bank. The rest of the building is now occupied by the offices of the city treasurer and city controller.

Immediately above the bank is the old banking-house of .Jay Cooke & Co., whose failure a few years ago occasioned a heavy loss to the entire country.

On the east side of Third below Walnut is the handsome light stone building ot the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. Almost immediately opposite is St. Paulis Episcopal Church, a venerable structure, erected in 1760, by a number of the congregation of old Christ Church, who had withdrawn from that parish because of the dismissal of the Rev. Dr. McClenaghan “ without suffi¬ cient cause. The church is rough-cast, and stands in a spacious enclosure, in the midst of long ranges of vaults covered with

marble slabs. Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, is buried in one of these.

At the southwest corner of Third and Pine streets is an old gra\ e-yard, in the midst of which stands St. Peter’s Episcopal Church. It was begun in 1758 and was finished in 1761. It was originally designed as, and was for many years, a chapel of Christ Church, by the congregation of which it was built. Dur-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

pendent parish. The steeple is much more modern than the church. It is furnished with a chime of bells, the gift of a Mr. Wilcox, once a wealthy merchant of the city and a member of the congregation.

91

ing the Revolution it was occupied by the British when they hold the city, and was greatly damaged by them. In 1831 St. Peter’s was separated from Christ Church, and was made an iude-

AVIARY, ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

CHAPTER III.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 — CONCLUDED.

Steam Railroads— Their Depots and Ticket Offices— Steamship Lines— The Philadelphia Markets— Prominent Churches— Cathedral— The oldest Pres¬ byterian and Roman Catholic Churches— The old Swedes’ Church— The Public Schools— University of Pennsylvania— The Medical Colleges— Girard College — The Philadelphia Library— Mercantile Library— Ridgwav Library — Academy of Natural Sciences — Learned Societies — The Zoological Gar¬ dens— Benevolent Institutions— The Pennsylvania Hospital — Inline Asylum — Naval Asylum — Prisons — House of Correction — Places of Amusement — Cemeteries — Newspapers — Banks — Gas and Water — Street Railways — The Water Front — The Delaware Shore — Port Richmond — The Coal Wharves — Ship Yards — Camden — Smith’s and Windmill Islands- Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad — The American Steamship Line — The Old Navy Yard— Greenwich Point— League Island — The Navy Yard — Fort Mifflin— A Reminiscence of the Revolution — The Schuylkill River — The Bridges — The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges — The finest Bridge in America — West Philadelphia — Germantown — Manufactures and Commerce.

HERE are eight lines of railway entering the city of Philadelphia, or terminating at Camden, on the op¬ posite shore of the Delaware. These are as follows:

The Pennsylvania Railroad , the depots of which are at Thirty-second and Market streets, in West Philadel¬ phia, and at Kensington. The ticket offices of this road are located at the depot, and at 838 Chestnut street, 1348 Chestnut street, and 116 Market street. From the Kensington depot local trains run to points between Philadelphia and Trenton. The W est Philadelphia depot is the arriving and starting ]>oint of trains from and to the West and New York. The old line of the Camden and Amboy road, now leased by the Pennsyl¬ vania Company, lies entirely in New Jersey, and the terminus

is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. It 92

*

MACHINERY HALL — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1402 feet in length and 360 feet in width.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

93

is the line to New York by way of Amboy, and to points in New Jersey.

The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The depots of tin's road are at Thirteenth and Callowhill, and at Ninth and Green streets. The ticket offices are at 838, 624 and 732 Chestnut street, 317 Arch street, and at the depots. The Thirteenth street depot is the station for the main line to Reading and the anthracite coal regions. The Ninth and Green streets depot is the station for points on the Germantown and Norristown branches.

The North Pennsylvania Railroad. The depot of this road is at Berks and American streets. It is a direct line to Beth¬ lehem, Lehigh Valley, and the North and West. A branch of this road has just been constructed, connecting with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, at Bound Brook. It forms with that road a direct line to New York, and passengers over it enter that city by the New Jersey Central Ferry, at the foot of Liberty street.

The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The depot of this road is on South Broad street, at the corner of Washington avenue. It is the only direct line from Philadel¬ phia to Baltimore, Washington, and the South. It is also the route from Philadelphia to the West by way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, connection with which is made at Baltimore. The ticket offices of the road are at the depot, and at 700 and 838 Chestnut street.

The West Chester Railroad. The depot of this road is at 3100 Chestnut street, in West Philadelphia, and its only ticket office at the same place. The road extends to West Chester.

The New Jersey Southern Railroad. The depot of this road is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. The ticket offices are at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. It is a direct line to Long Branch, Ocean Grove, and Sandy Hook, on the New Jersey coast. From the latter point connection is made with a steamer to New York.

The Camden and Atlantic Railroad. This is the line to Atlantic City, on the New Jersey coast, the nearest and most

THE WILLIM ANTIC LINEN

COMPANY’S EXHIBIT.

01

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

95

accessible sea-shore resort from Philadelphia. Atlantic City has long been famous as the best sea-bathing point on the coast, and is always crowded during the summer season with a bril¬ liant and fashionable throng of visitors, in search of health and pleasure. Its proximity to Philadelphia — being only an bout and three-quarters distant — and the admirable facilities foi reaching it afforded by the numerous fast trains between the two points, will enable visitors to the city of Philadelphia to spend a day or two at the sea-shore, and enjoy “a dip in the ocean,” without trespassing upon the time set apart for their summer vacation. The depot is at the foot of Vine street. The ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street, and at the depot.

The West Jei'sey Railroad. This line extends to Cape May, and to points in Western New Jersey, on the Delaware Bay. The depot is in Camden, and passengers are conveyed to it by the Market Street Ferry. The ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street. The road is controlled by the Pennsyl¬ vania Company.

Passengers over any of these lines can procure their tickets, secure berths in sleeping-cars, and have their baggage checked and called for at their residences or hotels, at any of the city ticket offices named above, thus saving themselves all trouble at the depot at the moment of departure.

Steamship Lines.

There are two steamship lines plying regularly between Philadelphia and European ports. These are the American Steamship Company, the splendid vessels of which have become noted as among the best and most comfortable on the ocean. I he sailings of this line are weekly. It is a strictly American corporation, and the only one for this purpose in existence. Its success has been marked from the start. The International Steamship Company, or Red Star Line, plying between Philadel¬ phia and Antwerp, despatch their vessels fortnightly Phila¬ delphia is connected with the principal ports on the Atlantic 130ast by steamship lines, which transact a steady and protitable

96

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

business. The various European steamship lines sailing from New York have offices in Philadelphia.

Markets.

The markets of Philadelphia are among the institutions of the city. In them are collected the vegetable products of the North, South, East and West. It is the boast of the city that the provisions to be had here are always fresh and at moderate prices. Meats of all kinds, poultry, fish, eggs, butter, vegetables and fruits, are displayed in the greatest profusion and in the most tempting manner. The old sheds which formerly disfigured the streets of the city are giving way to handsome and commodious edifices of brick. At the corner of Market and Twelfth streets, and on Fifth street near Chestnut, are two of the finest market-houses in the city. They are well worth a visit.

Churches.

A number of the most prominent churches of the city have been noticed in our description of the principal streets. A few remain to be mentioned.

The Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul , situated on Eigh¬ teenth stieet, facing Logan Square, is one of the most elaborate religious edifices in the city. It is the principal church of the Roman Catholic denomination, and a conspicuous object in any view of the city. The Most Rev. Francis Patrick Ken rick, D. D., afterwards Archbishop of Baltimore, was Bishop of the Diocese of Philadelphia from 1842 to 1851. Soon after his entrance upon his office, he inaugurated the movement for the erection of a new Cathedral, and fixed upon the Logan Square site as the pioper place for it. The site was opposed by the clergy and many of the laity as too remote from the centre of the city; but the Bishop, who had an abiding faith in the growth of Philadelphia, carried his point, and on the 6th of ^eptember, 1846, the corner-stone of the Cathedral was laid. In 1857 Bishop Kenrick was promoted to the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and was succeeded by Bishop Wood, under whom tie work was completed. It was dedicated with imposing

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

97

ceremonies in 1864. The architects were Najioleon Le Brun and John Notman.

The building is of stone, and is built in the form of a cross, with a massive portico and a grand dome. It has a frontage of 136 feet, and a depth of 216 feet. The height of the apex of the

CATHEDRAL. OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAIL.

pediment from the pavement is 101-4 feet, the height of the dome is over 210 fee t, and its exterior diameter is seventy-one feet. The architecture is of the most elaborate Roman Corinthian style. I here are no side windows — a feature in which the church differs from most of the buildings in this country — the

7

98

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

lio-ht being introduced almost wholly from above. The facade ^ornamented with a portico supported by four immense Cor¬ inthian capitals, sixty feet high, and six feet in diameter. On the frieze of the pediment are cut the words Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam ” The interior ot the building is crucifoim, and is finished in a light stone which greatly resembles Paris stone, the effect of which is striking. The walls are frescoed with a fine painting of the Crucifixion, the Nativity, and the Adora¬ tion of the Shepherds, and with figures of the four Evangelists. The crown of the dome is adorned with a painting representing the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. The high altar and the various shrines of the church are constructed ot mai ble,

and are adorned with great magnificence. Ihe inteiioi is thus

rendered one of the richest and most beautiful in this country, and will bear comparison with many ot the chinches ot Emope. The cost of the whole edifice was over §1,000,000. Adjoining the Cathedral are the chapel, used for early and week-day ser¬ vices, and the residence of the Bishop.

Immediately opposite the southern entrance to Washington

Square is

The First Presbyterian Church.

This congregation was for many years regarded as the oldest Presbyterian congregation in America, but in 1835 it was dis¬ covered that an older congregation existed at Rehoboth, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The records of the church go back to 1698, in which year the congregation was worshipping with the Baptists in their church on “ Barbadoes lot,” at the north¬ west corner of Chestnut and Second .streets. The present build¬ ing was erected in 1820. From 1830 to 1868 the church was under the pastoral care of the Rev. Albert Barnes, whose literary labors are too well known to the reader to need mention here.

St. Joseph’s Church ,

The oldest Roman Catholic church in Philadelphia, is situated in hourth street just below Walnut, near the building of the Reading Railroad Company. In 1733 several Jesuit fathers purchased the lot on which it stands, and erected a plain wooden

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

99

edifice. This was pulled down by the soldiers by order of the colonial authorities, was rebuilt, and pulled down a second time. A third time the church was erected, and once more the soldiers came to destroy it. This time the fathers interposed the plea that the building was their dwelling, as well as a church, and that as such they were entitled to hold it. The plea was suo-

GETHSEMANE BAPTIST CHURCH.

cessful, and the house was spared. The old church stood until 1821, when it was remodelled and enlarged. Washington and the Continental Congress assembled here in it, at the close of the Revolution, to return to France, through Lafayette, the thanks of the country for her aid in the Revolution. The present structure was erected in 1838.

At the corner of Fourth and Pine streets is

100

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Third Presbyterian Church,

Generally called “ The Old Pine Church.” It was organized in 1760 by a number of families who withdrew from the First Church, and in 1764 a small frame building was erected on this lot, which was obtained from Thomas and Richard Penn. The present church was begun in 1766 and completed in 1768. During the sessions of the Continental Congress, John Adams was one of its most constant attendants. During the occupation of the city by the British, the church was used as a hospital for the troops. It was stripped of its pulpit and pews for fuel, and was then converted into a stable for the horses of the dragoons. Among the graves in the churchyard is that of David llitten- house, famous as a mathematician, and a signer of the Declara¬ tion of Independence.

In Swanson street near Christian is the most venerable edi¬ fice in the city, the

Gloria Dei, or Swedes’ Church.

It was built by the Swedes, who settled the site of Philadel¬ phia in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn’s colony. The first settlers were very poor, and at first sheltered themselves in caves which they dug in the banks of the river. A year or two later they built log huts on the plateau beyond the river. “ I hey were a kindly, though hot-tempered folk, too ; gave their open hand to the English, who asked leave to settle on the land, and shut it against the Dutch, who claimed the land as a right. . . Nothing can be more pathetic than the letters which they sent to old Sweden by every chance voyager to Europe, setting forth that they were in a strange and heathen land, far away from their own dear fatherland, and begging that godly men might be sent to them to instruct their chil¬ dren, and help themselves to lead lives well pleasing to God.’ It was six years before the letter was answered by the arrival of Rodman and Bjork, the first clergymen sent out by the Swedish king. . . Immediately after the arrival of Rudman and Bjork, Gloria Dei Church, known now in Philadelphia as

OF THE CEMTENETAL EXH1151T1UN.

iUX

old Swedes’, was built. It stood upon a green bank of the quiet river, Swan Swanson’s being the only hut near by. On Sunday mornings the men came tramping on foot beside the women’s horses from Kingsessing, Passajungh, and even far¬ away Matzongh, hanging their muddied outer leggings or shirts of wolfskin on the branches of the trees before they went

THE OLD SWEDES’ CHURCH.

in. Now and then a pirogue brought a chance worshipper up the lonely river, or a solitary Indian stood in the doorway, half believing, and wholly afraid. . . The church itself was built in a fervor of pious zeal, the carpenters and masons giving their work, and the good pastor, Erick Bjork, selling or pawning the best articles out of his house when the money did not come in

102

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fast enough, and carrying the hod every day himself.” Tha original church was built of logs, and served as a blockhouse as well as a place of worship. It was built in 1677. The present edifice was erected on the same site in 1700. It is built of brick, and is cruciform. The interior is quaint, and the gallery front is ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over from Sweden. In the churchyard lies buried Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist. It may be added here that William Penn scrupulously respected the rights of the Swedish settlers, and purchased from them the site upon which he founded his city of Philadelphia.

On the north side of Locust above Sixteenth street is

St. Mark’s Episcopal Church.

It was erected in 1849, is built in the decorative Gothic style, and is considered one of the most beautiful and gracefully pro¬ portioned churches in the city. It is built of freestone, so nicely laid that no trace of mortar can be seen. It is 150 feet in length, with a breadth, including the tower, of 91 feet. The tower is a massive structure of stone, supporting a spire which rises to a height of 230 feet from the ground. The interior is vei> beautiful, and its stained glass windows are among the finest in the country, lhe church is the property of one of the wealthiest congregations in the city, and its services are grand and impressive.

St. Clements Church , at the corner of Twentieth and Cherry streets, is a handsome edifice, richly decorated within. It is an Episcopal church, and is noted as the most extreme ritualistic establishment in the city.

On the east side of Fourth street, just below New, is

St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church,

The oldest Methodist church in the city. Methodism wasestab* ished in Philadelphia in 1767 by Captain Thomas Webb, who held his meetings in a sail-loft near Dock and Front streets, e ,n forming the germ of the present congregation.

<6 fichard Board man and Joseph Pillmore were sent

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

103

over by John Wesley to take charge of the Philadelphia church. They preached in the present building, which had just been erected, and was known as “Our Preaching House.” Francis Asbury, afterwards the great bishop, named it St. George's, in 1781. In March, 1770, the first love-feast held in America was held here. During the Revolution the British occupied the church as a riding-school. The church has had among its pastors four who became bishops in the Methodist Episcopal

CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.

Church. They were Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat, Robert R. Roberts, and Levi Scott.

The Central Congregational Church, on Eighteenth street, at Eighteenth and Green streets, is a handsome edifice, in the late Norman style, erected at a cost of §100,000.

St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church is at the corner of Girard avenue and Fifth street. It is a large and handsome structure, ^ith a tower 215 feet high. It will seat 2000 persons. The

104

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

congregation is the largest and wealthiest in the diocese of Philadelphia.

There are in all over five hundred churches in the city of Philadelphia. They are divided as follows among the different denominations:

DENOMINATION Number of Churches.

Advent Christian Church . 3

Baptist . 63

Bible Christians . 1

Christian Evangelist. . 1

Christian Independent . 2

Church of God . 1

Congregational . 2

Disciples of Christ . 2

Evangelical Association . 8

French Protestant Episcopal . 1

Friends (Orthodox) . 6

“ (Hicksite) . 8

“ (Primitive) . 1

Hebrews . 11

Lutheran (English) . 14

“ (German) . 12

(Independent) . 2

Mennonite . 3

Methodist Episcopal . 89

“ “ African . 9

Methodist (Free) . 1

Moravian . 4

.New Church (Swedenbcrgian) . 3

Presbyterian . 75

(Reformed Synod) . 3

“ “ (Original . 1

“ “ (General Synod) . 8

(United) . 12

Protestant Episcopal . 90

Reformed Episcopal . 3

Church in the United States . 16

Roman Catholic . 43

Unitarian . 2

Universalist . 3

Total . 603

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

105

Educational Establishments.

The public schools of Philadelphia have long been famous for their excellence. In the year 1872 there were 39G school-houses in the city ; and 78 male and 1552 female teachers. The whole number of pupils belonging to the schools at the close of the year was 84,387, and the average attendance during the year 72,025. The whole amount paid for salaries of teachers was §900,819 ; the whole amount paid for school purposes was §1,576,199. There were also 29 night-schools, attended by 8,587 pupils.

The private schools and academies are numerous and well attended.

There are thirteen colleges in the city. The principal of these is the

University of Pennsylvania.

This noble institution grew out of the Philadelphia Academy, founded by Benjamin Franklin. It consists of four departments or schools, namely: the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical, and the Law Schools.

The University buildings are located in West Philadelphia, at the junction of Thirty-sixth street, the Darby road, and Locust street. The University buildings are constructed of serpentine stone, with the coping, buttresses, and gables of Ohio stone. When all are erected they will comprise a complete square of Gothic structures, unsurpassed in beauty and conve¬ nience by any in the world devoted to similar purposes. The buildings at present comprise the Schools of Arts and Science, the Medical School, and the Hospital attached to the Medical School. The School of Arts and Science is an imposing structure,, three stories in height beside the basement. It has a frontage of 260 feet on Locust street, and a depth of 120 feet. Its pavilions and towers give to it a beautiful and picturesque appearance. The Medical School, though it possesses distinct architectural features of its own, follows the general design. It is fitted up with every convenience for the successful prosecution of the studies and investigations of the students. The Hospital

106

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

is situated to the south of the School of Arts and Science, and stands in a lot given to the University by the city on condition of its maintaining fifty free beds for poor patients. The Law School is located in the first building mentioned.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

The University is in a flourishing condition, and the faculty includes in its number some of the most eminent men in the Union.

Jefferson Medical College

Is situated in Tenth street below Chestnut. It was established in 1825, and was at first a branch of the medical college at Cannonsburg, Pa. It owes its existence principally to the exertions of Dr. George McClellan. It soon attracted to its facility the most eminent physicians of the city. Its success was rapid, and it has long been considered one of the first medical schools in America. Its graduates are to be found in every part of the Union. The college building is a handsome

structure, and is fitted up with all the appliances of a first-class institution.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

107

The Homoeopathic Medical College is situated on the north side of Filbert street, above Eleventh. Attached to it is a large and well-conducted hospital. The college is regarded as one of the best schools of this branch of medicine in existence.

The College of Pharmacy is on the east side of Tenth street below Race. It was founded in 1821, and is designed for the education of chemists and apothecaries. Thanks to its efforts the drug business of the country has been placed mainly in the hands of educated pharmaceutists.

The College of Physicians

Is located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust streets. It was founded in 1789. Its members are practising physicians, and its object is the investigation of “the diseases and remedies which are peculiar to this country.” The members are divided into two classes: Fellows, or practising physicians residing in the city; and Associates, who are eminent physicians in other parts of the country. The college publishes a quarterly journal of its transactions, which is highly valued by the pro¬ fession. Its transactions are of the greatest benefit to the sciences of medicine and surgery.

Girard College

Was erected through the munificence of Stephen Girard, whose name it bears. The college grounds consist of a tract of forty- five acres, fronting on Ridge avenue about a mile from its junc¬ tion with Ninth and Vine streets. The grounds are enclosed with a high stone wall, capped with marble slabs, and strengthened with pilasters. By the terms of his will, Mr. Girard left the sum of six millions of dollars to trustees for the purpose of founding and maintaining a college for the free educa¬ tion and support of white male orphans. The cost of the build¬ ings for the purposes of the college was limited to two millions of dollars. Up to the present time the sum of §1,933,821 has been expended upon the buildings and grounds. The rest of the vast legacy was to be kept as a fund for the support of the college, the interest only being used. The trustees in a recent

108

the illustrated history

report state that if the residuary estate is properly managed, “ it will soon be ample to maintain as many orphans as the entire plot of ground can accommodate.” The number of pupils in the college at present is about 500, and the sum of $1 90,000 is annually expended in their support. Since its foundation, the college has received as pupils 1800 poor, fatherless boys, and has indentured 780 of them to honest and profitable trades.

The grounds are handsomely laid out and carefully kept. The main entrance is through a tasteful lodge in the south front.

GIRARD COI/LEGE.

1 he college proper is one of the handsomest structures in the United States. It is constructed of pure white marble, and the geneial design is that of a Greek temple, surrounded with a range of magnificent Corinthian columns, having eight at each end, and eleven on each side, including those at the corners. TJie building rests upon abasement consisting of eleven steps, which extend around the entire edifice, thus giving to it an aii of gi eater solidity and splendor. The building has a length

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. lOtf

of 169 feet and a width of 111 feet, with a wide platform between the outer walls and the ranges of columns. The archi¬ tecture is of the purest Corinthian order, and is one of the most perfect specimens of Grecian architecture in America. The columns are 55 feet high, 10 feet in diameter at the base, and are surmounted by capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The distance from the top of the capitals to the apex of the pediment is 34 feet, making the total height from the apex of the pediment to the floor of the platform on which the superstructure stands nearly 95 feet. The principal entrances are in the north and south fronts, and are 32 feet high, and 16 feet wide. Each side contains twenty windows, four of which open into each room, and one upon each stairway. The building is floored with mar¬ ble, and the roof is constructed of the same material and weighs 9691 tons. The building is divided into three stories, and is used entirely for lecture and recitation purposes. The interior work is done entirely in marble, iron, and brick, but not a trace of the last material is anywhere visible to the eye.

A marble statue of Stephen Girard, by Grevelot, stands in the south porch of the college, and beneath it lie the remains of the founder, and a room in the building known as “Girard’s Room contains his books, office furniture, and personal effects.

A number ot fine marble buildings, roofed with copper, stand in the college grounds. They are each three stories in height, with a frontage of 52 feet and a depth of 125 feet, and are used as the residences of the college officers and the dormitories of the pupils.

Mr. Girard’s will contained the following restrictions upon visitors to the college, which are rigidly enforced. The italics are his own :

“ * cnj°in and require that no ecclesiastic , missionary , or minis¬ ter of any sect whatsoever', shall hold or exei'cise any station or duty whatever in the said college : nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the purposes of the said college. In making this restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection upon any sector person whatsoever; but as there is such a multitude of sects,

110

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and such a diversity of opinion amongst them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to derive advantage from this bequest, free from the excitement which clashing doc¬ trines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce; and my desire is, that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest principles of morality , so that, on their entrance into active life, they may, from inclination and habit, evince benevolence towards their fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may enable them to prefer.”

“ When Mr. Duane had written this passage at Girard’s dicta¬ tion,” says Mr. Parton, “a conversation occurred between them, which revealed, perhaps, one of the old gentleman’s reasons for inserting it. ‘ What do you think of that ? ’ asked Girard. Mr. Duane being unprepared to comment on such an unexpected injunction, replied, after a long pause, ‘I can only say now, Mr. Girard, that I think it will make a great sensation.’ Girard then said, ‘ I can tell you something else it will do, — it will please the Quakers.’ He gave another proof of his regard for the Quakers by naming three of them as executors of his will; the whole number of the executors being five.”

The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery is located at .Tenth and Arch streets, and the Philadelphia Dental College at 108 North Tenth street. Both are flourishing institutions. The 11 oman s Medical College of Pennsylvania is at Twenty-first and North College avenue. The Polytechnic College of the State of 1 ennsylvania is on Market street above Seventeenth.

The church institutions are the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church, at Locust and Juniper streets; the Theologi¬ cal Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, at No. 216 Frank1 m street ; St. Joseph’s (Roman Catholic) College, at 317 i mgs alley , and the Seminary of St. Charles Borromco, at \et look station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, just beyond estonville. The building of the last-named institution magnificent specimen of the Italian style of architecture.

is a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

111

LIBRARIES.

The principal library of the city is the

Philadelphia Library.

It was founded in 1731, by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hop- kinson, Thomas Cadwallader, and several other gentlemen, Franklin being the principal mover in the matter. James Logan became interested in the enterprise at an early day, and instructed Mr. Hopkinson, who was about to sail for England, to purchase books to the value of <£65. This was done, and the books were

SEMINARY OF ST. CHARLES BORROMEO.

received in 1732. The library was made free to the public, but none but subscribers, with the exception of Mr. Logan, were allowed to take the books from the building. This rule is still observed. The library grew slowly, and in 1782 the heirs of James Logan presented the trustees with the valuable Loganian Library, which is still kept as a separate collection. The two collections now number about 100,000 volumes. The library

112

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

is located in a stately and substantial old-time edifice of brick, in Fifth street south of Chestnut, and opposite Independence Square. The building was begun in 1789, and was completed and occupied by the library in 1790.

- The Mercantile Library

Occupies a handsome building in Tenth street north of Chestnut. It was organized in 1821 by a number of merchants and bankers, and in 1826 was made a stock company. The building used by the company was formerly the Franklin Market, and cost, with

MERCANTILE LIBRARY.

the alterations necessary to adapt it to its new use, $230,000. It contains a fine collection of 95,000 volumes and all the prin¬ cipal newspapers and magazines of this country and Europe. Tt has also a chess-room with twenty-four tables. It is managed upon the most liberal plan, and has a membership of 12,000.

The Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library.

The building now in course of erection for this purpose is one of the most superb structures in the United States. It stands

‘Ij.-V-Jl .

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

113

in the centre of the square, bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian, and Carpenter streets. This is enclosed by a stone wall, except on the Broad street front, vhcrc the wall gives place to a tasteful iron railing. The grounds are to be laid off in the most beautiful manner. The building is of granite, and consists of a central edifice and two wings, the whole having a frontage of 220 feet, and an extreme depth of 105 feet. The principal faQade faces Broad street, and consists of three porticos, one to the central building and one to each of the wings. The porticos are enclosed by massive Doric columns of granite, sixteen in all, eight in the central portico, and four to each of the wings, each thirty feet high. The structure stands upon a platform which is reached by a flight of steps the full width of the central building. The main entrance is from the central portico, and leads into a vestibule 36 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 14 feet high, which opens into the main hall. This hall is cruciform, 84 feet in length, and 60 feet in width. At the intersection of the cross are twenty-four Ionic columns supporting a gallery. The ceiling in this part of the hall is 44 feet from the floor. The main hall will be fitted up with alcoves for books. There are several other rooms in the building, intended for the use of the directors, etc. The wings will be used as reading-rooms. A mausoleum will be erected in the main hall opposite the principal entrance, to contain the remains of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush and his wife. The building owes its existence to the munificence of Dr. Rush, who at his death bequeathed the land on which it stands, and the million and a half dollars expended in its erection. When completed the Philadelphia Library Company will most likely exercise control over the “ Ridgway Branch.” The building is in all respects one of the most massive and superb edifices of its kind in the world. It is an ornament of which any city might be proud, and is the noblest monument its founder could have desired to perpetuate his name and fame to after ages. It is solid enough to withstand the decaying hand of time, and will always form one of the noblest of Philadelphia’s public institutions.

8

114

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

The other libraries of Philadelphia are as follows :

NAME. LOCATION.

American Baptist Historical Society . 530 Arch Street.

American Mechanics’ Library . Fourth and George Streets.

Athenaeum Library . Sixth and Adelphi Streets.

Apprentices’ Library Association . 500 Arch Street.

American Protestant Hall and Library Asso’n. .1415 Locust Street.

Friends’ Library . 304 Arch Street.

Germantown Library . 4838 Germantown Avenue.

James Page Library Company . 208 East Girard Avenue.

Library Association of Friends . Race and Fifteenth Streets.

Library of the German Society . 24 South Seventh Street.

Library of the Law Association . 532 Walnut Street.

Mechanics’ Institute Library . 1110 South Fifth Street.

Moyamensing Library . Eleventh and Catharine Sts.

Odd-Fellows’ Library . 80G North Third Street.

Philadelphia City Institute Library . Eighteenth and Chestnut Sts.

Spring Garden Institute . 1349 Spring Garden Street.

Southwark Library Company . 705 South Second Street.

Wm. Brotherhead’s Library . 205 South Thirteenth Street.

West Philadelphia Institute Library . 4050 Market Street.

Wagner Free Institute of Science . Seventeenth and Montgomery.

The public and private libraries of Philadelphia number 3700, and comprise a total of 2,985,770 volumes.

SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS.

Chief among the learned societies of Philadelphia is the

Academy of Natural Sciences.

This society was organized in 1812, by a number of gentle¬ men for purposes of mutual improvement. At an early period a museum and a library were established. These have been steadily increased, and the library now contains nearly 25,000 volumes. The museum contains over 250,000 specimens. Among these are “ more than 6000 minerals, 900 rocks, 65,000 fossils, 1 0,000 species of plants, 1000 species of zoophytes, 2000 species of crustaceans, 500 species of myriapods and arachnidians, 25,000 species of insects, 20,000 species of shell- beat ing mollusks, 2000 species of fishes, 800 species of reptiles, 87,000 birds with nests of 200 and eggs of 1500 species, 1000 mammals, and u00 skeletons and pieces of osteology The

RAPT 1ST BOARD OF PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT STREET.

115

116

the illustrated history

collection is as valuable as it is extensive. Gratuitous instruction is furnished to a number of students. Visitors are admitted on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, for the slight sum of ten cents. The money is devoted to the purposes of the building fund.

The Academy was formerly located on Broad street, south of Chestnut, but a year or two ago a new and larger edifice was begun at the southwest corner ot Nineteenth and if ace stiects. It will have, when completed, a frontage of 288 feet on Nine¬ teenth street, and a depth of 198 feet on Race street. It will be in the collegiate Gothic style, and will be constructed of

ACADEMY OF NATURAE SCIENCES.

serpentine stone with trimmings of Ohio sandstone. Only the north wing has been completed, and into this the collections of the Academy are crowded. It is estimated that the entire v -Aiding with all its appointments will cost over $700,000.

The American Philosophical Society

Occupies a quaint old building in Fifth street, immediately in the rear of Independence Hall. The society occupies the second floor of the building, the lower floor being devoted to the Court of Common Pleas and the Water Department. In 1727 Ben¬ jamin Franklin, then a prosperous printer of Philadelphia,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

117

fcivino become interested in scientific studies, established a

society of kindred spirits, which he called “The Junto.” Its

membership was restricted to twelve, and its meetings were

secret to prevent the intrusion of improper persons. Out of

this grew the present society, which was founded in 1743.

Among its members have been some of the greatest men of our

history. The library of the society comprises nearly 20,000

volumes, and connected with it is a fine cabinet of coins and

antiquarian relics. The present building was erected in 1789.

Among the most precious possessions of the society is the

original draft of the Declaration of Independence in the hand- ©

writing of Thomas Jefferson.

The Pennsylvania Historical Society

At present finds a habitation in a building attached to the Penn¬ sylvania Hospital in Spruce street above Eighth. The society was established in 1825, and for a number of years struggled onward in the face of great difficulties. It has now a member¬ ship of 600, a library of 12,000 volumes, and 80,000 pamph¬ lets, a gallery containing sixty-five portraits of historical per¬ sonages, twelve historical pictures, and a large collection of engravings and manuscr'pts, among which are William Penn’s papers. The society also possesses a valuable collection of American antiquities.

The Franklin Institute

Was incorporated in 1824, “for the promotion and encourage¬ ment of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts by popular lectures, the formation of a library, with a cabinet of models and minerals, offering premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement, and by examining all inventions sub¬ mitted to them.” The membership is open to all persons friendly to and interested in the mechanic arts. The building occupied by the society is on the east side of Seventh street north of Chestnut. Its exterior is plain. The interior is provided with a fine lecture-room, in which lectures are delivered at stated times upon scientific subjects and accompanied with experiments.

118

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The library of the Institute is on the second floor. There is also a museum, in which is the famous astronomical clock con¬ structed by David Rittenhouse. The Institute has done and is doing a noble work for technical science, and its Journal is the oldest and one of the most valuable mechanical publications in this country.

The Zoological Society of Philadelphia,

After an existence of many years, has but recently become prominent among the learned associations of Philadelphia. It has within the past few years leased from the Fairmount Park Commissioners a garden of 35 acres, located on the west side of the Schuylkill below the Girard Avenue Bridge. This tract was originally known as “Solitude,” and was the residence of John Penn, the son of Thomas and grandson of William Penn. The old mansion built by him when Governor of Pennsylvania is still standing. His descendants retained the place until its purchase by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The Zoo¬ logical Society have fitted up their garden with a number of handsome improvements, consisting of a monkey-house, a beaver- dam, deer and buffalo parks, a winter-house for animals from the tropics, three large stone bear-pits, md an aviary. The col¬ lection of animals is already very large, and is being increased. It is the intention of the society to make this garden second to none in the world. Visitors are admitted at a charge of twenty- five cents for adults, and ten cents for children.

Besides the above associations are the American Entomologi¬ cal Society, at 518 South Thirteenth street; the Germantown Scientific Association, at 4836 Germantown avenue; the Numis¬ matic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at the corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets ; and the Wagner Free Institute, at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue.

Benevolent Institutions.

The benevolent and charitable institutions of Philadelphia number more than one hundred. In respect to her institutions of this kind, Philadelphia is second to no city in the Union, u e can mention here but a few of the more prominent.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

119

The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has been noticed in our account of Broad street. The

Pennsylvania Hospital

Occupies the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, Spruce, and Pine streets. It was established in 1751, and among its first managers was Benjamin Franklin. The charter set apart the institution for “ the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure of lunatics.” The grounds are enclosed with a high brick wall, except in the centre of the Pine street front. Through this open space the group of venerable buildings can be seen from the street. The eastern wing was erected in 1755, the western in 1796, and the central building in 1805. This noble institution has admitted and cared for nearly 100,000 patients since its establishment, fully one-half of whom have been supported at its expense. Until 1841 a portion of the hospital was devoted to the treatment of the insane, but in that year these patients were removed to the new hospital in West Philadelphia.

The Wills’ Hospital, in Race street, opposite Logan Square, was founded by a bequest of the late James Wills, for the treat¬ ment of diseases of the eye and limbs. It was opened in 1834.

The Pennsylvania institution for the Instruction of the Blind

Is at the corner of Race and Twentieth streets. It was founded in 1833. It is a plain, but large and excellently arranged build¬ ing, with an average attendance of about two hundred pupils, many of whom are from other States, who are required to pay for their instruction and support.

The Municipal Hospital

For the treatment of patients afflicted with small-pox and other contagious diseases is situated on Hart lane near Twenty-first street. It consists of a principal building and wings, all of Cleveland brown-stone, with a mansard roof. Adjoining it is the “ Potter’s Field,” with its rows of nameless graves.

The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has been already mentioned in connection with the University. The

120

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Blockley Almshouse

Lies south of the University and faces the Schuylkill. It, con¬ sists of four buildings, each 500 feet long and three stories high.

*

-

ISr

PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OK PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT ST.

These aie arranged as the four sides of a square. The number o inmates is about 6000, ot whom 600 are in the insane depart¬ ment, and 200 more in the children’s asylum. The buildings

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

121

themselves cover an area of ten acres, and stand in a tract of 179 acres which is cultivated for the use of the asylum. The city of Philadelphia annually expends over four hundred thou¬ sand dollars in the support of this institution.

On Market street, between Forty-second and Fiftieth streets, in West Philadelphia, is the

Pennsylvania Hospital for the insane,

Which was established in 1841. The buildings stand in a tract of 113 acres of beautifully ornamented grounds enclosed with a high wall of stone, and consists of two large structures, each with a central edifice and wings, with Doric porticos, and a fine dome over one hundred feet high. One of these buildings is occupied by the male and the other by the female patients, and each has its separate enclosure and pleasure-grounds. They were erected at a cost of $800,000. The number of inmates is about 400.

The Presbyterian Hospital, at Thirty-ninth and Filbert streets ; the Hospital of Christ Church , on Belmont avenue, near the Park entrance; the Jewish Hospital, on the OIney road in the Twenty-third ward; the Asylum of the Orphan Society of Philadelphia, at Haddington ; the Burd Orphan Asylum , on the Delaware county line, at the extreme western end of Market street; the Preston Retreat, the House of Industry, and the House of Refuge, are noble institutions. The

United States Naval Asylum

Is located on Gray's Ferry road below South street. It was built by the general government in 1832, and is for the care of infirm and decrepit officers and seamen of the navy and the marine corps. The main building has a frontage of 380 feet and a depth of 150 feet. It has a front of white marble, is three stories in height, and is approached by a flight of marble steps. There are about 130 decrepit sailors maintained here by the govern¬ ment. The Commodore’s quarters stand north of the asylum. In the rear of the asylum is a large building erected during the late war by the government for the care of the sick and wounded sailors of the navy. The grounds are handsomely laid out.

122

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

PRISONS.

The prisons of Philadelphia are well conducted. They are three in number. The

Philadelphia County Prison

Is located on Passyunk road, just below Peed stieet. It is a massive edifice comprised of a central building with receding wings on either side. At the end of each wing is a heavy octagonal

PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PE ISON.

tower, and on each side of each wing is a high wall terminating in a bastion. The architecture is in the English-Gothic style of the fifteenth century. The building is constructed of Quincy granite, and is regarded as one of the strongest prisons in the Union. About 14,000 persons are annually committed to it. The prison is generally known as the “ Moyamensing Prison,” from the former name of the district in which it stands.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

123

The Eastern Penitentiary,

Or, as it is better known, “ Cherry Hill Prison,” occupies the entire square bounded on the south by Fairmount avenue, and lying between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets. It is enclosed with a massive stone wall. The Fairmount avenue front consists of two square towers with battlements, 65 feet high, connected by a stone wall, in which is set the main entrance, a heavy door studded with bolts. An octagonal tower rises from the wall, above this entrance, to a height of 97 feet. At each corner is a heavy tower, connected with the central building by thick walls pierced with narrow and heavily barred windows. The grounds of the prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all of which space is occupied by the buildings. Within the enclosure is a central building, from which radiate seven corridors like the points of a star. They are so arranged, that the warden, sitting in the central building, can see the whole length of each corridor. The cells of the convicts are located in these corridors, and to each cell is attached a small walled yard, in which, at certain hours of the day, the prisoner is permitted to enjoy the air and sunlight. The prison is for the confinement of convicts from the eastern counties of the State, and is conducted upon the solitary plan. The prisoners are furnished with work enough to keep them busy, and this they perform in their own cells. They are also permitted to earn money for themselves by extra work. Each prisoner is allowed to see and converse with the prison officials, the chaplain, and an occasional visitor, but is not permitted to hold any intercourse with any of his fellow-prisoners. It is claimed that this system possesses the peculiar advantage of preserving the prisoner from association with the other criminals during his confinement, and thus saves him from the danger of meeting with other prisoners after his release, and being by their influence drawn back into his evil ways. There are about 500 convicts confined here.

124

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

,„e House of Correction

Is at Holmesburg, in the northern part of the city. It contains two thousand cells, and answers the purpose of a work-house and a prison.

Places of Amusement.

The most prominent places of amusement have already been noticed in our account of the city. Philadelphia has or.3 first- class opera-house — the Academy of Music , at Broad and Locust s(-reets — and three first-class theatres. These are the Chestnut Street Theatre, on Chestnut street, between Twelfth and Thir¬ teenth ; the Arch Street Theatre , on Arch street between Sixth and Seventh streets; and the Walnut Street Theatre , at the corner of Walnut and Ninth streets.

During the centennial season there will be two first-cla3s concert gardens, viz.: Theodore Thomas' Garden, at Broad and Master streets, and Kiralfy’s Alhambra Palace Garden, on Broad street below Locust.

The Colosseum, at Broad and Locust streets, affords a first- class art entertainment in its panorama of Paris.

The other places of amusement are, Fox's New American Theatre, on Chestnut above Tenth street; the Grand Central Theatre, on Walnut street above Eighth ; the New National Theatre, at Callowhill and Tenth streets; and Enoch’s Varieties, on Seventh street below Arch — all devoted to variety entertain¬ ments; the Arch Street Opera House, on Arch street above Tenth, and the Eleventh Street Opera House, both of which are negro minstrel halls, and well patronized; and Colonel Woods Museum, at Arch and Ninth streets.

Cemeteries.

The principal cemetery of Philadelphia is Laurel Hill, on the east side of the Schuylkill, below the Falls. It is situated in a region famed for its beauty, and is one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the world. It contains a large number of splendid tombs, some of which are noted as works of art. The other

126

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

cemeteries are, Gl&fiwood, JlTonuTiient , 1 1 oodlands , Floncildsotf s,. Odd Fellows , and Mount Moriah.

Newspapers.

There are twenty-seven daily and weekly newspapers, devoted to politics and general news, published in Philadelphia. Of these, seven are Republican, four Democratic, and sixteen inde¬ pendent. About fifty periodicals are published in the city, which also conducts a large part of the book publishing business of the United States.

Banks.

There are forty banks in Philadelphia, with an aggregate capital of §20,235,000. Of these, twenty-nine are National banks, and eleven continue to do business under the State laws. The National banks have a capital of $16,235,000, aud the State banks a capital of §4,000,000.

Gas and Wafer.

Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality, which is supplied at a reasonable rate to the citizens. The gas works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured the best gas that can be made, and are protected from the extor¬ tions of private companies. The total length of street mains is over 600 miles.

The city is supplied with water from the Schuylkill river. The water works are at Fairmount, on the east side of the Schuylkill. They were begun in 1812, and water was intro¬ duced into the city in 1827. Since then additional reservoirs have been constructed within the limits of the Park, aud addi¬ tional pumping houses have been erected at Belmont, Rox- borough, and other points on the Schuylkill. The works are supplied with the most approved and complete machinery, the engines at the Spring Garden pump house having a capacity of ten millions of gallons every twenty-four hours.

In order to preserve the water of the Schuylkill pure and fit for drinking, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a few years

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 127

ao-o, purchased the land on both sides of the river to the Falls, and along the Wissahickon for several miles from its mouth* Ikes©

VIEW OF FAIRMOUXT WATER WORKS.

streams are thus prevented from being made the receptacles for the refuse of factories, which would render their waters impure* About 546 miles of water pipes have been laid through

128

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

city, and all the modern, and the most of the older houses, have water introduced into them. The average amount used per day is over 30,000,000 gallons. A vast storage reservoir has been recently constructed in the East Park, at a cost of $2,000 . 000. It has a capacity of 750,000,000 gaOons.

Street Railways.

There are about twenty-two main lines of street railway ii> Philadelphia. Including the branches of these, the number of railway lines is about forty-five. These constitute the best system of street transportation in the Union, and convey pas¬ sengers to all points of the city at a uniform fare of seven cents. A number of these lines run direct to the entrances to the exhi¬ bition grounds.

The Water Front.

The plateau on which Philadelphia stands is washed on three sides by the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, which give to the city all the advantages of a great commercial seaport. Along the Delaware shore there is always to be seen a tbrest of masts, representing the shipping of every nation on the globe. The visitor to Philadelphia should by no means omit an opportunity to view the city from the Delaware river, as from no other point can he as perfectly acquire a correct idea of the vast commerce which yearly enters and leaves this port. An excellent plan would be to engage a boat at Tacony, descend the river to the mouth of the Schuylkill, and ascend that stream to the exhibi¬ tion grounds.

Starting from Tacony, the suburb of Bridesburg is soon passed, and then, turning a bend of the river, the visitor finds himself opposite Port Richmond, the coal-shipping depot of the Reading Railroad Company. This vast depot is one of the sights of Philadelphia, and is the most extensive in the world. It comprises 21 shipping docks, with an aggregate length.of 15,000 feet, and accommodations for 250 vessels and boats. The shipping piers are 23 in :n umber, and their aggre¬ gate length is 4J miles. They are provided with 10* miles of

jo e track, and in addition to this are connected with each

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

129

other and with the main line of the road by 22 miles of track. The cars, loaded with coal at the mines, are brought direct to this depot, and are run out on the shipping piers. By means of trap-doors in the floors of the cars the coal is emptied into schutes 1G9 feet in length, which convey it directly into the holds of the vessels to be loaded. About 2000 men are em¬ ployed here, and the daily shipments of coal amount to 30,000 tons. The piers have a storage capacity of 175,000 tons. The company at present employ six fine iron steamers for the trans¬ portation of coal from Port Richmond to other points, and intend to increase this number to fifty. Several hundred other vessels are employed in this trade.

Opposite Port Richmond is Treaty Island, a spot dear to the hearts of Philadelphia sportsmen.

A short distance below Port Richmond are the shipyards of William Cramp & Son, said to be the most extensive establish¬ ment of its kind in the United States. A number of vessels were built here for the navy during the civil war, among others the New Ironsides. The four iron steamers of the American Line, plying between Philadelphia and Liverpool, were also built here.

Below these shipyards rises the standpipe of the Delaware Water Works, and beyond this is a region devoted to rolling mills, iron foundries and forges; and beyond these still, occupy¬ ing the river front from Laurel to Noble street, is a succession of lumber yards, where an immense business in all kinds of lumber is annually transacted. Large quantities are shipped to South America and the West Indies. Immediately below Noble street are the freight depots and piers of the North Penn¬ sylvania and Reading Railroads.

Below Noble street the long line of foreign and coastwise shipping begins, and stretches away for several miles down the river. Immediately opposite this part of Philadelphia, and separated from it by the Delaware, is Camden, the sixth city of New Jersey. It is but a suburb of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by six lines of steam ferries. The time occupied in crossing the river is five minutes.

9

STEAM* LI If DOCKS OF THE PENNS YLV A X I A HAILHOAD ON THE DELAWARE RIVER.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

131

In the middle of the Delaware, opposite Market street, is Smith’s Island, a noted pleasure resort. Immediately south of it, and separated from it by a narrow channel, through which the Camden & Amboy Railroad ferry boats pass, is Windmill Island, also a pleasure resort.

At the foot of Christian street and Washington avenue are the docks of the American line of steamers to Liverpool. In the rear of these docks is the enormous Elevator of the Pennsylvania Bailroad, with a capacity of half a million bushels of grain, and every facility for prompt and economical shipment.

Immediately adjoining these docks is the Old Navy Yard, covering a tract of eighteen acres. It was purchased by the government in 1801 for $ 37,500 , and was sold about a year ago to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for about $2,000,000. Some of the finest vessels in the navy were built here. The navy yard has, since the sale, been entirely transferred to League Island. The Pennsylvania company intend to fit up the old navy yard as their principal terminus on the Delaware. This road is a large stockholder in the American line of steamers, which vessels lie at its docks and receive and transfer passengers and freight from and to its cars. By this system all breaking bulk of freight from distant points is avoided, there being but one reshipment, from the cars to the steamer, necessary.

At Greenwich Point , at the foot of Packer street, are the coal wharves of the Perinsylvania Bailroad, second only in extent and the amount of business transacted at them to those of the Reading road at Port Richmond.

Just above the mouth of the Schuylkill is

League Island,

Row occupied by the United States as a Navy Yard. The island was presented to the government by the city of Phila¬ delphia. It covers an area of 600 acres, and when the ex¬ tensions in contemplation are completed, will have a frontage of nearly three miles on the Delaware, with an average depth of water of twenty-five feet. Machine shops, and all the establish-

132

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ments necessary to the purposes of a great naval station, have been: constructed or are in course of construction. The back channel is for the use of monitors, a large number of which are here laid up in ordinary. The advantages of League Island as a naval station are thus summed up by the Secretary of the Navy, in his report for 1871 : “A navy yard so ample in its proportions, in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of access to our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet, with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to our country.”

Just below League Island is Mad Island, on which stands old Fort Mifflin. This work was begun at the outbreak of the Revolution, and consisted then of an embankment of earth. It was known as the “ Mud Fort.” Upon the occupation of the city by the British in 1777 it became necessary to capture the defences on the Delaware, at Mud Island and at Red Bank, on the New Jersey shore, in order to open communication between the British fleet and the city. Could these works have been held by the Americans the enemy must have evacuated the city. On the 22d of October, 1777, Lord Howe opened a tremendous cannonade upon Fort Mifflin from his fleet, and at the same time a picked force of twelve hundred Hessians was sent to storm the works at Red Bank. The latter attack was repulsed with a loss of four hundred men, and the Hessian commander, Count Donop, was slain. In the attack upon Fort Mifflin the British lost two ships, and the remainder were more or less injured by the fire of the American guns. Soon after this re¬ pulse the British erected batteries on a small island in the Delaware, and on the 10th of November opened a heavy fire upon Fort Mifflin from these works and their fleet. The bom¬ bardment was continued until the night of the 15th. Fort Mifflin was literally destroyed, and on the night of the 16th was evacuated by its garrison. On the 18th the works at Red Bank, on the Jersey shore, were abandoned. The British removed now the obstructions from the river, and their fleet ascended to Phi la-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

133

delphia. The present work was constructed after the close of the Revolution, and is strongly armed.

The Schuylkill rivei' flows into the Delaware immediately below League Island. This river was so named by the early Dutch navigators, and the name is said to mean “a hidden river,” from the fact that its mouth cannot be seen by voyagers ascending the Delaware until the junction is reached.

A little above the mouth of the river, on the eastern shore, are the new docks and the grain elevator of the International, or lied Star, Steamship Line, plying between Philadelphia and Antwerp. These docks are a terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and transfers of grain and freight are made directly between the cars and the steamers. This promises to be one of the most prominent shipping points of the city.

“The Schuylkill may be reckoned among Philadelphia’s ‘re¬ serve forces.’ \\ ith a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate, and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal and stone yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Schuyl¬ kill Canal brings down numbers of boats from the mines in the coal regions; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce on the Schuylkill. This grand avenue to the future heart of the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be required — a time which cannot be far distant.”

The principal objects of interest on the Schuylkill are the bridges, which connect the quarters of the city lying on the op¬ posite sides of the river. Some of these are among the finest in the world. The first of these, after passing the mouth of the river, is the Penrose Fert'y Bridge ; above this is the Gray's Fei'ry Bridge, a double structure, used for the passage of the trains of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and for pedestrians and vehicles. Above this is the handsome iron truss bridge of the south extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Higher up is the new South Street Bridge, begun in 1870 and completed in the early part of 1876 at a cost of $8G5,000. With its approaches, which rest upon massive stone arches, the bridge has a total length of two thousand four hun-

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

135

dred and nineteen feet, and a width of fifty-five feet, except at the draw span, where the width is but thirty-six feet. This gives a roadway of thirty-five feet, and two footwalks, each ten feet wide. The river span is five hundred and eighty-four feet long, and consists of two permanent spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a pivot draw with two openings, each of seventy-seven feet, supported by a cylindrical cast-iron pier.

Chestnut Street Bridge lies next above. It was begun in 1861 and completed in 1866, at a cost of §500,000. It is one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and is constructed of iron, with approaches and piers of granite.

At Market street is a temporary wooden bridge, erected in the place of the old wooden bridge that crossed the river at this point, and which was burned about the close of 1875. It is used for the Market Street Railway, by vehicles and pedestrians, and by the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

The Fairmount, or Callowlull Street, Bridge stands on the site of the old suspension bridge, so well known to visitors to Fair- mount. It is one of the handsomest and most substantial bridges in the Union, and during the progress of the Centennial Exhibition was used by a large part of the visitors. There is a span over Callowhill street of eighty feet; then follow five arch colonnades on the east side, having a total length of one hundred and five feet; then the main span of three hundred and fifty feet over the Schuylkill ; then ten arch colonnades on the west side, with a length of two hundred and thirty feet ; then the bridge over Thirtieth street, ninety feet long ; then seven spans of plate girders, three hundred feet in length, and finally the span over the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and forty feet long; making a total length of one thousand two hun¬ dred and ninety-five feet. The bridge consists of two roadways, the upper one thirty-two feet above the lower. The upper floor is forty-eight feet wide between the balustrades, and the lower fifty feet wide. Each floor has a roadway with sidewalks on each side. The bridge is constructed of iron with stone piers and foundations, and is ornamented with a double row of mag¬ nificent gas lamps. Street railway tracks are laid on each floor.

136

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and are used by a number of street car lines running direct to the exhibition grounds. The cost oi this magnificent structure was $1,200,000.

Above the bridge are the dam and water-works at Fairmount, and higher up still are the boat-houses of the Schuylkill navy, to which we shall refer again in another portion of this work.

Higher up still is the finest of all the Philadelphia bridges, the now famous

Girard Avenue Bridge,

Which spans the Schuylkill at the main avenue of approach to

THE DRIVE— WISSAH1CKON.

Fairmount Park and the Centennial Exhibition. It is the most magnificent bridge in the United States, and will always be one of the principal objects of interest to visitors to the city. It has a length of one thousand feet, and a width of one hun¬ dred feet, and was built at a cost of $1,404,445. The height of the roadway above low water is fifty-five feet. The girders lest on three piers and two abutments, and form three centre spans of one hundred and ninety-seven feet each. The following description of the bridge is taken from The Scientific American:

Ihe masonry of the piers and abutments is rock-faced ashlar

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

137

•of Maine granite laid in mortar of one part Coplay cement to two parts of sand. The copings and parapets are of finely-cut granite, but no other cutting has been done, except the necessary drafts, the object being to preserve the massive effect of rock¬ faced granite work.

“ Superstructure . — There are seven linos of trusses or girders placed side by side, sixteen feet apart, and united by horizontal and vertical bracing.

“These trusses are of the well-known Phoenixville pattern of quadrangular girder. The upper compressive members and the vertical posts are Phoenix-flanged columns, united by cast- iron joint boxes. The lower chords and diagonals are Phoenix weldless eye-bars, die-forged by hydraulic. pressure. Upon the tops of the posts, twelve feet apart, are laid heavy fifteen-inch Phoenix-rolled beams, and upon these longitudinally nine-inch beams placed two feet eight inches apart. These are covered transversely with rolled corrugated plates one-fourth inch thick, corrugated one and one-fourth inches high by five inches wide. These form an unbroken iron platform upon which the asphalt concrete is placed.

“ The dead load of the structure, with a moving load of one hundred pounds per square foot, makes a total load of 30,000 pounds per lineal foot carried by seven trusses. The limit of strain is 10,000 pounds per square inch, reduced to 6000 pounds per square inch as the compressive limit on parts.

“All points of contact are either planed or turned. The pin3 are of cold rolled iron, and the limit of error between pin and hole is one sixty-fourth of an inch. The iron used in this bridge is double refined, or of ‘ Phoenix best best; brand, cap¬ able of bearing the regular tests of that quality of iron, as fol¬ lows: Ultimate strength, 55,000 pounds to 60,000 pounds per square inch; no permanent set under 27,000 pounds to 30,000 pounds per square inch ; average reduction of area at point of fracture, twenty-five per cent. The elongation of a twelve-inch bar is fifteen per cent., and the cold bend of a one and one-half inch round bar before cracking one hundred and eighty degrees, or hammered flat.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

139

“ Roadway . — The corrugated iron plates which cover the bridge are themselves covered by four inches to five inches of asphalte, making a water-tight surface. The one hundred feet of width is divided into sixty-seven and one-half feet of carriage¬ way and two sixteen and one-half feet sidewalks. The roadway is paved with granite blocks in the usual manner, except that it is divided into seven ways by two lines of iron trackways next the sidewalks for horse-cars, and five lines of carriage-tramways, made of cut granite blocks, one foot wide, laid to a five-feet gauge. The gutters and curbstones, are of fine cut granite. The sidewalks are covered for ten feet of their width with black Lehigh county slate tiles, two feet square, laid diagonally.

aOn each side of the slate tiles are spaces two feet wide, which were originally laid with encaustic tiles. After one winter’s frost these tiles became so much shattered that they were removed and white marble tiles substituted in their place. The curbstone, eighteen inches wide, makes up the remainder of the sixteen and one-half feet.

“ The sidewalks are separated from the roadway by railings of galvanized iron tubes with bronze ornaments, and are sup¬ ported by cast-iron standards at every six feet. Every eighth standard is prolonged into a lamp-post. There are eight refuge bays, each of which contains a cluster of six lamps, the support¬ ing shaft 'rising through an octagonal seat, which forms its base. The outer balustrade and cornice is of cast-iron with bronze open-work panels, and treated in a highly ornamental manner.

“The bronze panels represent various birds and foliage, such as the phoenix, swan, heron, owl, eagle, tobacco, ivy, Virginia creeper, ferns and hops. These panels are of statuary bronze cast under a pressure of sixty pounds per square inch, which forces the metal into all the finest lines and makes an extremely sharp casting; so sharp, indeed, that a casting made by this pro¬ cess trom an electrotype has been used to print engravings from. There are between eight and nine hundred of these bronzes set in the balustrade, like pictures in a frame.

“It is intended, at some future day, to place sidewalks inside the bridge, at the level of the lower chord. Access to these will

140

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

be gained through the arched openings in the abutments, and this spot has been selected as a proper place for a drinking fountain. The bridge is painted salmon color, relieved by blue and gold ; the cornice and balustrade are green and gold.

“The construction of the permanent new bridge began May Hth, 1873, and July 4th, 1874, it was formally opened for public travel, and has remained in use ever since.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE, FAIR5IOUNT PARK.

“This rapidity of construction is due, first, to the mode adopted of laying the foundations under water, instead of pump¬ ing out that water; second, to the forethought displayed in making the temporary work strong enough to pass uninjured through a freshet which increased the depth of water from thirty feet to forty-six feet; third, to the peculiar construction of the girders (which contain over three thousand five hundred tons

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

141

firon), which were made at Phcenixville from the ore, entirely by machinery, and without any hand labor ; and, lastly, to the rapidity and facility ot erection allowed by the pin-connected mode of construction.”

Immediately above this magnificent structure is the Connect¬ ing Bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad , over which the road from West Philadelphia to New York passes. Above this is the Columbia Bridge , a wooden structure, used by the Reading Railroad to connect its branches. Just below the Falls of the

TIIE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN — CHEW’S HOUSE.

Schuylkill is a picturesque stone bridge of six arches, which is also the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, the trains of which pass over it.

West Philadelphia .

Wrest Philadelphia is one of the most attractive portions of the great city. It is built up with numerous handsome villas and cottages, which give to it a partly rural aspect, while it possesses every advantage and convenience of the cit’r n^per..

142

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

It offers many fine drives and many objects of interest to the visitor.

Germantown

Is the principal and most beautiful suburb of Philadelphia. It is reached by the Germantown branch of the Philadelphia and

A GERMANTOWN VILLA.

Reading Railroad, and by a line of horse-cars. It was settled in 1683 by emigrants from Germany, from whom it takes its name, and was a distinct corporation until 1854, when it was incorporated with Philadelphia, of which city it now forms a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

143

part. It contains many splendid country-seats, a large number of elegant but less costly suburban mansions, and several his¬ torical mansions, chief among which is the old “Chew Mansion,” which was occupied by the British as a fortress during the battle of Germantown, on the 4th of October, 1777. Germantown is a favorite place of residence with the wealthier class of Phila¬ delphians, and its natural beauty has been heightened by a lib¬ eral expenditure of wealth and taste in the adornment of the homes with which it is filled.

Manufactures and Commerce.

The number of manufacturing establishments in Philadelphia is 8184. They employ a capital of $174,016,674, and 137,496 hands; they pay out $58,780,130 annually for wages ; consume raw material to the amount of $180,325,713; and yield an an¬ nual product of $322,004,517. In 1872 the commercial returns were as follows: Vessels arrived, American, 503; tonnage, 185,727 ; crews, 4943; foreign, 522; tonnage, 322,184; crews, 6325. Aggregate arrived, vessels, 1025; tonnage, 417,911; crews, 11,268. Vessels cleared, American, 313 ; tonnage, 153,- 845; crews, 3741 ; foreign, 547 ; tonnage, 251,467 ; crews, 6526. Aggregate cleared, vessels, 890 ; ^tonnage, 405,312; crews, 10,267. Of the arrivals 27 were steam vessels, of which 21 were American and 6 foreign. Of the clearances 27 were steam vessels, of which 16 were American and 11 foreign.

In the same vear the imports amounted to $20,383,853; and the exports to $21,016,750. 01 the latter sum $20,982,8 .'o

were for domestic exports, and $33,874 for foreign exports.

Such is the great city in which the Centennial Exhibition was held.

CHAPTER IV.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Dimensions of the Park— Its History— Improvements— Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill — View from the Hill — The Waterworks — The Art Gallery— The Lincoln Monument — Lemon Hill — Reminiscences of Robert Morris— Sedgeley Park — The River Road — The East Park — The Storage Reservoir —Old Country-seats — Mount Pleasant — Arnold’s Home — Fort St. David's— The Wissahickon — Romantic Scenery — The Hotels — The Hermit’s Well — The Mystics — Washington’s Rock — The Monastery — The West Park- Solitude — The Zoological Gardens — The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibi¬ tion — Lansdowne — George’s Hill — Belmont — Judge Peters — The Sawyer Observatory — How to Reach the Park.

^Jr’AIRMOUNT PARK, the great pleasure-ground of Philadelphia, is the fourth park in size in the world. It contains 2740 acres, and is exceeded in size only by 3 y Epping and Windsor forests, in England, and the Prater, in Vienna. It lies on both banks of the Schuylkill, from Callowhill street bridge to the Falls of Schuyl¬ kill and the mouth of Wissahickon, a distance of six miles, and along the V issaliickon, from its mouth to Chestnut Hill, a further distance of seven and a half miles.

The Park grew out of the necessity of placing the Schuylkill and Wissahickon under the control of the city, in order to pre¬ serve the water supply of Philadelphia from pollution by the refuse of the factories and slaughter-houses that were being erected along the shores of those streams, and out of the convic¬ tion in the minds of the Philadelphians that their great and glowing city needed a suitable pleasure-ground for the enjoy¬ ment of its people.

The Pari* is naturally one of the most beautiful enclosures i: t le world. It has not yet received the care and taste vhat have been lavished upon the “Central” of New York, but improve-

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

145

ments are being steadily and rapidly made in it, and it will, before many years, be the most magnificent park in existence. It is generally divided into four sections, known as Old Fair- mount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park, and Wissa- hickon Park.

Old Fai mount and Lemon Hill.

Fairmount and Lemon Hill begin at Callowhill street bridge, and extend a short distance above the Connecting Bridge of the

THE SCHUYLKILL, AT PHILADELPHIA.

r-ennsyl vania Railroad. Old Fairmount has long been a pleasure resort, and was originally laid off as such upon the construction of the Fairmount Waterworks in 1822. William Penn selected this site as the most suitable for his manor, as he was greatly impressed with its beauty.

The main entrance to the Park is from Green street. On the right rises the picturesque height which gives its name to the

Park, and on which are located the reservoirs into which the 10

146

BEAR PITS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN,

AE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 147

waterworks on the river shore below pump duFy by steam and water power the enormous quantity of thirty-five million gallons. The reservoirs are four in number, and from them the visitor may enjoy one of the most superb views to be obtained in the Park. “At the foot of the galleries of green velvet grass, above which you are standing, you have the Reservoir Park, with its cascades, walks and plots; and turning west¬ ward your eye em¬ braces the lake-like Fair mount dam, with its broad and bright-falling sheets of foam ; its head¬ race, forebay, and beautiful terraces; the fairy-like little steamers that ply up a n d d own the Schuylkill ; the tem¬ ple-like pier at the dam; the boat¬ houses of the Schuylkill Navy and their little fleets with waving streamers; the grand Lincoln monument,

and heyond this, the arboreal and floral F0UXTAIN XEAR general spring, lemon hill.

commencement of Fairmount Park proper, with its broad and beautiful river-drive on the left, of fourteen miles; its fountains ascending, and shrubbery-lined pathways, embowered seats and historic groves.” Near the base of the standpipe on the cliff overlooking the forebay are “ Leda and the Swan,” a group of statuary which formerly ornamented the old waterworks at the- intersection of Broad and Market streets.

148

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Not far from the Green street entrance to the Park is the Art Gallery, a rough-cast building, containing a number of fine works of art, among which are Rotheimel s Battle ol Gettys¬ burg,” painted by order of the State of Pennsylvania, at a cost of 830,000, and Benjamin West’s “Christ Rejected.” The gallery is free to visitors. The “ Battle of Gettysburg ” held a place in Memorial Hall during the Exhibition.

Passing the Art Gallery, and following the main drive, the

MONUMENT TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN FAIRMOUXT 1’AHK, PHILADELPHIA.

visitor reaches the Lincoln Monument, which stands in the open space at the foot of Lemon Hill. It is of bronze, and represents the martyred President seated in his chair, holding in his right hand a pen, and in his left the scroll of the Emancipation Proclamation. The statue rests upon a high pedestal of granite. On the south side of the pedestal is the inscription: “To Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people ; ” on the east, these

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

149'

words : “ Let us here highly resolve that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the face of the earth ; ” on the north : “ I do order and declare, that all persons held as slaves, within the States in rebellion, are and henceforth shall be free ; ” on the west side: “With malice towards none, with charity towards all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in.”

The statue is the work of Randolph Rogers, the artist of the famous Bronze Doors of the Capitol at Washington. It was modelled at Rome and cast at Munich. Its cost was $33,000. It is colossal in size, being 9 feet 6 inches in height. It was dedicated in 1870.

Beyond the Lincoln Monument is a handsome fountain in the centre of a large basin, known as the Gold-fish Pond. From this spot the hill rises in terraces to the summit. Ascending to the top by the stone steps which lead up from the successive- terraces, the visitor finds himself on the summit of

Lemon Hil!,

And before a handsome, old-time mansion. The present edifice was erected in 1800, by Henry Pratt, on the site of an older mansion, which constituted the country-seat of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, the man to whose fertile brain, not less than to the valor of her sons, America owed the successful issue of the war for Independence. Morris’ country- seat was generally known as “The Hills.” His residence was simple but tasteful. He owned a fine town-house, but this was his “dearly loved” home, and here he resided from 1770 to 1798. A part of this time he was virtually a prisoner, as he was afraid to leave the house lest he should be arrested for debt.

The part played in the Revolution by this illustrious man should never be forgotten by his countrymen. But for hi s indefatigable efforts the American cause must have failed for want of funds to carrv on the war. At the critical moments, however, Morris promptly devised the means of raising the necessary funds, and often when no other way would answer

150

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

pledged his own private credit as security for the loans made to the Continental Congress. Personally, he was a great sufferer from the financial troubles caused by the war, but had the happiness in the end, of seeing the triumph of the cause for which he had labored so devotedly. Shortly after the close of the Revolution he formed a new private business enterprise,

EAST TERRACE, LEMON HILL, FAIRMOUNT PARK.

which resulted in a failure and caused his ruin. lie had always advocated imprisonment for debt, and now, being unable to meet his liabilities, was obliged to suffer that penalty. He was offeied his liberty in consideration of the great services lie had rendered to his country during the Revolution, but refused to accept it, saying that “a law-maker should not be a law-breaker ”

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

151

He remained in prison for four years, and was released in 1802, upon the passage of the Bankrupt Law. Shortly after this, he died in an humble house on Twelfth street above Chestnut. Ilis beautiful home at “ The Hills” was sold at the time of his ruin, and in 1800 Henry Pratt erected the present mansion on the site of the old one. The house is now used as a restaurant.

Beyond the plateau on which the house stands is another, once called “Sedgeley Park.” Here is a plain wooden building known as “Grant’s Cottage,” from the fact that it once stood at City Point, Virginia, and was used by General Grant as his head-quarters during the siege of Petersburg. It was removed to Fairmount Park after the close of the civil war.

From the Green street entrance to the park the river-road sweeps around the foot of Lemon Hill, and skirts the shore of the Schuylkill, passing the beautiful and substantial boat-houses of the Schuylkill Navy. It is the main drive to the East Park, and passes under the Girard avenue and Pennsylvania Railroad bridges, after which it plunges through a tunnel through Promontory Rock, and enters the East Park. It rises gradually from the river to the level of the Reading Railroad, which it crosses at Mifflin Lane.

The East Park.

The East Park extends from Thirty-third and Thompson streets to Ridge avenue, a short distance north of Dauphin street. From this point Ridge avenue forms the eastern boundary of the park, and the Schuylkill the western, to the mouth of the Wissahickon. Above South Laurel Hill Ceme¬ tery the East Park is scarcely a quarter of a mile in width. Its greatest breadth below that point is about one mile. Its extreme length is about four miles.

In the lower section of this portion of the park is located the vast storage reservoir, now in course of construction, the capacity of which is 750,000,000 gallons of water. It is built upon what was formerly a cultivated field, thus sparing the most picturesque portions of the East Park.

The section east of the Schuylkill is one of the most beautL

152

the illustrated history

ful portions of Fairmount Park. It comprises a series of ra¬ vines and hills of the most picturesque character, stretching northward towards the Falls, and jutting out upon the Schuyl¬ kill in bold and beautiful cliffs and promontories, which are the delight of the artist. At every turn the visitor is confronted with some new and charming landscape. The trees are mag-

ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING.

nificent and the shrubbery luxuriant and carefully trained. The grass is soft and velvety, and the lawns are perfect.

A itliin the limits of the East Park are several of the old v eat., m hi el i were once so thick in this region. Some of them are rich in historical interest. The first of these is Fountain Green, near the lower end of the reservoir. It was.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

153

once the residence of Samuel Meeker, and was built in the latter part of the last century. North of this, between the reservoir and the Reading Railroad, is Mount Pleasant, a fine stone mansion, built some years before the Revolution by Cap¬ tain John McPherson. During the wars between Great Britain, France and Spain, in the early part of the eighteenth

CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDING.

century, Captain McPherson commanded several privateers be¬ longing to the port of Philadelphia. He was a bold and suc¬ cessful cruiser, and accumulated a considerable fortune from his captures, with a part of which he built this mansion, which John Adams, who was a guest of McPherson in 1774, describes as “ the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania.” McPherson sold

154

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the house soon after the opening of the Revolution, and it was purchased by Major-General Benedict Arnold, then in command at Philadelphia. After his marriage to Miss Shippen, of Philadelphia, Arnold settled the place on his wife and children, retaining only a life-interest in it. Upon the discovery of his treason, the State of Pennsylvania confiscated his life-interest in the estate. The mortgage given by Arnold at the purchase of the property was never paid, and it was sold again in 1796, the new purchaser being General Jonathan Williams, a gallant officer of the Revolution, and subsequently the first Superin¬ tendent of the Military Academy at West Point. From the fall of 1781 to the spring of 1782, the house was the head-quarters of Baron Steuben, of the American army.

Just south of Laurel Hill is Strawberry Mansion, now a park restaurant. It is a popular place of resort for the people of Philadelphia, and is admirably conducted. The view from the heights on which the mansion is located is magnificent.

Within the limits of the East Park, just above the stone bridge of the Reading Railroad, is Fort St. David's, a fishing club-house, erected on the site of a strong work of heavy timber which was built long before the Revolution at the base of the hill from which the rock which forms the falls projects.

The Wissahickon Park

Commences a short distance above the Falls and extends from the mouth of AY issnhickon Creek to Chestnut Hill, a distance of se\ en and a half miles. It consists of a narrow strip along both banks of the river, and is less than ati eighth of a mile in width. It is one of the most beautiful sections of the park. jSatme has adorned it with such a bold and lavish hand that

there is nothing for art to do in its behalf.

xhe YV issahickon has long been famous for its scenery. The creek lies deep in a rocky ravine, the wooded sides of which rise up stoepl) on either shore and in some places almost overhang it. Its waters are calm and clear, and except when swollen by hca\y rains oi the spring freshets, have in many places scarcely an\ motion at all. “Along the whole course of this romantic

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

155

stream the scenery is wild and constantly changing in appear¬ ance. The waters leap along seeking the great river by devious courses, winding in curves, and sometimes changing suddenly their direction as new obstacles are encountered. Every step along the banks opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic

THE HERMIT'S WELL.

impression. The effect is heightened by the towering rocks and lofty trees which shade the path way or let occasional gleams of brightness flash through the gorges.”

A 1 ^ c5 O »

A saort distance above the Falls is Wissahickon Hall , a house ""ell known to pleasure-seekers for its catfish suppers. Above this are the Maple Spring , Valley Green, and Indian Back

156

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

hotels. Above Maple Spring is Washington's Bock, a favorite resort of the hither of his country during his residence in Philadelphia as President of the United States.

On the opposite side of the Wissahickon, and beyond the limits of the park, is “The Hermit’s Well,” dug by Johann Kelpius,a religious enthusiast, who founded a peculiar sect here towards the close of the seventeenth century. “Johann Kelpius- emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1694, and with him forty others; they settled on the Ridge, the range of hills on the west bank of the Wissahickon, and called themselves the Society of the Woman in the Wilderness. Kelpius was their leader and believed he would not die before he saw the millen¬ nium. But he was mistaken. He died in 1708. Three of his followers — the rest having disbanded — were afterwards known as the Hermits of the Ridge, and continued to live in their caves, awaiting the sign and visible presence, until death claimed them.

“A short distance above the bridge which crosses the Hermit’s Lane, and also on the opposite bank of the stream, is a high bluff; the rock which rises from this bluff is called the Lover’s Leap. It overlooks a wild gorge and stands two hundred feet above the surface of the stream. On the face of the rock is an illegible Latin inscription, said to have been cut by Kelpius. It is the scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive- here.”

The main road crosses the Wissahickon just above Washing¬ ton’s Rock, and continues its course to Chestnut Hill, on the west side of the creek. A short distance above the bridge the stream bends, and is here joined by Paper Mill Run, a small creek “ which is scarcely less picturesque in places than the Wissahickon. It joins the latter by a series of waterfalls. The lower of these has a perpendicular descent of about twenty feet. Near it stands the old house in which David Ritten- house was born, and near its source the first paper-mill in America was erected by his ancestors in 1690. Beyond these points the road reaches a bridge — the Red Bridge — over which it crosses to the opposite bank of the stream. About a mile

PRINCIPAL DEPOT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD; WEST PHILADELPHIA.

158

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

further, another road leases the park road and, crossing the stream by a bridge, takes you to the Monastery. AY lien and by whom it was erected antiquarians are not agreed. It appears to have been built about 1750. It stands on high ground on the brow of a hill, with a range of hills towering above it. A lane winds round the bend of the bluff and, climbing its steep side, forms in front a semi-circular lawn. The outlook here and the uplook from the romantic dell below are magnificent. In the valley below (Willow Glen) there is a spot known as the Bap¬ tistery. Here the monks immersed their converts. A yard in the rear of the dwelling was used by them for the burial of their dead.

“A mile further, on the west bank, are the caves, which are situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a small stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of them was excavated by miners seeking for treasures ; the other caves are natural, and were perhaps holes for bears and foxes, and possibly the resort of Indians. A short distance beyond — three and a half miles above its mouth — the stream is crossed by a beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, nearly seven hundred feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. It is iron throughout, except the bases of the piers, which are set in ma¬ sonry, and is a model of grace and strength. It conveys the water supply from the Roxborough to Mount Airy reservoir at Germantown. A hundred yards above this a wooden bridge spans the river. Crossing this bridge, turning to the left and following a pathway a short distance, you arrive at The Devil's Pool, where Lime-rock or Cresheim creek comes sighing down, forming a mirror-like basin reflecting every object near; upon moonlight nights nothing can equal the numerous fairy-like figures and grotesque outlines and shadows that play in the silent and fantastic light.

“It was the scene of an engagement during the battle of Germantown, and its waters once were dyed red with blood ; a portion of the earthworks used in the engagement may still be seen in close proximity.

“A short distance further on is Valley Green, with its hotel

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 159

Here the hills open out into the -sunlight, and a stone bridge with strong buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge has only one arch, and its reflection is so per¬ fect that on fine days we see an entire oval of masonry instead of a simile arch.

u Proceeding a short distance through a deeper and more mountainous course of the stream, we reach a point of celebrity, known as Indian Roclc, the abode and hunting-grounds of the last tribe of the Indian race in this region. Upon a lofty and peculiarly shaped rock is seen the figure of their chief, Todyas- cuny, or Todawsldm, who, with the remains

of his people, left for the hunting-grounds of the West above an hundred years ago.”*

Less than a mile above, the extreme northern limit of the

park is reached, in the bright, open country about Chestnut Hill.

The West Park.

The West Park commences at Spring Garden street, on the west side of the Schuylkill, and extends along that river to the f alls. Below Girard avenue it is a narrow.strip, a large part ot which immediately below Girard avenue bridge has been

HEMLOCK GLEN ON THE WISSAHICKON.

* Magee's Illustrated Guide to Philadelphia, pp. 103, 104.

160

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

assigned to the Zoological Society for their Zoological Garden. This is the portion formerly known as Solitude, the country-seat of John Penn, to which reference has been made in another part of this work.

Above Girard avenue the park widens rapidly, stretching

ENTRANCE TO FAIRMOUNT PARK AT EGG L EPF I ELD.

away from the entrance at the bridge to George’s Hill, two miles distant. This is its widest portion.

The main road crosses Girard avenue bridge from old Fair- mount and Lemon Hill, and passes under the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge by a series of arches at the point known as Egglesfield. About a quarter of a mile beyond this it passes

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 161

Sweetbriar Mansion, once the residence of Thomas Breck, at one time a member of Congress from Philadelphia.

Farther on, about a mile and a quarter from Girard avenue bridge, are Lansdowne Plateau and Lansdowne Concourse, the grounds lately occupied by the Centennial Exhibition. The Lans¬ downe Mansion was destroyed by fire in 1854. It stood near the group of giant pine trees. The estate formerly comprised a tract of two hundred acres, and extended from Sweet Briar to Belmont and George’s Hill. The mansion was built by John Penn, the grandson of William Penn, who resided in it during the period of the Revolution. His sympathies were with Great Britain in this struggle, and his great estate was confiscated by the State of Pennsylvania in consequence. He retained the Lansdowne property, and at his death in 1795 bequeathed it to Ins widow, Anne Penn, the daughter of Chief- Justice Allen. In 1797 it was purchased by William Bingham, the first United States Senator from Pennsylvania. He lived in great style, and the place was well known for its splendid hospitality, and was the resort of the most distinguished people of the day. His daughter married Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashbur¬ ton. It thus became the property of the Baring family, from whom it was purchased by the Park Commission.

Beyond Lansdowne is Georges Hill, a beautiful elevated tract of eighty-three acres presented to the city by Jesse George and his sister, well-known and respected members of the Society of Friends. The summit of the hill consists of a fine plateau, the highest point in the city, being 210 feet above tidewater. The view from it is superb. Almost the whole of the lower part of the park on both sides of the river is in sight, with the city and its hundreds of spires and towers in the distance, and immediately at the foot of the hill are the exhibition grounds and buildings. Adjoining the hill is the Belmont reservoir, the capacity of which is 36,000,000 gallons of water.

Ihe road from George’s Hill leaves the reservoir on the right, and passes over a plateau of considerable elevation to Belmont, one of the most prominent points within the limits of the park. This was the home of Judge Richard Peters, whose 11

PAIRMOUNT PARK PROM THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

163

father, William Peters, purchased the property in 1742, and built the first house which stood there. This venerable build¬ ing now constitutes the kitchens and ladies’ restaurant of the present establishment. Richard Peters, the son of the founder of the estate, was born there in June, 1744, and resided there until his death in 1828. He served with distinction as an offi¬ cer of the American army during the Revolution, was subse¬ quently a Commissioner of the War Office, and after the estab¬ lishment of the present government of the United States was a member of Congress, and a Judge of the United States Dis¬ trict Court. He was one of the most prom¬ inent men of his day in Pennsylva¬ nia, and was the in¬ timate friend of Washington, Jeffer¬ son, Hancock, the Adamses, and others of the “ fathers of the republic.” Pie was as well known for his wit as for his more solid attain¬ ments, and his resi- drixicinq-fountatn os the wissaiuckon. ilence was the resort

of a brilliant and distinguished throng. Among the foreigners of distinction who were his guests were Lafayette, Steuben, Clias- tellux, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe.

1 he mansion is now used as a restaurant, and is the principal establishment of its kind within the park. The view from the verandah is beautiful, embracing as it does, the park, the river,

and its bridges, the great exhibition buildings and the distant city.

A walk leads from Belmont through a picturesque glen to

164

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the shore of the Schuylkill. Here the visitor is shown a small cottage which was the summer residence of Thomas Moore, the poet, during his stay in this country in 1804.

Adjoining the Belmont Mansion is the Sawyer Obse?-vatoryy one of the most noted structures in the park. The observatory rises from the Belmont plateau, which is over 200 feet above tidewater, and is 170 feet high, or 100 feet above the highest point of the Centennial buildings. It was constructed by the inventor, Mr. L. B. Sawyer, of Boston. The trunk of the obser¬ vatory is a wrought-iron tower, eight feet in diameter at the bottom and three feet in diameter at the top, constructed by the Whittier Machine Company of Boston. This tower is set in a foundation of Conshohocken stone, eighteen feet square and fourteen feet deep, laid in cement and dressed with granite. On the upper dressing of granite, which is one foot thick, there is ribbed iron plate, eight inches deep and thirteen feet square, bolted down with two inch bolts eight feet long. On the bed-plate are fast¬ ened ten heavy iron columns seven feet high, on which rests an iron ring eight feet in diameter (inside), weighing a ton and a half. I liis ring is riveted to the main shaft of the observatory. The shafting and machinery used in the observatory are attached to the columns supporting the ring, and the columns are also riveted to the central shaft.

I he top of the tower is reached by an annular car encircling the shaft, and moved upwards from the base on the outside of the shaft. It is made of iron and wood, handsomely upholstered, and is capable of accommodating comfortably about thirty pas¬ sengers. The sides are almost entirely of glass and small iron bais, so that the occupants may have an excellent view of the surroundings while they are ascending.

The car is hoisted (by means of a forty-horse power engine^ by eight wire steel ropes, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and capable of sustaining eleven tons. These ropes pass over iron drums situated at the base of the shaft, connected with the foundation by iron columns, and turned by four-inch cast-steel shafts, worked by four worm-gears. The ropes pass up inside the shaft to the top, where they pass over eight wheels

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

165

or shives, and down outside the shaft. They are attached to the car ut four points.

Outside the shaft there is a truss work of wrought-iron, of the same diameter at the top as at base, and intended to serve the two-fold object of guiding and supporting the car and strength¬ ening the tower. The car runs on four guides, or points, which form a portion of the truss work, and is raised by a total strength of eighty-eight tons. The car and its thirty passengers are estimated to weigh about six tons. The car itself is counter¬ balanced by a weight, suspended inside the tower, of three tons, and the total weight to be raised, therefore, is about three tons. Supposing, therefore, that all the wire ropes but one were to break, the one remaining would be strong enough to raise nearly four times the contents of the car. In case of the breakage of all of the ropes there are four separate “ checks ” provided, any one of which would be amply sufficient to stop the downward passage of the car on the instant. By means of a powerful spring the breakage of the rope itself is made the means of throwing in a milled steel roll, clamped by a powerful wrought- iron clutch to the guide, which will stop the car. immediately. The car when near the top encircles a gallery two and a half feet wide passing all the way round the shaft, and enclosed with a wire net work. From this gallery the visitors ascend by means of a stairway to the top of the tower, which is also enclosed with a wire netting, thus excluding the possibility of any one falling or jumping from it. From this point a flagstaff, thirty-five feet high, ascends. The space at top of the tower is twenty feet in diameter, and is capable of accommodating 125 or 130 persons comfortably.

At the base of the tower, and enclosing it, there is a building about sixty feet square, of an ornamental style of architecture, after designs by Mr. H. S. Schwartzman, architect of the Cen¬ tennial Board of Finance. This building is used for offices, engine-room, reception-rooms for ladies, etc.

It is asserted that the observatory would be sufficiently strong to withstand almost any storm alone, but for additional security, and to obviate any vibrations in the building, the structure is

166

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

braced by eight gays of galvanized iron rope, an inch and a quarter in diameter, and each capable of sustaining twenty tons, anchored in masonry ten feet deep.

The total weight of the structure is eighty tons, and the total cost was $40,000. The charge to visitors is 25 cents for adults, and 10 cents for children.

Beyond Belmont the main road passes through one of the finest portions of the park, and in a short while reaches Mount Prospect, a point from which a most extensive view of the park, the city, and the distant Delaware can be obtained. Beyond this the road passes to Chamouni, at the northern limit of the park, and descends to the Schuylkill, crosses it at the Falls bridge, and continues through the East Park to the Wissahickon.

During the Exhibition, the park was reached from the city by the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads, the depot of the former line being at the Elm avenue entrance to the Exhibition grounds, and those of the latter at the foot of the hill on which stood Memorial Hall, and at the foot of Belmont hill. A num¬ ber of street railway lines also led to the park and the Exhibition grounds. Steamboats plied regularly on the Schuylkill between Fairmount, just above the dam, and the various landings within the park limits below the Falls.

CHAPTER V.

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST.

Origin of Industrial Exhibitions — The First French Exhibitions — The Ex¬ hibitions at Paris in 1844 and 1S49 — The Dublin Exhibition of 1827 — The First International Exhibition, held at London, in 1851 — The Crystal Palace — The New York Exhibition of 1855 — The French Exhibition of 1855 — The Palace of Industry — The Manchester and Florence Exhibi¬ tions — The London Exhibition of 1862 — Other Displays — The Paris Exhi¬ bition of 1867 — Other Exhibitions — The Vienna Exhibition of 1873.

j EFORE relating the history of the Centennial Exhibi¬ tion, it w ill be interesting to glance at the great Ex¬ hibitions which preceded it on both sides of the Atlantic.

The first Industrial Exhibition of which we have any authentic account was held in France, during the stormy period of the Revolution. In 1797 the Marquis d’Avize was appointed Commissioner of the Royal Manufactories of the Gobelins, of Sevres, and of the Savounerie. Upon entering upon the duties of his office, he found the workmen reduced nearly to starvation by the neglect of the two previous years, while the storehouses, in the meantime, had been filled with their choicest productions. He conceived the idea of estab¬ lishing an Exhibition of the large store of tapestries, porcelains, and carpets, thus accumulated by the government; and the consent of the government to this plan being obtained, prepa¬ rations were made for holding the Exhibition in the Chateau of St. Cloud. In the meantime the Marquis was obliged to quit France in consequence of a decree of the directory ban¬ ishing the nobility from the country, and the Exhibition scheme proved a failure. The next year, 1798, the Marquis returned to France, and, reviving his plan, this time on a larger scale,

167

168

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

collected a considerable number of beautiful and rare objects, and placed them on exhibition and sale in the buildings and gardens of the Maison d’Orsay. The Exhibition proved so suc¬ cessful that the scheme was at once adopted by the state, and at the close of the same year another Exhibition was held, under the authority of the government. This first official Exhibition took place on the Champs de Mars, a temporary building being erected for the purpose. One hundred and ten exhibitors took part in it, and the display embraced the most magnificent collection of objects of art and industry that France could produce. The government was so well pleased with the results of the Exhibition that it was announced by the Minister of the Interior that there would in future be an annual Exhibi¬ tion at Paris. The public disturbances, however, made it impossible to carry out this plan, and it was not until 1801 that the second official Exhibition was held.

Napoleon was now First Consul. lie entered heartily into the arrangements for the Exhibition, as he fully comprehended its advantages to the country. He visited the workshops and factories of the chief manufacturing towns of France, and urged upon the manufacturers the great importance to them- salves and to the country of giving to the plan their hearty co-operation. A temporary wooden building was erected in the court-yard of the Louvre, and in spite of the great diffi¬ culties in the wav, the Exhibition was a success. The exhib- itors numbered 229 ; among the exhibits was the now world- famous Jacquard loom. Ten gold, twenty silver, and thirty bronze medals were awarded as prizes, and the recipients of the gold medal were formally entertained by the First Consul at a state dinner.

The third French Exhibition was held in 1802, and, like its predecessor, occupied a temporary building, erected in the court¬ yard of the Louvre. The number of exhibitors was 540. Among the successful exhibitors were Montgolfier, the proto¬ aeronaut, Yaucanson, the inventor of the mechanical duck and the flute player ; and Jacquard, the inventor of the loom which bears his name. 1 he Exhibitions had now become so popular that

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

16-9

a “Society of Encouragement” was formed for the purpose of continuing them and of aiding the efforts of French manufac¬ turers.

A fourth Exhibition was held in 1806 on the esplanade of the Hotel des Invalides. There were 1442 exhibitors. Amonsr

O

the articles exhibited were the printed cottons of Mulhausen and Logelbach, and silk and cotton thread, which were displayed for the first time. Among the prizes awarded were one for the manufacture of iron by means of coke, and another for the manufacture of steel by a new process.

The wars of the Empire made further Exhibitions in France impossible, and it was not until some years after the downfall of Napoleon that they were revived. A fifth Exhibition was held in 1819, in the court-yard of the Louvre, the exhibitors numbering 1662. It was noticed that although the number of exhibitors showed but a slight increase as compared with the last Exhibition, the quality of the articles displayed had mate¬ rially improved. Other Exhibitions were held in the court¬ yard of the Louvre in the years 1823 and 1827, and in 1844 the tenth French Exhibition was held at Paris. Louis Philippe was King, and France had attained a degree of industrial prosperity greater than anything she had ever known before. The Exhibition was the most superb display that had ever been witnessed in Europe. An immense wooden building was erected for it in the Carre Marigny of the Champs Elvsees by the architect Moreau; and in this edifice 3960 manufact Orel’s displayed their wares. In 1849, though the country was still suffering from the effects of the Revolution of 1848, another and a still grander Exhibition was held. A larger and more imposing building than that of 1844 was erected in the Champs Elys6es, under the supervision of the architect Moreau. It covered an area of 220,000 square feet, exclusive of an annex devoted to a display of agricultural products and implements. The Exhibition remained open sixty days; the number of ex¬ hibitors was nearly five thousand; and there were 3738 prizes awarded.

I he success of the French with their Exhibitions was such as

270 THE illustrated history

to encourage other nations to undertake similar enterprises. As early as 1827, the Royal Dublin Society held an Exhibition in their grounds, and this was so successful that the undei taking was repeated every three years until 18o0. At a latci peiiod Exhibitions were held at Manchester, Leeds, and other places in Great Britain. The Manchester Exhibition of 1849 was quite a notable affair. In 1845 an Exhibition was held at Munich, under the auspices of the King of Bavaria. Belgium

TIIE CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON EXHIBITION, 1851.

at an early day engaged in such enterprises, and her Exhibitions were both numerous and important. Austria, Spain, Portugal,

Russia, Denmark and Sweden also hold successful Exhibitions at various times.

All these Exhibitions, however, were strictly national ; that is, each was devoted to the display of the products of the country in which it was held. In 1849, M. Buffet, the French Minister

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

171

of Agriculture and Commerce, conceived the idea of holding an Exhibition of the products of all countries, and accordingly addressed a circular letter to various manufacturers on the sub¬ ject, asking their views. The replies received by him so thoroughly discouraged him that he abandoned his plan.

The honor of holding the first International Industrial Exhi¬ bition belongs to England. The idea was first advanced by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, in his suggestion of an International Jubilee, u to form a new starting-point from which all nations were to direct their further exertions.” On

INTERIOR VIEW OF THE TRANSEPT OF CRYSTAL PALACE.

the 30th of June, 1849, a meeting of the Society of Arts was Held at Buckingham Palace, and to this body the Prinee ex¬ plained his plan for a proposed International Exhibition of Competition, to be held in London in 1851, and suggested that the exhibits should be grouped under four main heads, namely, Raw Materials, Machinery and Mechanical Inventions, Manu¬ factures, and Sculpture and the Plastic Arts. At a subsequent meeting, held on the 14th of July, the same year, he proposed a plan of operations which included the formation of a Royal

172

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Commission, a scheme for the government of the Exhibition, the determination of a method of deciding and awarding the prizes, and for providing the funds necessary for carrying the plan into execution. His recommendations were adopted, and on the 3d of January, 1850, a Royal Commission, with Prince Albert at its head, was appointed. Architects of all countries were invited to submit competitive plans for the necessary buildings, and it was decided to rely upon voluntary contribu¬ tions for the means necessary to establish the Exhibition. Out of 233 plans submitted, the -design of Mr. afterwards Sir Joseph Paxton was accepted by the Commission. This acceptance was made on the 6th of July, 1850, and was followed on the 26th, by the awarding of the contract for the erection of the buildings to Messrs. Fox & Henderson. On the 30th of July the con¬ tractors took possession of the site in Hyde Park granted by the government to the Exhibition; on the 15th of August the charter of incorporation was issued ; and on the 20th of Sep¬ tember the first column of the great building was set up in its place. The work was pushed forward with vigor, and on the 1st of May, 1851 — the day originally appointed — the Exhibition was opened with great pomp by the Queen.

The building was of iron and glass, and presented a pleasing, and at that time a novel, combination of lightness, beauty and strength. Such an eminent authority as Fergusson awards it this high praise: “ No incident in the history of architecture was so felicitous as Sir Joseph Paxton’s suggestion. At a time when men were puzzling themselves over domes to rival the Pantheon, or halls to surpass those of the Baths of Caracalla, it was wonderful that a man could be found to suggest a thing that had no other merit than being the best, and, indeed, the only thing then known which would answer the purpose.” The building covered more than twenty acres; it had a length of 1851 feet and a height ranging from 64 to 104 feet. Its con¬ struction required 3500 tons of cast-iron, and 550 tons of wrought-iron ; 896,000 superficial feet, or 400 tons of glass ; and 600,000 cubic feet of wood. It cost about $850,000, the build¬ ing remaining the property of the contractors when the Exhibi¬ tion was over.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

173

The International Exhibition of 1851 was a great success. It was open five months and fifteen days. More than $200,000 had been received from the sale of season tickets previous to the opening. The total number of visitors was 6,170,000; the daily average being 43,536. The receipts amounted to $2,625,535, and an unexpended balance of $750,000 remained in the hands of the Commissioners when all the expenses were paid. The exhibitors numbered 13,937, of whom 6861 were from Great Britain, 520 from the Colonies, and 6556 from other countries.

“CRYSTAL PALACE,” NEW YORK EXHIBITION, 1853.

The awards were as follows : the Council Medal, the Prize -Medal and a Certificate of Honorable Mention. They were distributed thus: Council Medals, 171; Prize Medals, 2954; and Certificates of Honorable Mention, 2123.

Ihe United States were represented by a small but creditable display, in estimating which it should be borne in mind that our country was then at the very commencement of its career in the higher departments of art and manufactures. Powers exhibited

174

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

his “Greek Slave,” and “ Fisher Boy;” Nunn & Clark, of New York, and Jonas Chickering, of Boston, exhibited their pianos; Cornelius & Co., of Philadelphia, exhibited two superb gas chandeliers; a number of handsome carriages were shown ; and a very creditable display was made of agricultural implements and products.

The success of the London Exhibition of 1851 gave rise to a number of similar projects on a smaller scale. In 1853 an International Exhibition was held at Dublin, a superb building of glass and iron being constructed for the purpose. The Ex¬ hibition was opened by the Viceroy of Ireland on the 12th of May, 1853. It was only partially international in character, but was deeply interesting and highly successful.

In the same year an International Exhibition was also held in New York. Its object was to compare the productions of America with those of other countries, with the hope of encour¬ aging American manufacturers and showing them their defi¬ ciencies. The manufacturers and artists of Europe joined heartily with those of our own country in the display, but in spite of these generous efforts the enterprise was a failure.

An elegant building of glass and iron, generally known as the Crystal Palace, was erected at the intersection of the Sixth avenue and Forty-second street. The location is now enclosed as one of the parks of the city, and is known as Reservoir Square. The piece of ground secured for the purpose was too small, being but 445 by 455 feet in size. The building was octagonal in shape, changing at the height of twenty-four feet to a Greek cross, with low roofs in the four corners, and crowned in the centre by a dome rising to a height of 148 feet. The four corners of the building were octagon-shaped, and each front had two towers seventy feet high, supporting tall flagstaffs. The construction of iron columns, girders, etc., was similar to that of the London Crystal Palace of 1851, but the plan of the dome was original with the architects. The building covered 170,000 square feet, and there was also an annex, used for the display of works of art, covering an area of 33,000 square feet. The annex was two stories in height, and was 450 feet long and 21 feet broad.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

175

It was lighted from above, there being no windows on the sides. It was connected with the main building by two covered ways or wings, one story in height, in which the refreshment rooms were situated. The ceilings of the Crystal Palace were of glass, and were sustained by iron pillars. The prevailing style of architecture was Moorish ; the decorations were Byzantine. The ceilings were painted in white, blue, red, and cream color. There were three entrances, 147 feet wide. The central aisle was forty-one feet and the side aisles fifty-four feet in width. The dome was 100 feet across.

The enterprise seemed doomed to misfortune from the first. The location was badly chosen, and the undertaking was hamp¬ ered with burdensome conditions. It was a private enterprise, being conducted by a joint stock company, and was without government recognition or assistance. It was regarded with jealousy by many of the American cities, which refused to take

any part in it.

The opening of the New York Exhibition

was announced

for

early in June, but it did not take place until the 14th of July, 185.3. President Pierce formally presided over the ceremonies in the presence ot the heads of the various departments of the government of the l n i tod States, and of the Commissioners from Great Britain and other foreign countries. There were 4685 exhibitors represented in the Exhibition, of which 2083

were American. As far as the display was concerned, the Exhibition was a success, but its financial management resulted in failure. I his failure caused serious loss and annoyance to many of the exhibitors.

I he Crystal Palace was used for various purposes for several )ears after the close of the Exhibition. In the fall of 1858, during the progress of the Annual Fair of the American Institute, the building took fire, and in half an hour was totally destroyed, together with all its contents.

„ h] 1854 a grand Exhibition was held at Munich, in which 7005 exhibitors from all parts of Germany took part. It was >y far the most superb display of German art and industry ever witnessed, and remained without a peer until eclipsed by the

176

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

German exhibit at Vienna in 1873. The building constructed on this occasion is still standing. It was designed by Herr Voit, and is a superb structure of’ glass and iron, resembling in some respects the London Crystal Palace of 1851. It was of considerable size, being 850 feet in length, and about 85 feet in height.

Napoleon III. was now Emperor of France, and that 30”.ntry

PALACE OF INDUSTRY, PARIS EXHIBITION, 1855.

was in the enjoyment of greater commercial prosperity than it had experienced for many years. The Emperor therefore re¬ solved to undertake an International Exhibition on a grander scale than any that had yet been given. An Imperial Com¬ mission was organized, with Prince Napoleon as President, on the 24th of December, 1853, and the work of preparing the buildings was immediately begun. The Emperor wisely deter-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

177

rained that the main edifice should be a permanent structure, and of such a character that it should not only reimburse the state for its outlay upon it by its future usefulness after the close of the Exhibition, but that it should also be an ornament to the beautiful city in which it was to stand. A site was selected in the Carre Marigny of the Champs Elys6es, and a permanent edifice, known as the Palace of Industry, was erected. It was constructed of glass, stone, and brick, and is one of the principal ornaments of the Champs Elys6es. It is 800 feet long and 350 feet wide. The walls of the Palace are of stone, so largely supplied with windows as to be more a system of arches than walls. The principal entrance is on the Avenue des Champs ElysSes, and is surmounted by a group of statuary representing the genius of France distributing rewards to Art and Commerce. On the outside are shields bearing the names of the cities of France, and medallions containing busts of cele¬ brated men ; and round the lower frieze the names of men celebrated in all branches of knowledge, and of every country. The interior consists of one large hall, 634 feet long, 158 feet wide, and 115 feet high, surrounded by side aisles, or galleries, on iron columns, and 100 feet wide. The roof is of iron and glass, the fiat walls at each end being filled with brilliant painted glass. One of these represents France inviting all nations to the Exhibition. Besides this buildim* there was a

O

large rotunda, used for the display of the jewels of the Empress of the French and the Queen of Portugal, and exquisite speci¬ mens of Gobelin tapestries and Sevres porcelain. An immense gallery, 1300 yards in length, extended along the Quai d’Orsay, from the Place de la Concorde to the bridge of the Alma, abutting on the Avenue Montaigne, in which was situated the Palaisdes Beaux Arts. The area thus covered was much larger than that of the London Exhibition of 1851, being about thirty- five acres, including the galleries and the exterior grounds devoted to exhibition purposes.

The Exhibition was opened with great pomp, by the Em¬ peror Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie, on the 15th of May, 1855. As a display of objects of art and industry, the 12

178

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Exhibition was a grand success. Never before had such a magnificent and complete collection been gathered together. The number of exhibitors from France and her colonics was 10,691. The foreign exhibitors numbered 10,608, representing nearly fifty-three foreign countries. The American exhibitors numbered 131.

The great feature of the Exhibition of 1855 was the Art Gallery, which was the first truly international display of works of art ever attempted. Its chief object of interest was the beautiful reproduction of the statue of Minerva executed by Phidias for the Parthenon. The reproduction was on a smaller scale than the original.

The Exhibition remained open from the 15th of Mav to the 15th of November, when it was formally closed by the Em¬ peror in person. The visitors numbered 5,162,330, the highest number on any day being 123,017 on Sunday, the 9th of Sep¬ tember.

As a financial enterprise, the Exhibition was not a success. The cost of the buildings was about $3,373,300, and the ex¬ penses of conducting the Exhibition brought the total outlay to about $5,000,000. The receipts, all told, came to but $640,000. This deficit was largely due to the wise generosity of the Em¬ peror, who, being desirous that the whole people of France should be benefited by the Exhibition, made the tariff of ad¬ missions so low that the poorest man in France could enter the gates and reap the benefits of the beautiful display. On certain days and these were numerous — the admission fee was only twenty centimes, or four cents, in American money. Thus, though the state lost money in its actual outlay, it was im¬ measurably the gainer by its wise liberality.

I he awards were distributed by the Emperor on the closing day. They were as follows: For the Industrial Department, 112 grand medals of honor, 252 medals of honor, 2300 medals of the first class, 3900 of the second class, and 4000 honorable mentions; for the Fine Art Department, 40 decorations of the Legion of Honor, 16 medals of honor voted by the jury, 67 medals of the first class, 87 of the second class, 77 of the third class, and 222 honorable mentions.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

179

The United States were well represented both in the Ex¬ hibition and in the distribution of awards. Of the 131 Ameri¬ can exhibitors, the proportion of awards was greater than any other country, as we received two grand medals of honor, one to McCormick, for his reaper, and the other to Goodyear for his discoveries in the treatment of India rubber. We also received three medals of honor, seventeen first-class medals, twenty-eight second-class medals, and thirty honorable mentions, each accompanied by a diploma. Great Britain was represented by 1549 exhibitors, but received only one grand medal of honor.

In the year 1857 there was held at Manchester, in England, an Exhibition of fine art and fine art manufacture, which was confined more particularly to the art treasures of the united kingdom. The building covered a little more than three acres, was fire-proof, and cost §122,500.

In 1861 an Exhibition of the industrial and agricultural products and the fine arts of Italy was held at Florence, and in the same year Exhibitions were held at Edinburgh and Dublin, devoted to the products of Scotland and Ireland.

The London Exhibition of 1851 was the first of a series of Industrial Exhibitions which it was resolved should be given in the British capital once in ten years. It was accordingly de¬ termined that the second one should be held in 1861, and in 1860 preparations for it were begun. A charter of incorpora¬ tion was issued by the crown, and royal commissioners were appointed under the presidency of the Prince Consort. The Italian war caused a postponement of the Exhibition for a year. On the 14th of December, 1861, Prince Albert died, and his loss, which was a terrible blow to the British nation, was pecu¬ liarly felt by the International Exhibition, of which he was the very life and soul. His death caused no delay in the Exhibi¬ tion, however, which, in accordance with his wishes, was pushed forward steadily, but the absence of his wise counsels and generous support was sadly felt.

The site chosen for the Exhibition was at South Kensington, at the south end of the new gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, and not far from the site of the Crystal Palace of 1851.

180

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

A building was erected from designs furnished by Captain Fowkes, of the Royal Engineers. It was constructed of brick, glass, and iron, and was 1200 feet long by 560 feet wide, and, together with its several annexes, covered an area of about 1,023,000 square feet. The total cost was about $2,150,000. The buildings were inferior in beauty and convenience to the Crystal Palace of 1851.

The Exhibition was opened on the 1st of May, 1862. As Prince Albert had died on the 14th of the previous December, neither the Queen nor any of her children were present. Her

LONDON EXHIBITION, 1862.

Majesty was represented by the Duke of Cambridge, who pre¬ sided over the imposing ceremonies with which the Exhibition was opened. Thirty thousand persons were present on this occasion, and 2000 choristers and 400 musicians rendered the ode written for the occasion by Alfred Tennyson.

The London Exhibition of 1862 was opened on the 1st of May, and was closed on the 15th of November, covering a period of 171 days, exclusive of Sundays. The total number of visitors was 6,211,103; the maximum being attained on Thursday, October 30th, on which day the attendance was

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

181

67,891. The total cost of the Exhibition, including the “run¬ ning expenses,” was $2,298,155. The receipts amounted to precisely the same sum, making the Exhibition merely self- sustaining, but nothing more.

In its industrial and machinery displays, the Exhibition of 1862 was a marked improvement upon that of 1851, and fully showed the great advance that had been made in science and manufacture since the latter period by the civilized world. The strongest feature of the Exhibition, however, was its dis¬ play of the fine arts. Here Great Britain stood pre-eminent, her display consisting largely of the works of her great painters, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Reynolds, Wilkie, Maclise, Mulready, Clarkson Stanfield, Landseer, and David Roberts.

The United States, being engaged in the life and death struggle of the civil war, could give no official aid to the Exhibition of 1862, and the products of this country were represented there by but 132 articles, the expenses of their dis¬ play being defrayed entirely by private funds. In spite of this, however, the exhibitors from this country received the largest number of awards, in proportion, of any nation repre¬ sented. Among the special objects of interest from the United States at the Exhibition of 18G2 were McCormick’s Reaper, Sickles’ Steam Steering Apparatus, Ericsson’s 'Caloric Engine, sewing machines, pianos, maizena or corn starch, flour, street railway-ears, steam fire-engines, axes, ploughs, model houses, and cotton goods.

Hie total number of exhibitors at the International Exhibi¬ tion of 1862 was 28,653. The principal nations were repre¬ sented as follows: Great Britain, 5415; British Colonies, 3072; France, 3204; United States, 132; Italy, 2099; Spain, 1643; Austria, 1413; Portugal, 1370; French Colonies, 826; Russia, 724; Belgium, 799; Sweden, 511 ; Holland, 348; Greece, 296; Denmark, 285; Brazil, 230; Norway, 216 ; Hanse Towns, 187 ; South American Republics, 110; Rome, 76; Mecklenburg, 55; China and Japan, 38; Africa, 17 ; Switzerland, 10.

In the year 1865 a number of International Exhibitions on a smaller scale were held. At Amsterdam, in Holland, there

182

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

was one devoted to flowers ; at Paris, there was one for the dis¬ play of cheese; at Dublin, there was one of a miscellaneous character; at Oporto, in Portugal, there was one with 3911 exhibitors; and at Stettin, in Prussia, there was also one, gen¬ eral in character, with 1451 exhibitors.

France, in the meantime, had been planning an International Exhibition upon the most elaborate and magnificent scale. As early as the 22d of June, 1863, an Imperial decree was issued, announcing that an International Exhibition would lie held at Paris in 1867, and that it would be more completely uni¬ versal in its character, and more magnificent than any of its predecessors. The nations of the world were invited to take part in it, and it was expressly stated that the announcement had been made so early in order to give to all desiring to enter the Exhibition time to mature their plans and preparations. A second Imperial decree in February, 1865, confirmed the first one, and gave fuller details of the plan determined upon. An Imperial Commission was appointed, and committees were formed at home and abroad for the purpose of attending to the work of constructing the buildings and organizing the Exhibi¬ tion. Prince Napoleon was made President of the Commission, and the work was bemin.

O

The Champs de Mars— the site of the first French Exhibi¬ tion of 1798 — was assigned by the government for the Exhibi¬ tion of 1867. It was a rectangle in shape, embracing an area of 119 acres, and to it was added, for the purposes of the Exhibition, the Island of Pillancourt, some distance lower down the Seine, affording an additional area of 52 acres, and making 1 1 1 acres in all. The island was used for the agricultural department. The main buildings were erected in the Champs de Mars.

The main building was a vast one-story structure, elliptical in foim, with a total length of 1608 feet and a width of 1247 feet. The total area enclosed by the outer walls of the building was 3< y80 acres. The centre of this space was occupied by an open gaidcn of It acres, which made the area under the roof of the building o6T30 acres. The plan of the structure was unique.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

183

It comprised a series of vast, concentric oval compartments, each one story in height, the inner one enclosing the central garden as an open colonnade. There were seven principal compart¬ ments, each of which was devoted to the display of a distinct group of objects. “ The spaces devoted to the different coun¬ tries were arranged in a wedge-like form, radially from the centre of the building to the outer edge, and the visitor, by proceeding around one of the concentric oval departments,

mm

mm

PARIS EXPOSITION BUILDING AND GROUNDS, 1867.

passed through the different countries exhibiting, one after the other, always keeping in the same group of subjects; but if he walked from the centre of the building outwards, radially, he traversed the different groups of the same country. The arrangement of double classification required was, therefore, by this plan, completely accomplished, and afforded great conven¬ ience and facility for study and comparison.”

1 he outer compartment of the building was the broadest of

184

the illustrated history

all, being 115 feet, and 81 feet high to the top of the roof. It was devoted to machinery, and along its entire length was a raised platform, supported by iron pi liars, from which visitors could view the machinery below. The roof of the building was of corrugated iron, supported by iron pillars.

The grounds surrounding the main building comprised an extent of 81 acres, and were divided into a park and a reserve garden. Each section was beautifully laid off. In the park “ numerous structures, constructed by the different nationalities,

grew up in all varieties of style, from the hut of the Esquimaux to the palace of a Sultan, the workmen or attendants at each being almost universally peculiar to the special country, and imparting additional interest to them. The Champs declare, in a short space of time, changed like magic from a dry and ai id plain useful only as a place for manoeuvres of troops — to a charming park, containing a city in the midst of groves and green lawns ; a place such as the author of the ‘ Thousand and One Nights alone could have imagined ; groups of buildings

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

185

so violent in their contrasts as to produce harmony only by reason of their oddity, and leading the visitor to imagine that he had been transported to dream-land. Turkish and Egyptian palaces; mosques and temples of the Pharaohs; Roman, Nor¬ wegian, and Danish dwellings by the side of Tyrolese chalets; here, a specimen of the Catacombs of Rome ; there, a group of English cottages; workmen and farmers’ dwellings, light-houses, theatres, a succession of hundreds of constructions as unlike each other as possible; restaurants and cafes everywhere for all classes of people ; noises of all kinds filling the air ; concerts, orchestras, the ringing of bells, and the blowing off of steam boilers; such was the park of the Champs de Mars during the Exposition Universelle.”

The reserve garden contained the botanical, horticultural, and piscicultural collections of the Exhibition. It was exquisitely laid off with bright lawns, fountains, pools, cascades, grottos, conservatories, and shrubbery.

The work on the Exhibition grounds was begun in Septem¬ ber, 18G5, that on the buildings on the 3d of April, 18G6. The Exhibition was opened with splendid and imposing eere- monics, on the 1st of April, 1867, by the Emperor Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie. It was closed on the 3d of November, thus covering a period of 217 days, including Sun¬ days. The total cost of the Exhibition, including the cost of construction and the daily expenses, was $4,688,705. The total receipts, including the subsidies from the Imperial govern¬ ment and the city of Paris of $1,200,000 each, were $5,251,3G1, leaving a net profit of $562,654. Dividends to the amount of $553,200 were declared and paid ; the remaining sum of $9456 was held for contingencies, and was finally devoted to charitable objects. The number of visitors was 10,200,000. On Sun¬ days the admission fee was ten cents.

I he Exhibition of 1867 was in all respects a wonderful and magnificent collection of the arts and industries of the world. It far surpassed any previous Exhibition in France or any other country, and will always be esteemed one of the great events of the nineteenth century. The agricultural depart-

186

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ment, located, as we have stated, on the Island of Billancourt, was the most complete and extensive display of agricultural implements and products and live-stock that had ever been witnessed in Europe.

The distribution of prizes took place, in the Palace of Industry, in the Champs Elysees, on the 1st of July, in the presence of a vast and brilliant throng, the emperor himself bestowing the awards. There were 50,226 exhibitors represented in the

ENTRANCE TO THE PARIS EXHIBITION, 1867.

Exhibition. 1 he awards consisted of 64 grand prizes, 883 gold medals, 3653 silver medals, 5565 bronze medals, and 5801 honorable mentions. Of these the exhibitors from the United States received three grand prizes, seventeen gold medals, sixty- six silver medals, and ninety-four bronze medals. The total number of American exhibitors was 705.

I he highest number of visitors on any day was 173,923, on the 27th of October.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

187

In 1869 an Exhibition of the fine arts applied to industry was held in the palace of industry at Paris; and in the same year an Exhibition was held at Dublin, and a Fine Art and Loan Exhibition, similar to the Manchester Exhibition of 1857, was given at Leeds, in England.

In 1871 a series of annual International Exhibitions was begun at London. The first of these was opened on the 1st of May, 1871, and was closed on the 30th of September. It was held in a building erected for the purpose at South Kensington. Thirty-three foreign countries were represented ; there were 4000 fine art, and 7000 industrial entries on the part of the exhibitors; and the visitors numbered 1,142,000. There were no prizes, and the receipts of the Exhibition balanced its ex¬ penses. The second of the new series of Exhibitions was given in 1872, and was devoted to arts connected with printing, paper, music and musical instruments, jewelry, cotton goods, and fine arts. This was followed by a third annual Exhibition in 1873, which made a feature of cooking and its apparatus. The Exhibition was opened on the 14th of April and was closed on the 15th of August. It was visited by 31,784 persons.

In 1872 an Exhibition was held at Copenhagen, and was devoted to the products of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. In the same year an Exhibition on a considerable scale was held at Moscow. It was given under the auspices of the Moscow Polytechnic Society, with the patronage of the Russian govern¬ ment. Its various buildings were elaborately constructed, and occupied a space of two English miles. In its arrangement the greatest skill was shown ; and its classification is said to have been the best and most scientific which has ever yet been attempted. Each special group of objects had separate build¬ ings. Admirable as it was, it was too far distant for this country to take part in it.

Austria now resolved to engage in these friendly contests between the nations of the world, and to hold in Vienna an International Exhibition which should eclipse even the French Exhibition of 1867. Various causes, however, prevented any definite action from being taken in the matter until 1870. The

188

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

first stops were taken by the Trades’ Union of Vienna, a wealth v and powerful organization, the president of which was Baron Wertheimer, a wealthy manufacturer. A guarantee fund of $1,500,000 was formed, the subscriptions being taken mainly by the members of the Society. The government now came to the support of the scheme, and on the 24th of May, 1870, a decree was issued by the Emperor, stating that “under the august patronage of His Imperial and Royal Majesty, the Emperor, an International Exhibition would be held at Vienna in the year 1873, having for its aim to represent the present state of modern civilization and the entire sphere of national economy, and to promote its further development and progress.” An Imperial Commission was formed, with Archduke Charles Louis as Protector, Archduke Rdgnier, President, and Baron William Von Schwarz-Scnborn as Director-General. An ap¬ propriation of $3,000,000 was made by the government, to which was added the guarantee fund previously obtained by private subscriptions. At a later period the government was obliged to make an additional appropriation of $3,000,000.

The site selected for the Exhibition was the Prater, or Im¬ perial Park, situated on the border of the Danube, just outside of the city. It was admirably chosen, both for beauty of situa¬ tion and for adaptation to the purposes of the Exhibition. The total area enclosed within the fence surrounding the Exhibition grounds was about 280 acres. The principal structures were the Palace of Industry, or the Main Exhibition Building, the Gallery of Fine Arts, the Machinery Hall, and the Agricultural Building.

The Main Building was constructed of brick, glass and iron, and was 2985 feet long, 82 feet wide, and 521 feet high to the central dome. Opening from this were 32 transverse galleries, 250 feet long and 49 feet wide, the entire structure presenting a form not unlike that of the spine of a fish with its lateral pro¬ jecting bones. The chief feature of the building was the dome, which was of iron, and was 354 feet in diameter. It was the largest dome that had ever been constructed before, that of St. Peter’s at Rome being only 150 feet in diameter, and the domes

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

189

of the London Exhibition of 1862 only 160 feet in diameter. It was crowned- by a central lantern 101 feet in diameter, and 30 feet high, provided with side lights and a conical roof, simi¬ lar to that of the main dome. On top of this was another lantern 25 feet in diameter and 30 feet high, which was sur¬ mounted by a huge copy of the crown of Austria. As the dome was the principal feature of the exterior view of the build¬ ing, so was the rotunda the most beautiful portion of the in-

ROTUNDA OF THE VIENNA EXPOSITION BUILDING, 1873.

tenor. A circular corridor, a little more than forty feet in width, ran around the rotunda, connecting with the nave of the building on both sides. The columns on which the dome rested stood between the corridor and the rotunda, and were joined to one another by large arches. The columns and arches were handsomely finished, and the effect was very fine. The floor of the rotunda was lower than that of the rest of the building,

190

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and in the centre was a beautiful fountain, which added greatly to the general appearance of the hall. The ceiling of the dome was of canvas, and was beautifully and appropriately decorated with paintings and gilding.

The Gallery of Fine Arts stood a short distance to the east of the Palace of Industry, and was connected with it by two temporary covered ways. It was built ol brick, and was stuccoed so as to produce an ornamental appearance. It was 650 feet long and 115 feet wide. It proved too small, and two annexes were built, and were connected with it by covered passages, these passages containing the works of sculpture on exhibition.

The Machinery Hall was situated to the north of the Main Building, and was 2615 feet long and 164 feet wide. It con¬ sisted of a nave 92 feet wide, in which was placed the machinery in motion, and two side aisles, each 28 feet in width, devoted to machinery at rest.

The Agricultural ITalls consisted of two separate buildings, constructed of timber. They covered an area of 426,500 square feet.

The grounds were beautifully laid off, and were filled with a large number of buildings devoted to various purposes, and similar to those which were so marked a feature of the Paris Exhibition of 1867. “These were of unprecedented variety and importance, representing on a scale of great splendor and com¬ pleteness the habits, manners, customs and methods of construc¬ tion of various nations. The palace of the Viceroy of Egypt was one of the most noticeable of these buildings. Designed by an Austrian architect long resident in the east, and con¬ structed by native Egyptian workingmen with great skill and truthfulness, it presented an appearance at once interesting and instructive. One saw here a sumptuous mosque decorated in the richest manner, an ordinary dwelling-house, and then a regular farm and stable department stocked with dromedaries and other domestic animals of Egypt. Then there were also on the grounds specimens of the national habitations of Turkey, Persia, Morocco, Japan, Sweden, etc. Farmers’ or peasants’

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

191

homes from all countries, restaurants and refreshment saloons, the Imperial Pavilion, the Jury Pavilion, and special exhibits of all sorts, amounting in the aggregate to more than two hun¬ dred buildings, each one presenting something novel and pleasing.”

The deepest interest was manifested by the various nations of the world in the Vienna Exhibition, and the collection gathered together there represented the choicest objects of art and in¬ dustry and the highest culture and progress of the civilized world.

The Exhibition was opened on the 1st of May, 1873, with great pomp, by the Emperor Francis Joseph I., of Austria. The

CENTRAL DOME OF THE VIENNA EXPOSITION BUILDING, 1873.

awards were formally distributed on the 18th of August, and numbered 20,002 in all. They were divided as follows: 421 diplomas of honor; 3024 medals for progress; 10,465 diplomas of honorable mention; 8800 medals for merit; 326 medals for good taste; 978 medals for fine arts; 1988 medals awarded to workmen. The Exhibition was closed on the 31st of October, having extended over a period of 184 days, including Sundays, lliere were in all about 42,584 exhibitors represented. Of these, 643 were from the United States, to whom were awarded 349 prizes, of which the International Bureau at Washington, the Light-House Board of the United States, the State of Massachusetts, and the city of Boston, for school systems, and

192

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, received grand diplo¬ mas of honor.

The total number of visitors was 7,254,087, and the receipts amounted to §1,032,385, or about enough to pay the running expenses. The total cost of the Exhibition being about $12,000,000, there remained a deficit of over $9,000,000, which loss fell upon the Austrian government.

There were many reasons for this loss. In the first place, a sickly season at Vienna had preceded the Exhibition, and had rendered strangers afraid to visit that city. This was followed by a financial crisis, which crippled many who would have aided in making the Exhibition a monetary success. Added to this was the selfish conduct of the people of Vienna, who, by raising the prices of living to an exorbitant figure, frightened away visitors, and invited their own ruin. The contrast between the conduct of the people of Philadelphia during the Centennial International Exhibition and that of the people of Vienna in 1873, was marked indeed; and the results in each case afford a valuable lesson to future times.

Such were the International Exhibitions of the past. It was reserved to our own great Exhibition to eclipse them all in all the essential features of a true International Exhibition.

CHAPTER VI.

THE HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

The First Proposals for the Exhibition — Initiatory Measures — Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia — The Memorial to Congress — The Act of In¬ corporation — Appointment of the Centennial Commission — Creation of the Board of Finance — Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia — Donation of the Exhibition Grounds — The Formal Transfer — Proclamation of the President of the United States — The Invitation to Foreign Powers — The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors’ Goods — The General Government Takes Part in the Exhibition — The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874 — Plans- of the Commission — Circulars of the Director-General — Regulations for Ex¬ hibitors — Order of the Treasury Department — Work of the Board of Finance- — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of Medals— Appropriations by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia — Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition — Report of the Board of Finance — Action of the States — Appropriations by Foreign Governments — Congress Appro¬ priates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition — Third Annual Report of the Board of Finance — Reception of Goods — Completion of the Work— The System of Awards — The Centennial Calendar.

S the close of the first century of the independence of the United States drew near, it was generally regarded as the duty of the nation to celebrate it in a manner worthy of the great fame and wealth of the republic. Various plans for accomplishing this object were sug¬ gested, but none met with a national approval. In 1866 a number of gentlemen conceived the idea of celebrating the great event by an exhibition of the progress, wealth, and general con¬ dition of the republic, in which all the nations of the world should be invited to participate. The honor of originating and urging this plan upon the public belongs to the Hon. John Bigelow, formerly minister from the United States to France; General Charles B. Norton, who had served as a commissioner 13 193

UK NKW POST-OFFICE, l’H I T,AT>KT,1'H I A .

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

1 05

of the United States at the Paris exposition of 1867 ; Professor John L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana; and Colonel M. Richards Muckle, of Philadelphia. The plan proposed by these gentlemen was not generally received with favor at first. It was argued in opposition to it that the great exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held ; that under our peculiar system the government could not take the same part in our exhibition ; and that it would thus be thrown into the hands of private parties and would result in failure. The city of Philadelphia was desig¬ nated as the place at which the exhibition should be held. This feature of the plan aroused considerable opposition growing out of local jealousies. It was argued by the friends of the scheme that Philadelphia was fairly entitled to the honor, inasmuch as it had been the scene of the signing of the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence; and that the city was also admirably located for such an exhibition, being easily accessible from all parts of the Union and from Europe.

The friends of the scheme labored hard to overcome the ob¬ jections urged against it, and had the satisfaction of seeing their plans become more popular every day. The matter was ably discussed in the press of the country, and at length was taken in hand by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, which body petitioned the municipal authorities to grant the use of a portion of Fairmount Park for the purposes of a centennial celebration. This petition was laid before the Select Council by Mr. John L. Shoemaker, one of that body, who offered a resolution provid¬ ing for the appointment of a joint commission of seven members from each chamber to take the subject into consideration. The resolution was adopted, and Mr. Shoemaker was appointed president of the joint commission.

After a careful consideration of the subject, the commission decided to lay the plan before Congress. The Legislature of Pennsylvania now came to the assistance of the commission, and adopted a resolution requesting the Congress of the United States to take such action as in its judgment should seem wise ’.n favor of an international celebration in the city of Philadel-

196

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

phia of the one hundredth anniversary of American independ¬ ence. The Legislature also appointed a committee of ten to accompany the Philadelphia commission to Washington to present a memorial upon the subject to Congress. 1 he memo¬ rial of the committees was presented to Congress by the Hon. William D. Kelley, a representative from Pennsylvania, who urged its adoption by that body, and the selection ot 1 hiladel- phia as the scene of the celebration, as that city had witnessed the adoption, signing, and proclamation of the Declaration of Independence.

Early in March, 1870, Mr. Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsyl¬ vania, presented a bill in the lower House of Congress making provision for the proposed exhibition. The bill was several times amended, and was finally adopted by Congress on the 3d of March, 1871. It provided for the appointment by the Presi¬ dent of the United States of a commissioner and alternate com¬ missioner from each State and Territory of the Union, who were to be nominated by the Governors of the States and Territories from which they were appointed. Philadelphia was selected as the place at which the exhibition should be held ; and it was expressly declared that the United States should not be liable for any of the expenses attending the exhibition.

The Act of Congress was as follows :

Ax Act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six.

Whereas, The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadel¬ phia; and, whereas, it behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the Centennial anniver¬ sary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the fourth Day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation; and, whereas, it is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

197

national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in compari¬ son with those of older nations ; and, whereas, no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate ; and, whereas, as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanc¬ tion of the Congress of the United States; therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an ex¬ hibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufac¬ tures shall be held under the auspices of the Government of the United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six.

Section 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than one delegate from each State and from each Territory of the United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding an exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the city of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits of the said city where the exhibition shall be held.

Sec. 3. That said commissioners shall be appointed within one year from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States and Territories respectively.

Sec. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one commissioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall assume the place and perform the duties of such commissioner and commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the commission.

Sec. 5. That the commission shall hold its meetings in the city of Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power to make all needful rules for its government.

Sec. 6. That the commission shall report to Congress, at the first session after* its appointment, a suitable date for opening

198

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and for closing the exhibition; a schedule .of appropriate cere¬ monies for opening or dedicating the same ; a plan or plans cl the buildings; a complete plan for the leccptiou and classifica¬ tion of articles intended for exhibition; the lecpiisite custom¬ house regulations for the introduction into this countiy of the articles from foreign countries intended foi exhibition , and such other matter as in their judgment may be impoitant.

Sec. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the commissioners or other officers provided by this act from the treasury of the United States; and the United States shall not be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same.

Sec. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the commission herein pro¬ vided for, of the proposed exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition will open and the place at which it will be held ; and he shall communi¬ cate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of’ the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the ;o nimissi oners for publication in their respective countries.

Approved March 3 d, 1871.

The President having approved the bill it became a law. During the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners provided for by the act of Congress. They were invited to assemble at Philadelphia on the 4th of March, 1872; and on that day com¬ missioners from twenty-four States, three Territories, and the District of Columbia, met at the Continental hotel in Philadel¬ phia. A temporary organization was effected by the election of David Atwood, of Wisconsin, as chairman, and J. X. Baxter, of Vermont, as secretary. The commissioners then repaired in a body to Independence Hall, where they were officially received and welcomed by Mayor Stokley. General Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, responded to this address on behalf of the com¬ missioners, who then repaired to the chamber of the Common

vl

ELEPHANT HOUSE, ZOOT.OO 1CA L GARDEN'S,

200

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Council. After a prayer by the Rev. Dr. Hutter, the commis¬ sioners proceeded to business. On the 5th a permanent organ¬ ization was effected, officers were elected, nine standing com¬ mittees were appointed, and the United States Centennial Com¬ mission was definitely organized.

Several changes were subsequently made, and in 1876 the commission was constituted as follows :

President — lion. Joseph R. Hawley.

Vice-Presidents— Hon. Orestes Cleveland, Hon. John Dunbar Creigh, Hon. Robert Lowry, Hon. Robert Mallory, Hon. Tlios. H. Cold well, Hon. John McNeill, and Hon. Wm, Gurney.

Secretary — Professor John L. Campbell.

Director-General — Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn.

Counsellor and Solicitor — John L. Shoemaker.

The members of the Centennial Commission for 1876 were:

Alabama — Richard M. Nelson, James L. Cooper.

Arizona — Richard C. McCormick, John Wasson.

Arkansas — George W. Lawrence, George E. Dodge.

California — John Dunbar Creigh, Benjamin P. Looser.

Colorado — J. Marshal Paul, N. C. Meeker.

Connecticut— Joseph R. Hawley, William Phipps Blake.

Dakotah — J. A. Burbank, Solomon L. Spink.

Delaware — John K. Kane, John H. Rodney.

District of Columbia — James E. Dexter, Lawrence A. Gobright. Florida — T. II. Osborn, J. T. Bernard.

Georgia— George Hi 1 Iyer, Richard Peters, Jr.

Idaho — Thomas Donaldson, C. W. Moore.

Illinois — Frederick L. Mathews, Lawrence Weldon.

Indiana — John L. Campbell, Franklin C. Johnson.

Iowa — Robert Lowry, Coker F. Clarkson.

Kansas — John A. Martin, George A. Crawford.

Kentucky— Robert Mallory, Smith M. Hobbs.

Louisiana — John Lynch, Edward Pennington.

Maine— Joshua Nye, Charles H. Haskell.

Maryland — J. H. B. Latrobe, S. M. Shoemaker.

Massachusetts— George B. Loring, William B. Spooner.

Michigan — James Birney, Claudius B. Grant.

Minnesota— J. Fletcher Williams, W. W. FolwelL Mississippi— O. C. French, M. Edwards.

Missouri — John McNeil, Samuel Hayes.

Montana J. P. Woolman, Patrick A. Largey.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

201

Nebraska — Henry S. Moody, R. W. Furnas.

Nevada — William Wirt McCoy, James W. Haines.

New Hampshire — Ezekiel A. Straw, M. V. B. Edgarly.

New Jersey — Orestes Cleveland, John G. Stevens.

New Mexico — Eldridge W. Little, Stephen B. Elkins.

New York — N. M. Beckwith, Charles P. Kimball.

North Carolina — Samuel F. Phillips, Jonathan W. Albertson.

Ohio — Alfred T. Goshorn, Wilson W. Griffith.

Oregon — James W. Virtue, Andrew J. Dufur.

Pennsylvania — Daniel J. Morrell, Asa Packer.

Rhode Island— George II. Corliss, Iloval C. Taft.

South Carolina — William Gurney, Archibald Cameron.

Tennessee— Thomas H. Coldwell, William F. Prosser.

Texas — William II. Parsons, John C. Chew.

Utah — William IJaydon, Charles R. Gilchrist.

Vermont — Middleton Goldsmith, Henry Chase.

Virginia — F. W. M. Holliday, Edmund R. Bagwell.

Washington Territory — Ellwood Evans, Alexander S. Abernethy.

West Virginia — Alexander R. Boteler, Andrew J. Sweeney.

Wisconsin — David Atwood, Edward D. Holton.

Wyoming— Joseph M. Carey, Robert II. Lamborn.

In order to provide the necessary funds for the exhibition, Congress, on the 1st of June, 1872, adopted a bill creating a “ Centennial Board of Finance,” which was authorized to issue stock in shares of ten dollars each, the whole amount issued not to exceed ten millions of dollars. The commissioners adopted rules for the organization and government of this board, and directed that the books for subscriptions to the stock should be opened on the 21st of November, 1872, and should remain open for one hundred days. At the same time the President and Secretary of the Centennial Commission issued an address to the people of the United States, setting forth the objects of the exhibition, and asking their support and assistance in carrying the enterprise through to success.

The members of the Centennial Board of Finance were ap¬ pointed by the stockholders at a meeting held in April, 1873. A majority of the members of the board were chosen from Philadelphia in order that, these gentlemen being residents of the city, there might always be a quorum for the transaction of business present at the meetings of the board. The board was authorized to issue bonds to ail amount not to exceed the capi-

202

Till] ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tal, to be secured upon the exhibition buildings and oilier property in possession of the commission, and upon its pros¬ pective revenues. rllie board was also ordeied to begin at once the work of preparing the grounds and erecting the necessary buildings for the exhibition.

The city of Philadelphia, with the liberality which charac¬ terized its whole treatment of the exhibition scheme, at once set apart the portion of Fairmount Park lying below Belmont and George’s Hill, and constituting the old Lansdowne estate, for the purposes of the exhibition. This magnificent domain was formally transferred to the Centennial Commission on the 4th of Julv, 1873. It comprised a tract of four hundred and fifty acres, and was in all respects the best suited to the needs of the exhibition of any location in the Union. The transfer was made in presence of an immense throng of citizens, and with imposing ceremonies in which the military and civic organiza¬ tions of Philadelphia took part. The ceremonies were opened with a prayer by Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, after which lion. Morton McMiehael, President of the Park Commission, formally surrendered the grounds to General J. It. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, in an appropriate address. After reciting the reasons which had in¬ duced the city to make this grant, Mr. McMiehael concluded as follows :

“General Hawley: To you, sir, as the representative of the Centennial Commission of the United States, in the con¬ structive presence of the Chief [Magistrate of the nation and the actual presence of his constitutional advisers — in the presence of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and his official staff — in the presence of the Mayor and the Councils of Philadelphia — in the presence of these dignitaries gathered from _ all parts of the Union to mark the national character of the ceremony — in the presence of this multitude of my fellow- citizens, who are here to sanction and approve the act — in behalf of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, to whom its legal custody has been confided, — I now, publicly and formally, transfer to your keeping all the land designated and described

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

200

in the maps and papers herewith presented. And in the same behalf I hereby confer on the Centennial Commission full power to hold and possess and employ this land, for so long and in such manner as the needs of the International Exposition, instant and prospective, may require. And, sir, this transfer, which ful¬ fils an essential provision of the law creating your commission, being thus made, who shall doubt that — stirred by memories of the turbulent past, urged by knowledge of the flourishing present, inspired by anticipations of the promising future — the people of the several States, and the States themselves in their sovereign capacities, as well as the Congress of the United States and all the branches of the Federal Government, will so assist your endeavors that in 1876 you will be enabled to pre¬ sent to the world a spectacle which, while typical of the skill and culture and ingenuity of the older nations, will conspicuously demonstrate what the thrift, intelligence, enterprise and energy of our own, under the beneficent rule of free institutions, and with a due sense of reverence for Almighty God, have achieved in a single century of existence.”

General Hawley responded in an eloquent address of accept¬ ance, at the conclusion of which he said, “ In token of the United States Centennial Commission now takes possession of these grounds for the purpose we have described, let the flag be unfurled and duly saluted.” The stars and stripes were then raised, and at the same moment the trumpeter of the City Troop gave a signal which was answered by a salute of thirteen guns from the Keystone Battery.

When the applause had subsided, the Hon. John F. Hart- ranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, spoke as follows :

“By the act of Congress creating a commission charged with the holding of the Centennial Exhibition in this city in the year 1876, it was made the duty of the Governor of Pennsylvania to certify to the President of the United States the fact that provi¬ sion has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for said Exhibition, whenever he became satisfied that such result had been achieved.

“ I hold in my hand a joint certificate, signed by General

dent of the United States, as required by the act of Congress, and the certificate reads as follows:

“'To the President of the United States:

Pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of the act of Con¬ gress approved March 3d, 1871, providing for a National Cele¬ bration of the one hundredth anniversary of American Independ¬ ence, a copy of which act is appended hereto, the undersigned,

904 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Joseph P. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, and Mr. John Welsh, Chairman of the Finance Committee of said Commission, to the effect that such provision has been made. Knowing, as you all know, the wisdom and integrity of these gentlemen, I have felt it to be my duty to certify to the Presi-

ON THE WISSAIIICKON.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

205

Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, lias the honor to inform the President that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purposes of the International Exhibi¬ tion of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in Philadelphia, in the year 1876, and for the exclusive control of the said Exhibition by the United States Centennial Commission.

‘“The undersigned makes this announcement to enable the President, in accordance with the requirements of the act above mentioned, to issue his proclamation concerning the said Exhibi¬ tion, and to cause official invitations to be given to foreign governments to participate therein.

‘“John F. Hartranft.

‘“Harrisburg, June 24th, 1873.’

“So far, this grand project has, to some extent at least, appeared local — -necessarily so by the conditions imposed ; but henceforth it will be purely national. If a failure, it will be a national failure. If a success, a national success.

“ We have assembled here to dedicate a portion of this beauti¬ ful Park to the uses of this great International Exhibition, which is to commemorate the anniversary of our country’s birth. Upon the threshold of the century to expire in 1876, thirteen poor and feeble colonies, with no common ties other than their love of liberty and their hatred of oppression, declared their independ¬ ence. These thirteen colonies, with their offspring, now increased in number to thirty-seven, stretch their empire across a continent, and afford the grandest exhibition of a nation’s progress in the world’s history. In all the wondrous changes wrought in the nineteenth century, none are so wondrous and conspicuous as the industrious, moral and physical growth of this our native land. With those powerful auxiliaries, steam and the telegraph, both of which our country gave to mankind, we are striding with majestic steps toward a dominion unrivalled by any nation on the face of the earth. Let us, then, from every State — north, south, east and west — bring to this great city, the consecrated place where our liberty was born, the evidences of

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

206

our culture, the proofs of our skill, and our vast and varied resources, that the world may have a glimpse of our enlargement, industry, wealth and power. And to the myriads who will gather here from every clime we must be ready to accord a welcome in keeping with the dignity and magnitude of' the country.

“To this city, then, and to the Exhibition the public bids welcome the people of every nationality, assuring them of a cordial reception, and just and generous recognition. And here, too, let our own people gather, and garnering new and fresh ideas from a survey of the world’s arts and industries, let us dedicate ourselves to a higher civilization, to more extensive fields of development, to more liberal and more diffused education, to the purification of our institutions, and the preservation of the liberty which is the foundation-stone of our happiness and prosperity as a people.”

The following is a copy of the certificate referred to by Gov¬ ernor Hartranft:

“The undersigned has the honor to report to the President, in order that it may be officially announced in such proclama¬ tion as he may be pleased to issue, under the provisions of sec¬ tion 8 of the act of Congress, approved March 3d, 1871, relating to the International Exhibition, to be held in Philadelphia in 1876, that it was decided by the United States Centennial Com¬ mission, at a meeting held on the 24th of May, 1872, that the Exhibition shall be opened on the 19th of April, 1876, and closed on the 19th of October, 1876.

“ 1 he undersigned has also the honor to transmit, for the information of foreign governments, a copy of the General Regulations adopted by the Commission on tbs 24th of May, 1872.

“ Respectfully submitted,

“J. R. Hawley,

“President of the United States Centennial Commission.

“Philadelphia, June 20th, 1S73.”

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

207

Hon. Morton McMichael then introduced Hon. George M. Robeson, Secretary of the Navy, who appeared as the delegated representative of the President of the United States. He said :

“Prevented himself from being present on this interesting occasion, only by the calls of imperative personal duty, the President of the United States has directed me, as his represent¬ ative, and as the representative of the State Department for the occasion, to make by his authority and in his name the fol¬ lowing proclamation :

“By the President of the United States of America.

“a proclamation:

“ Whereas, By the act of Congress approved March 3d, 1871, providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence of the United States, by the holding of an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, it is provided as follows:

“That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the proposed Exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be held; and he will communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the Com¬ missioners, for publication in their respective countries; and “ II hercas, His Excellency, the Governor of the said State of Pennsylvania, did, on the 24th day of June, 1873, inform me that provision had been made for the erection of said buildings, and for the exclusive control, by the Commission provided for in the said act, of the proposed Exhibition ; and “ Whereas, The President of the United States Centennial Commission has officially informed me of the dates fixed for the opening and closing of the said Exhibition, and the place tit which it is to be held ;

208

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“ Now, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant, Presi¬ dent of the United States, in conformity with the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim that there will be held, at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, an International Exhibition of Arts, Manu¬ factures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on

DRIVE IX FAIRMOUNT PARK.

the 19th day of April, Anno Domini 1876, and be closed on the 19th day of October in the same year.

“And in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and international friendship and intercourse, I commend the cele¬ bration and Exhibition to the people of the United States; and in behalf of this government and people, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be pleased to take part therein.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

209

“In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

“Done at the city of Washington, this 3d day of July, 1873, and of the Independence of the United States of America the ninety-seventh.

“U. S. Grant.

“By the President,

“ Hamilton Fish, Seci'etary of Slate.”

“ GENERAL REGULATIONS.

“1. The International Exhibition of 1876 will be held in Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876.

“2. The date of opening the Exhibition will be April 19th, 1876, and of closing will be October 19th, 1876.

“3. A cordial invitation "is hereby extended to every nation of the earth to be represented by its arts, industries, progress and development.

“4. A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested pre¬ vious to March 4th, 1874.

“5. Each nation accepting this invitation is requested to appoint a Commission, through which all matters pertaining to its own interests shall be conducted. For the purpose of con¬ venient intercourse and satisfactory supervision, it is especially desired that one member of each such Commission be desig¬ nated to reside at Philadelphia until the close of the Exposition.

“ The privileges of exhibitors can be granted only to citi¬ zens of countries whose governments have formally accepted the invitation to be represented and have appointed the afore¬ mentioned Commission, and all communications must be made through the Governmental Commissions.

“7. Applications for space within the Exposition buildings, or in the adjacent buildings and grounds under the control of the Centennial Commission, must be made previous to March 4th, 1875.

“8. Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur¬ nished to the Commissioners of the different nations which shall accept the invitation to participate.

14

210

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“9. All articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure proper position and classification, must be in 1 hiladelphia on or before January 1st, 1876.

« io. Acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regula¬ tions, duties, etc., together with all special regulations adopted

by the Centennial Commission in ref¬ erence to transpor¬ tation, allotment of space, classification, motive power, in¬ surance, police rules, and other matters necessary to the proper display and preservation of ma¬ terials, will be promptly commu¬ nicated to the ac¬ credited representa¬ tives of the several governments co-op¬ erating in the Ex¬ position.”

ON THE WISSAHICKON DRIVE.

The ceremonies concluded with a grand military review, and were followed at night by a display of fireworks in the park.

On the 5th of July, 1873, the Secretary of State of the United States forwarded the President’s proclamation to the various ministers from foreign countries residing at the national capital, together with the following official note:

“Department op State, )

11 Washington, D. C., July 5th, 1873. /

“Sir: — I have the honor to enclose, for the information of the government of - •, a copy of the President’s procla¬

mation, announcing the time and place of holding an Interna¬ tional Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

211

Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six.

“The Exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration of the Independence of the United States, on the one hundredth anniversary of that interesting and historic national event, and at the same time to present a fitting opportunity for such display of the results of art and industry of all nations as will serve to illustrate the great advances attained, and the successes achieved, in the interest of progress and civilization during the century which will have then closed.

“ In the law providing for the holding of the Exhibition, Congress directed that copies of the proclamation of the Presi¬ dent, setting forth the time of its opening and the place at which it was to be held, together with such regulations as might be adopted by the Commissioners of the Exhibition, should be communicated to the diplomatic representatives of all nations. Copies of those regulations are herewith transmitted.

“The President indulges the hope that the government of

- will be pleased to notice the subject, and may deem it

proper to bring the Exhibition and its objects to the attention of the people of that country, and thus encourage their co-opera¬ tion in the proposed celebration. And he further hopes that the opportunity afforded by the Exhibition for the interchange of national sentiment and friendly intercourse between the people of both nations may result in new and still greater advantages to science and industry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship which already

happily subsist between the government and people of -

and those of the United States.

“I have the honor to be, sir,

“ With the highest consideration,

“ Your obedient servant,

a _ _ »

In -Tune, 1874, the following bill requesting the President to invite foreign nations to take part in the Exhibition was passed

212

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

by both Houses of Congress and approved by the President on the 5th of June :

“\)hci'eas, At various International Exhibitions which have been held in foreign countries, the United States have been represented in pursuance of invitations given by the govern- hnents of those countries, and accepted by our government, therefore,

“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Slates of America in Congress assembled, That the President be requested to extend, in the name of the United States, a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be represented and take part in the Interna¬ tional Exposition to be held at Philadelphia, under the auspices of the government of the United State's, in the year 1876. Provided, however, that the United States shall not be liable, directly or indirectly, for any expense attending such Exposi¬ tion, or by reason of the same.”

The invitation was duly extended by the President to the various nations of the world to take part in the Exhibition. The nations which accepted this invitation and which took part in the Exhibition are as follows:

Argentine Confederation.	Italy.
Austria.	Japan.
Belgium.	* Liberia.
Bolivia.	Mexico.
Brazil.	Netherlands.
Chili.	Norway.
China.	Nicaragua.
Denmark.	Orange Free State — Africa.
Ecuador.
Egypt.	Peru.
France, including Algeria.	Portugal.
German Empire.	Russia.
Great Britain, including her
Colonies.	Spain.
Greece,	Sweden.
Gautemala and Salvador.	Switzerland.
Hawaii	. Tunis.
ITayti.	Turkey.
Hond liras.	United States of Colombia.

Venezuela.

RESTAURANT IN THE ZOOLOGICAL, GARDENS.

»

214

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

In order to remove all difficulties in the way of the complete success of the international character of the Exhibition, Congress enacted the following bill, which was approved by the President on the 18th of June, 1874, for the purpose of enabling foreign exhibitors to enter their goods free of duty :

“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all articles which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi¬ tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the payment of duty or of customs, fees, or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after such importations, shall be subject to the duties, if any, imposed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation: And provided further, That in case any article imported under the provisions of this act shall be withdrawn for consumption or shall be sold without payment of duty as required by law, all the penalties prescribed by the revenue laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles and against the persons who may be guilty of such withdrawal or sale.”

Previous to this the general government of the United States had decided to take part in the Exhibition as an exhibitor, and on the 24th of January, 1874, the President issued the follow¬ ing order directing the various executive departments of the government to take the necessary measures for their proper representation :

“EXECUTIVE ORDER BY THE PRESIDENT OF TIIE UNITED

STATES.

l( Whereas, it has been brought to the notice of the President of the United States that in the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, for the pur¬ pose of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Inde-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

215

pendence of the United States, it is desirable that from the Executive Departments of the Government of the United States in which there may be articles suitable for the purpose intended, there should appear such articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people : Now, for the purpose of securing a complete and harmonious ar¬ rangement of the articles and materials designed to be ex¬ hibited from the Ex¬ ecutive Department of the Government it is ordered that a board, to becomposed of one person to be named by the head of each of the Execu- tive Departments which may have ar¬ ticles and materials to be exhibited, and ^ also of one person to be named in behalf

c 0-1 • OR°rr OF PALM TREES IN HORTICULTURAL HALL.

ot the Smithsonian

Institution, and one to be named in the behalf of the Depart¬ ment of Agriculture, be charged with the preparation, arrange¬ ment, and safe-keeping of such articles and materials as the heads of the several Departments and the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution may respectively decide shall be embraced in the collection ; that one of the persons thus named, to be designated by the Presi- uent, shall be chairman of such board, and that the board appoint from their own number such other officers as they may

216

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

think necessary, and that the said board when organized shall be authorized under the direction of the President to confer with the executive officers of the Centennial Exhibition in relation to such matters connected with the subject as may per¬ tain to the respective departments having articles and materials on exhibition, and that the names of the persons thus selected by the heads of the several departments, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution, shall be. submitted to the President for designation.

“ By order of the President :

“(Signed) “Hamilton Fish,

“Secretary of State.

“ Washington, Januaiy 23 d, 1874.”

In accordance with the above order, the President appointed a board composed of a representative from each of the Executive Departments of the Government, except the Department of State and the Attorney-General’s Department; but including the Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution. The board was composed as follows :

War Department— Col. C. S. Lyford (Chairman), Ordnance Bureau.

Treasury Department— lion. B. W. Taller, Is! Controller of the Treasury.

Navy Department — Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins, U. S. Navy.

Interior Department — John Eaton, Commissioner of Education.

Post-Office Department— Dr. Chas. F. McDonald, Chief of Money Order Department.

Agricultural Department — Wm, Saunders, Superintendent of Propa¬ gating Garden.

Smithsonian Institution — Prof. S. F. Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and U. S. Fishery Commissioner.

I his board was charged with the duty of perfecting a collec¬ tive Exhibition, that should illustrate the functions and admin¬ istrative faculties of the government in time of peace and its resources as a war power.

On the 4th of July, 1874, the ground was formally broken in Fairmount Park for the Exhibition buildings. The occasion was celebrated with the most imposing demonstration ever

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

217

witnessed in Philadelphia, and in which thousands of the citi¬ zens took part. The celebration being also the ninety-eighth anniversary of the independence of the United States, was largely national in its character, and drew vast crowds from other parts of the Union to witness it. It will long be remembered by Philadelphia as one of the most memorable days in her history.

The work being now fairly begun, the following regulations were issued by the Director-General. They so fully describe the purposes of the projectors of the Exhibition that we cpiote them entire :

“GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED

STATES.

“The Exhibition will be held in Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, J 870, and closed on the 10th dav of November following.

“The ten departments of the classification which will deter¬ mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition — except in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction — and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows :

" I. Raw Materials — Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal.

“ II. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arts, the J esuit of Extractive or Combining Processes.

“ III. Textile and Felted Fabrics ; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for the person.

“IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in dwellings.

“ V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes.

“VI. Motors and Transportation.

“\II. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowl¬ edge.

"VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, etc.

“IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts.

“ X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man.

“Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto should be addressed to the Director-General, International Exhibition, Philadelphia, Penna.

218

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“ Exhibitors will not be charged for space.

“A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup¬ plied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be settled defin¬ itively at the time of the allotments of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur¬ nished by the Commission at a fixed price. Demands for such excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment of space.

“ Exhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-cases, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require; and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans¬ mission of power from the main shafts in the Machinery I Tall. All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in con¬ formity with the general plan adopted by the Director-General.

“ Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the Director-General.

“ The Commission will take precautions for the safe preserva¬ tion of all objects in the Exhibition; but it will in no wav be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating.

“ Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors may insure their own goods.

“Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is open to the public. Appointments of such watchmen will be subject to the approval of the Director-General.

“Exhibitors, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking, and arrangement of objects, as well as for their removal at the closeof the Exhibition.

“ The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the exhibitor.

Ihe installation of heavy articles requiring foundations should, by special arrangement, be begun as soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will permit. The general re¬ ception of articles at the Exhibition buildings will be commenced

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 219

on January 1st, 1876, and no articles will be admitted after March 31st, 1876.

“ Space not occupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General for reassignment.

“If products are not intended for competition, it must be so 6tated by the exhibitor ; and they will be excluded from the ex¬ amination by the International Juries.

“If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern.

“Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex¬ hibition.

“The removal of goods will not be permitted prior to the close of the Exhibition.

“Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions of the building may be made upon the Director-GeneraTs sanction.

Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors shall remove their effects, and complete such removal before December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or otherwise disposed of under the direction of the Commission.

Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowl¬ edge.-, and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations estab¬ lished for the government of the Exhibition.

Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes, the sale of special articles within the buildings, and on other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions.

An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct versions, viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The Sa e cahdogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission.

220

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“ Communications concerning the Exhibition should be ad¬ dressed to ‘The Director-General, International Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia, Pcnna.’

“ The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain or amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed neces¬ sary for the interests of the Exhibition.

“A. T. Goshorn, Director -General.

“John L. Campbell, Secretary.

“Philadelphia, July 4 th, 1S74.”

“GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS.

“The Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, 1876, and closed on the 10th day of November following.

“ All governments have been invited to appoint Commis¬ sions, for the purpose of organizing their departments of the Exhibition. The Director-General should be notified of the appointment of such Foreign Commissions before Januarv 1st, 1875.

“Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur¬ nished to the Foreign Commissions on or before February 1st, 1875, indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation, subject, however, to revision and readjustment.

“Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto must be conducted with the Commission of the country where the article is produced.

“Foreign Commissions are requested to notify the Director- General, not later than May 1st, 1875, whether they desire any increase or diminution of the space offered them, and the amount.

“ Before December 1st, 1875, the Foreign Commissions must furnish the Director-General with approximate plans showing the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, and also with lists of their exhibitors, and other information necessary for the preparation of the Official Catalogue.

I roducts brought into the United States, at the ports of New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burlington, Vt., Suspen-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

221

gion Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and San Fran¬ cisco, intended for display at the International Exhibition, will be allowed to go forward to the Exhibition buildings, under proper supervision of customs officers, without examination at such ports of original entry, and at the close of the Exhibition will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods, un¬ less entered for consumption in the United States.

“The transportation, receiving, unpacking, and arranging of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the exhibitor.

“The installation of heavy articles requiring special founda¬ tions or adjustment should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will permit. The general reception of articles at the Exhibition building will commence on January 1st, 187G, and no articles will be admitted after March 31st, 1876.

“Space assigned to Foreign Commissions and not occupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General for reassignment.

“ If products are not intended for competition, it must be so stated by the exhibitor, and they will be excluded from the examination by the International Juries.

“An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct versions, viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission.

The ten departments of the classification which will deter¬ mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition — except m such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction — and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows:

n h Baw Materials — Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal.

IT. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arts, the result °f Extractive or Combining Processes.

HI. Textile and Felted Fabrics; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for the person.

222

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“ IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in dwellings.

« V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes.

“VI. Motors and Transportation.

“ VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowl¬ edge.

« VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, etc.

“ IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts.

“ X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man.

“Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their re¬ spective sections.

“Exhibitors will not be charged for space.

“A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup¬ plied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be settled defini¬ tively at the time of the allotment of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur¬ nished by the Centennial Commission at a fixed price. De¬ mands for such excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment of space.

“ Exhibitors must provide at their own cost, all show-cases, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require; and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans¬ mission of power from the main shafts in the Machinery Hall. All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity with the general plan adopted by the Director- General.

“Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the Director-General.

“ The Centennial Commission will take precautions for the safe preservation of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating.

“Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or Foreign Commissions may insure their own goods.

“Foreign Commissions may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

223

open to the public. Appointments of such watchmen will be subject to the approval of the Director-General.

« Foreign Commissions, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrange¬ ment of objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the Exhibition ; but no person shall be permitted to act as such agent until he can give to the Director-General written evidence of his having been approved by the proper commission.

“ Each package must be addressed ‘ To the Commission for [name of country ] at the International Exhibition of 1876, Philadelphia, United States of America/ and should have at least two labels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each case, and giving the following information :

“(1) The country from which it comes; (2) name or firm of the exhibitor; (3) residence of the exhibitor; (4) department to which objects belong ; (5) total number of packages sent by that exhibitor; (6) serial number of that particular package.

“Within each package should be a list of all objects.

“If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern.

“Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex¬ hibition.

“ The removal of goods will not be permitted prior to the close of the Exhibition.

“Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions of articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions of the building may be made upon the Director-General’s sanction.

“Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors shall remove their effects, and complete such removal before December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or other-

224

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

■ wise disposal of under the direction of the Centennial Com¬ mission.

“Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations established for the government of the Exhibition.

“ Special regulations will be issued concerning the Exhibition of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes, and sale of special articles within the buildings, and on other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions.

“Communications concerning the Exhibition should be addressed to ‘The Director-General, International Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.’

“The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain or amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interests of the Exhibition.

“A. T. Goshorn, Director- General.

“John L. Campbell, Secretary.

"Philadelphia, July 4th, 1874.”

On the 3d of October, 1874, the Secretary of the Treasury issued the following order prescribing the mode of the free admission of goods for the Exhibition :

"REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE FREE IMPORTATION OF

GOODS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876,

AT PHILADELPHIA.

" Treasury Department, ) "Washington, D. C., October 3d, 1874. J

“An act of Congress approved June 18th, 1874, entitled ‘An act to admit free of duty articles intended for the International Exhibition of eighteen hundred and seventy-six,’ provides as follows :

“ ‘ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That all articles which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi¬ tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of 1 hiladelphia in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the payment of duty or of customs fees or charges, under such

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

22 5

regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided , That all such articles as shall be sold in the United States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after such importation shall be subject to the duties, if any, im¬ posed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at, the date of importation : And provided farther , That in case any articles imported under the provisions of this act shall be with¬ drawn for consumption, or shall l>e sold without payment of duty as required by law, all the jienalties prescribed by the revenue laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles and against the person who may be guilty of such withdrawal or sale,’

“ In pursuance of the provisions of this act the following regulations are prescribed :

“1. No duty or customs fees or charges being required on any such importations, a new form of entry is prescribed, which will be employed in all cases at the port where such goods are received.

“2. The ports of New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burling¬ ton, Vt., Suspension Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and Ban Francisco, will alone constitute ports of entry at which importations for said Exhibition will be made free of duty.

<l 3. All articles designed for such Exhibition must be for¬ warded, accompanied by an invoice or schedule of the numbers, character, and commercial value of each shipment, which state¬ ment shall be attested before a consul of the United States or a civil magistrate of the country in which they are produced or from which they are shipped to the United States. Such veri¬ fied bill of contents and values will be transmitted in triplicate, one copy to the collector of customs at the port where it is desired to make entry, which will be retained for the files of his office; one copy to some duly authorized agent, either of the owners, or of the Foreign Commission of the country from which shipment was made, which agent must in all cases he recognized h}’ the Director-General of the Exhibition, who will, by virtue

that authority, verify the goods and made entry; and one 15

226

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

I

copy to the collector at the port of Philadelphia; and all pack¬ ages and enclosures containing goods destined for such Exhibi¬ tion must be plainly and conspicuously marked with the words ‘For the International Exhibition of 1876, at Philadelphia.’

“4. All goods arriving so marked and represented, either at the time of arrival or at any time while remaining in the custody of the collector of customs at the port of arrival on general order, will, when entered at the port of arrival, be delivered without examination to such recognized agent or agents, to be by him or them forwarded from the port of arrival by bonded line of transportation to Philadelphia, there to be delivered to the custody of the collector of that port.

“5. Entry for warehouse will be made for all such trans¬ ported packages on arrival at the said port of Philadelphia, and original entry for warehouse will be made of all goods directed by first shipment to Philadelphia. Warehouse entry having been made, the packages will be held in the custody of the said •collector until the Exhibition building, or some building erected by and in the custody of the oflicers controlling the said Exhi¬ bition, and suitable for secure custody as a warehouse under the authority of the United States, is ready to receive them.

“6. Separate and complete records of all packages so trans¬ mitted and received by the collector at Philadelphia will be made by the storekeeper at the port of Philadelphia in a book prepared for the purpose, in which will be entered, so far as known, the owner’s name, the agent’s name representing the articles, the country from which shipped, the date of such ship¬ ment, the name of the importing vessel, and the date of arrival, the general description and value of the goods, and the specific marks and numbers of the packages. Such record will also be kept in duplicate by a special inspector of customs who, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall he appointed to identify, forward, and care for packages so properly marked, and intended in good faith for the Exhibition, hut which may not be properly represented by an owner or agent.

“7. When the said Exhibition building, or a warehouse suitable for secure custody of articles intended for the Exhibi-

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

227

t'1011 duly authorized for receiving bonded goods, shall be ready to receive articles then in the custody of the collector of the port of Philadelphia, descriptive permits, in duplicate, shall be issued by the said collector to the storekeeper of the port, directing the delivery of packages as required by the owner or ao-ent, or by the officers of the said Exhibition — one copy of which permits shall be preserved by the said storekeeper, the second copy to be delivered with the goods to a proper officer of the customs stationed at the said Exhibition building or warehouse, to be there kept as a record of goods entered for such Exhibition in addition to the duplicate required to be kept in a book of proper form as before referred to. And all packages shall be opened in presence of an officer of the customs, who shall verify the contents from and upon such descriptive list, correcting and completing it as the facts may require.

“8. In case of receipt by the collector at Philadelphia of packages imperfectly described or verified, or in regard to which information may be received questioning the good faith of the persons forwarding the same, the said collector may direct an examination, in proper form, for the purpose of determining the question, and if, on conference with the Director-General, the goods are found to have been forwarded not in good faith for said Exhibition, they will be charged with duty according to their value and classification, and held by the said collector, subject to appeal to the Secretary of the Treasury, to await proper claim and payment of duty by their owners.

“9. All charges for transportation, drayage, and freight, accruing on goods arriving for the said Exhibition, will be required to be paid by the owner or agent at the time of their delivery into the custody of the collector of customs at Phila¬ delphia, or if on packages of small bulk or weight, not accom¬ panied by the owner or agent, or consigned to a foreign com¬ missioner, and not exceeding $5 in amount, will be charged against tlie* goods as so delivered into the custody of the col¬ lector at Philadelphia, to be paid with other charges subse¬ quently accruing before the permit is issued for their delivery to the Exhibition building; and on all packages exceeding

228

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fifty pounds in weight, half storage, as provided by regulation for the storage of ordinary merchandise in the public warehouse at the port of Philadelphia, will be charged against the goods received and stored therein from the time of receipt to the time of delivery to the Exhibition building. No fees for entry, permit, or other official act, and no duties will be charged upon or against such packages until after their withdrawal from such Exhibition, for sale, at its close or during its continuance.

“ 10. All articles received and entered at such Exhibition in the manner hereinbefore provided may, at any time consistently with the regulations controlling said Exhibition, be withdrawn for sale or delivery to other parties than the owner or agent concerned in their importation, on payment of the duties prop¬ erly accruing on said goods according to the laws in force at the time* of the importation thereof ; and for the purpose of assessment and determination of such duties, and for proper identification of the articles, an officer of the appraiser’s department of the port of Philadelphia shall be detailed to make due examination of the articles so withdrawn or sold, verifying them by the record of their introduction, and charg¬ ing upon a proper form, to be prepared for such purpose, the said rate and amount of duty; and on payment of the duty so charged, but without fee or other expenses, the owner or agent shall receive a permit for their removal from the Exhibition.

“11. Articles designed to be returned to the foreign country from which the same were imported, or to be removed from the United States, will, at the close of the Exhibition, or at such time as shall be directed by the officers of such Exhibition, be verified by the customs officer in charge at the Exhibition, re¬ enclosed, duly marked, and forwarded, under permit of the collector at Philadelphia, to any other port for export, or may be directly exported to Philadelphia. Export entries for such use will be prepared, corresponding to the import entries under which the goods were originally received.

“ 12. A special inspector of customs will, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, report at intervals to the col¬ lectors of the ports of Philadelphia and of New York, or ol

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

229

such other ports as he may be directed to visit, for the purpose of applying the regulations herein provided.

[Signed,] « j> H. Bristow, Secretary.

Immediately after the passage of the act of Congress estab¬ lishing the United States Centennial Commission, the work of preparing for the Exhibition was begun. It was understood from the first that the most difficult portion of this task would be the providing of the funds necessary for carrying on the work. Congress had expressly stipulated that the general government should not be responsible for any of the debts contracted on account of the Exhibition, and had given the friends of the scheme to understand that they need not expect any aid from the treasury of the United States. Whatever money was to be provided must come from private individuals, or from the various States and cities of the Union. It was necessary, therefore, in order to inspire the people of the coun¬ try with confidence enough to induce them to contribute to- ward the enterprise, that the management of the financial part of it should be placed in the hands of proper parties, who should be vested with certain powers and brought under cer¬ tain restrictions. Accordingly, the friends of the Exhibition obtained the passage of an act of Congress, which was approved by the President on the 1st of June, 1872, establishing the Centennial Board of Finance. The following are the principal sections of this bill :

“Whereas, Congress did provide by an act entitled 1 An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence by holding an International Exhibi¬ tion of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Aline, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,’ approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the appointment of Com¬ missioners to promote and control the exhibition of the national resources and their development, and the nation’s progress in arts which benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct appro¬ priate ceremonies by which the people of the United States

230

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

may commemorate that memorable and decisive event, tl>e Declaration of American Independence by the Congress of the United Colonies, assembled in the city of Philadelphia, on the fourth day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and seventy-six ; and, whereas, such provisions should be made for procuring the funds requisite for the purposes aforesaid, as will enable all the people of the United States, who have shared the common blessings resulting from national independence, to aid in the preparation and conduct of said International Exhibition and memorial celebration under the direction of the Commis¬ sioners of the United States : Therefore,

“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby created a body corporate, to be known by the name of the Centennial Board of Finance, and by that name to have an incorporate existence until the object for which it is formed shall have been accomplished; and it shall be competent to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defended in all courts of law and equity in the United States; and may make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have, and hold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all such real and personal estate as may be required in carrying into effect the provisions of an act of Congress, entitled ‘An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence by holding an International Exhibi¬ tion of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six/ approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and an act supple¬ mentary thereto.

“Sec. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority, and is hereby empowered to secure subscriptions of capital stock to an amount not exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided into shares of ten dollars each, and to issue to the subscribers of said stock certificates therefor under the corporate seal of said cor¬ poration, which certificates shall bear the signature of the Presi¬ dent and Treasurer, and be transferable under such rules and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

2S1

regulations as may be made for the purpose. And it shall be lawful for any municipal or other corporate body existing by or under the laws of the United States to subscribe and pay for shares of said capital stock ; and all holders of said stock shall become associates in said corporation, and shall be entitled to one vote on each share.

“Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall have

authority to issue bonds, not in excess of its capital stock, and secure the payment of the same, principal and interest, by mort¬ gage upon its proper¬ ty and prospective in¬ come.

“Sec. 9. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the T reasu ry of the Un i ted States, as soon as prac¬ ticable after the pas¬ sage of this act, to cause to be prepared, in accordance with a design approved by the United States Cen¬ tennial Commission and the Secretary of the Treasury, a suffi¬ cient number of certificates of stock to meet the require¬ ments of this act; and any person found guilty of counter¬ feiting, or attempting to counterfeit, or knowingly circulating false certificates of stock herein authorized, shall be subject to the same pains and penalties as are or may be provided by law for counterfeiting United States currency; but nothing m this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for anv debt or ob- ligation incurred, nor for any claim by the Centennial Inter-

rirE sellers’ slotting MACHINE EXHIBITEn IN MACHINERY HALL.

232

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

national Exhibition, or the corporation hereby created, for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the treasury of the United States, in support or liquidation of any debt or obli¬ gations created by the corporation herein authorized : And • provided , That nothing in tiiis act shall be so construed as to override or interfere with the laws of any State; and all con¬ tracts made in any State for the purposes of the Centennial International Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof: And provided further, That no member of said Centennial Board of Finance assumes any personal liability for any debt or obli¬ gation which may be created or incurred by the corporation authorized by this act.

“Sec. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said Exhi¬ bition shall have been closed, it shall be the duty of said cor¬ poration to convert its property into cash, and, after the pay¬ ment of all its liabilities, to divide its remaining assets among its stockholders, pro rata , in full satisfaction and discharge of its capital stock.”

Under the above act the Centennial Board of Finance was organized, and was constituted as follows :

CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE.

President— John Welsh, Philadelphia.

Vice-Presidents — William Sellers, Philadelphia; John S. Barbour, Vir¬ ginia.

Secretary and Treasurer — Frederick Fraley.

Auditor — H. S. Lansing.

Directors — Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia ; Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia ; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia ; N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wetherill, Phila¬ delphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Amos R. Little, Philadelphia; John Baird, Philadelphia; Thomas II. Dudley, New Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; John Gorham, Rhode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler, Pennsylvania; Robert M. Patton, Alabama; J. B. Drake, Illinois; George Bain, Missouri.

Financial Agent— William Bigler.

Iu the organization of the Board of Finance a majority of its

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

233

members were chosen from Philadelphia in order that, bcino- on the ground, they might be able- to devote their whole time to the work intrusted to them.

The Board of Finance was authorized by the act of incor¬ poration to issue certificates of stock to the amount of ten mil¬ lion dollars. It was estimated that apart from the subscrip¬ tions of the various States and cities, it would be necessary to sell stock to the amount of $3,500,000. The shares were fixed by the board at ten dollars each, a sum suited to the means of all classes, and calculated to make the subscriptions to the stock of the Exhibition popular in character. The holder of each cer¬ tificate is entitled to a share in the profits of the Exhibition. All the net income of the six 1110111118’ display, together with the proceeds of the sale of all the available property remaining at the close of the Exhibition, will be divided proportionately among the holders of the stock.

The act of Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury to cause certificates of the stock of the Exhibition to be engraved and printed at the treasury of the United States and delivered to the Board of Finance. These certificates were duly delivered to subscribers to the stock of the Exhibition, and each is to re¬ main forever the property of its holder as a memorial of the great enterprise and of the liberality with which the American people carried it through to success. The certificate is in all respects a beautiful specimen of the highest branch of steel en¬ graving. The plate is twenty-four by twenty inches, on the best bank-note paper. The design is pyramidal, America form¬ ing the apex, with Fame and Art personified sitting at her feet; the busts of Washington and Grant on either side, typical of tie commencement and end of the century. America is repre¬ sented as welcoming the representatives of foreign nations, who >ear symbols of their national industries and resources. Inde¬ pendence Hall and the National Capitol are in the background, beneath the former stand Fulton and Fitch, with their steam- >°at models, and under the latter are Franklin and Morse, with jdectnc and telegraphic instruments. On the right, facing the °luc of America, is Howe offering his sewing-machine, also a

234

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

shipwright with a model of a clipper. The freed man, Conti¬ nental and Federal soldier, and mechanic, form a group on the right, and the farmer, planter, miner, trapper and Indian, all presenting symbols of their avocations, the group on the left. The centre of the base is Trumbull’s painting of the ‘Signing of the Declaration of Independence/ on the right of which is exemplified progress — the busy manufacturing city in contrast with the neglected windmill. To the left of the base is repre¬ sented civilization, combining the railroad, telegraph, steamship and reaping-machine, in contrast with the Conestoga wagon, mail rider, sailing vessel and laborer with a sickle. The legend in the body of the certificate was engraved by a new and iu«‘e- nious pioccss, the invention of G. A\ . Casilcar, Superintendent of the Engraving Department of the Treasury, and is most creditable, as is also the printing — the department being deter¬ mined to make the work worthy of the nation and the grand commemorative occasion. I he designs and arrangement are due to Messrs. Ferris and Darley, American artists.”

Phc effoi ts of the Hoard of I inance to dispose of the stock of the Exhibition succeeded but slowly at first. The stock had to contend in the market with that of a hundred other schemes which promised a larger rate of interest and a quicker return. Still, it did not go begging. The adjacent State of New Jersey gave new life to the effort by a subscription of $100,000, anil vas followed by subscriptions from New Hampshire, Connect¬ icut and Delaware for $10,000 each. The city of Wilmington, Delaware, subscribed for $5000, and in a short time a subscrip¬ tion of about $250,000 was made up in the city of New York.

This did not meet the demand, however, and as it was found impossible to carry on the work of raising funds through the agency of the banks, as was at first proposed, it was decided by the Hoard of Finance to create a Bureau of Revenue , which should devote all its energies to the task of raising funds, thus le.w ing the Board of F inance free to attend to its other duties. The Bureau of Revenue was, therefore, duly organized on the 1st of July, 1874, and was constituted as follows:

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

235

Clement M. Biddle, Chairman . Philadelphia.

William Bigler, Financial Agent . Pennsylvania.

Edmund T. Steel . Philadelphia.

Amos R. Little . “

John Wanamaker . “

Daniel M. Fox . “

James M. Robb .

John Baird . “

Tlios. H. Dudley . New Jersey.

John Cummings . Massachusetts.

William L. Strong . New York.

George Bain . Missouri.

C. B. Norton, Secretary.

The work which was thus intrusted to the Bureau of Revenue was important and laborious in the highest degree. The panic of 1873 had almost paralyzed the finances of the country, and the people had become timid and hesitating in supporting schemes of any kind which required an outlay of money. It be¬ came necessary for the Bureau of Revenue to win the confidence of the people in the scheme they were asked to assist, as the basis of all its operations. It had by this time become evident that the various States of the Union could not be depended upon to furnish their respective proportions of the funds, and that the Exhibition must depend for its success mainly upon private subscriptions. *

The Bureau of Revenue at once set to work. Its efforts to popularize the stock of the Exhibition were systematic and well directed. How well they succeeded is shown by the mag-- nificent sum subscribed by the people of the Union in response to their appeals — a sum amounting to nearly three million dol¬ lars. To each member of the bureau is due his share of praise for this splendid success, but the credit is chiefly due to the able and efficient Secretary, General Charles B. Norton, upon* whom devolved the principal portion of the labor of the board, and whose wide experience and fertile genius ever sug¬ gested the happiest and most successful methods by which this success was won.

As a means of facilitating the work in hand, and of securing as nearly as possible the exact quo.ta originally assigned to each

236

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

State by the Board of Finance, auxiliary boards were organized by the bureau in States, counties and districts. These were composed of volunteers, whose patriotic interest in the Exhibi¬ tion induced them to give their services gratuitously to the cause. One of their duties was to select responsible and ener¬ getic men in their respective communities for the sale of stock and medals. The plan was eminently successful.

As a further means of obtaining a revenue, and at the same time of providing a permanent, appropriate, inexpensive and yet handsome memorial of the Centennial year, the Board of

Finance obtained the passage of an act of Congress, a p p rove d June 16th, 1874, author¬ izing the board to have coined at the United States Mint at Phila¬ delphia a series of Memorial Medals in bronze and gilt, and silver. These medals were furnished by the mint at cost, and were sold by the Bureau of Revenue and its agents at a fair profit. Persons ■whose means did not permit them to purchase the ten dollar certificates of stock were thus enabled by the purchase of one or more of these medals to contribute towards the success of the

CENTEX XI A L MEDAL — REVERSE.

great enterprise, and at the same time to possess a beautiful and enduring memorial of the Centennial year and Exhibition.

These “Memorial Medals” were of four descriptions, to bring them within the taste and means of all, viz. : In large bronze, at 82 ; large gilt, at $5 ; small silver, at $3; and small gilt, at 81- In addition, the four medals could be had neatly arranged in one case, price $11. The fac-simile annexed is of the size of the first and second of these, the small silver and gilt being the size

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

237

of the American dollar, with the same obverse design, but bearintr on the centre of the reverse the inscription : “ In Com¬ memoration of the Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde¬ pendence, 1876,” surrounded by the words: “By authority of the Congress of the United States.”

The design of the “obverse” on all of the medals represents the Genius of American Independence rising from a recumbent position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to enforce her demands, and raising her left in appealing pride to the galaxy of thirteen stars, which, indicating the original col¬ onies and States, are blazing in the firma- ment. Beneath is the date, 1776. The “re¬ verse ” on the large medals displays the Genius of Liberty, with the now ornamental sword buckled to her girdle, the shield of the stars and stripes leaning at rest, while with either hand she extends a wel¬ come and a chaplet to

the Arts and Sciences centennial medal — obverse.

assembled with evi¬ dences of their skill and craft to do honor to the date 1876, which is inscribed upon the platform. The history of our great nation is depicted in these two designs; and as a work of art, a memento of the Centennial, or as a means of contributing to its celebration, these Memorial Medals should be objects of universal appreciation.

The State of Pennsylvania at an early day came forward to the assistance of the Exhibition with an appropriation of §1,000,000. This was followed by appropriations by the city of Philadelphia amounting to $1,500,000. Besides these ap¬ propriations, the city of Philadelphia may be regarded as a

238

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

239

contributor to the success of the Exhibition in the erection of the magnificent bridges over the Schuylkill at Cal low hill street and Girard avenue, at a cost of over §2, 500, 000; in the various improvements it made in Fairmount Park on account of the Exhibition; and in its splendid donation of the Exhibition grounds. Apart from all this, however, the direct appropria¬ tions of the State and city, together with the subscriptions of private individuals to the stock of the enterprise, swell the contribution of Pennsylvania to t h e Exhibition to more than four million dollars — fully one-half of the en¬ tire cost of the prepara¬ tion and administration of the Exhibition.

In spite of the clause of the act of Congress incorporating the Exhi¬ bition, which stipulated that the United States should not be respon¬ sible for any of the ex¬ penses of the enterprise, the Centennial Commis¬ sion, in the spring of

1874, made an appeal to monster pines, west park.

Congress for an appro¬

priation in behalf of the scheme. A bill was introduced in the House of Representatives appropriating the sum of three million dollars to the Exhibition. It was argued by the friends of the scheme that as the United States had by its invitations to foreign powers to participate in the Exhibition given to it an international character, and had become responsible for its

210

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

success, Congress was morally bound to aid the enterprise by a liberal appropriation, if for no other reason, for the simple purpose of sustaining the credit of the country in the eyes of the world. It was also argued that as the single State of Pennsyl¬ vania had voluntarily assumed fully half of the cost of the Exhibition, Congress might reasonably be expected to con¬ tribute the sum asked for on account of the nation at large. The bill was put upon its final passage on the G“th of May, 1874, and was defeated by a vote of 139 against it to 90 in its favor. The defeat of the bill was owing chiefly to the Western States, which cast their votes almost solidly against it. The vote of the various sections stood as follows: The Eastern States, for the bill, 43 votes; against it, 27 votes; the Southern States, for the bill, 36 votes; against it, 22 votes; the Western States, for the bill, 11 votes; against it, 90 votes. The Western vote against the bill thus equalled the combined vote in its favor.

The defeat of the appropriation bill by Congress, instead of disheartening the friends of the Exhibition, merely stimulated them to fresh exertions. They were resolved that the scheme should not fail in their hands. Thanks to t lie liberal action of the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, and the cordial manner in which the people of the country responded to the appeals of the Board of Finance and the Bureau of Revenue for aid, the work upon the great Exhibition buildings was promptly begun, and steadily carried forward. On the 1st of December, 1875, the Board of Finance was able to make the following encouraging showing of its work :

SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS.

Total stock subscriptions, reliable . $2,357,750

In which are included :

New Jerscv . oi on non
Delaware .
Connecticut . mono
Now Hampshire . Wilmington, Del .

$185,000

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

2 IJ

Gifts, concessions and interest . $230,000

Further receipts from concessions . 100,000

Appropriation by Pennsylvania . 1,000,000

Appropriation by Philadelphia . 1,500,000

Deficiency . 1,537,100

Total cost of preparation to May 10th, 1876 . $6,724,850

EXPENDITURES.

The expenditures have been as follows :

Main Building, or Industrial Hall . $1,113,793 22

Memorial Hall . 834,218 80

Machinery Hall . 577,637 25

Horticultural Hall. . . 231,466 60

Agricultural Hall . 26,641 14

Administration offices . 25,787 48

Boundary fence . 8,638 55

Water supply . 35}331 87

Lansdowne and Belmont bridges . 20,821 00

Judges’ Hall . 7,047 50

Grading and drainage . 163,801 29

Railroads . 11,166 16

Women’s Pavilion . 5,750 00

Engineers and architects . 53,780 56

Insurance and police . 1,258 55

Fire Department . 2,348 13

Ceremonials on Fourth of July, 1873 and 1875.. .. 6,003 56

Advertising and printing. . 31,043 17

Expenses of the Centennial Board of Finance. . . . 91,456 07

Expenses of the United States Centennial Com¬ mission . 199,027 70

Medals . 9,227 56

Available means on hand . 367,926 03

$3,824,172 19

Which were provided from the following sources:

Payment on subscriptions to stock . $1,852,649 30

Gifts . 58,015 91

Concessions for privileges . . 146,050 00

Interest on deposits . 24,374 71

State of Pennsylvania towards Memorial Hall. . . . 456,890 73

City of Philadelphia towards Memorial Hall . 302,812 24

City of Philadelphia towards Machinery Hall. . . . 490,795 37

City of Philadelphia towards Horticultural Hall. . 191,082 29

Percentage retained to secure the fulfilment of contracts. . . 301,431 64

16

$3,824,172 19

242

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

ESTIMATED FUTURE EXPENDITURES.

Estimate of the sum required for the completion of the grounds and buildings up to the 10th of May, 18/ b, when the International Exhibition will be opened. I he ^Memorial, Machinery and Horticultural Halls being provided for by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia, are uot included :

For the Main Industrial Hall .

Agricultural Hall .

Administration offices .

Judges’ Hall .

Lansdowne and Belmont bridges .

Women’s Pavilion .

Four additional buildings to meet enlarged de¬ mands .

Grading, draining, metaling roads and walks, preparations for gardens, fountains, and other ornaments, including gas and additional water

supply .

Boiler-house creation and distribution of power,

shafting, etc .

Expenses of the United States Centennial Commis¬ sion, and those of all its bureaus up to May 10th.

Expenses of the Board of Finance .

Retained percentages to be paid on completion of contracts, not including those to be paid by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia.

Contingencies .

Total requirements up to May 10th, 1S76. . . . $2,505,000

RESOURCES.

Available means on hand . $367,900

Subscriptions to stock yet to be paid . 500,000

Probable receipts from concessions . 100,000

- 967,900

Deficiency . $1,537,100

This statement is submitted with confidence that it is as close an approximate as can be made.

John Welsh,

President Centennial Board of Finance. Ph[t>adei.phia, December 1st, 1875.

$600,000

275,000

20,000

25,000

60,000

25,000

190,000

400,000

110,000

400,000

40,000

160,000

200,000

to

T-

w

VIEW FROM BELMONT, WEST VARK. •

244

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

In the meantime the sales of the stock and medals was car¬ ried on steadily, and it became at length apparent that the Exhibition would be financially a success. The work of prep¬ aration was paid for by the Board of Finance as it progressed, and no heavy and embarrassing debt was allowed to accumulate. It was the aim of the managers of the scheme from the first to open the doors of the Exhibition free from debt, and this pur¬ pose was steadily adhered to.

It was found that the Exhibition could not be opened on the 19th of ‘ April, 1876, the day originally appointed, and the opening day was changed to the 10th of May. A correspond¬ ing change of the date of closing the Exhibition was also made from October 19th to November 10th, 1876.

The success of the Exhibition bci*ig secured, the Congress of the United States appropriated the sum of $505,000 to enable the general government to erect a building of its own on the Exhibition grounds, and to exhibit in it the articles necessary for the proper illustration of “the functions and administrative faculties of the government in time of peace and its resources as a war power.”

Many of the States also made appropriations for the erection of State buildings on the Exhibition grounds, and for defraying the expenses of their State Boards of Centennial Managers. These appropriations amount in the aggregate to over $400.- 000. The principal were as follows :

Pennsylvania. Massachusetts. New York.. . .

Ohio .

Nevada .

Illinois .

Delaware .

Indiana .

Michigan .

West Virginia New Jersey. . .

Arkansas .

Kansas .

Maryland. . . .

Colorado .

Arizona .

Montana .

$50,000

50,000

25,000

13,000

20,000 (gold) 10,000 10,000 10,000 7,500 20,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 15,000 4,000 5,000 , 5,000

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

245

The foreign powers to whom the invitations of the Govern¬ ment to participate in the Exhibition were addressed, re¬ sponded cordially and favorably, as we have stated. Their appropriations for the purpose of defraying the expenses of their share of the display were largely in excess of the most sanguine expectations of the friends of the enterprise. The appropria¬ tion of Great Britain (including Australia and Canada) was $250,000 in gold ; that of France (including Algeria) $120,000 ; Germany, $171,000; Austria, $75,000; Italy, $76,000, of which $38,000 was from the government, and $38,000 from the Chamber of Commerce; Spain, $150,000; Japan, $600,000; Sweden, $125,000 ; Norway, $44,000 ; Ecuador, $10,000 ; and the Argentine Confederation, $60,000. Egypt, China, Brazil, Chili, Venezuela, Russia, and other nations, made appropria¬ tions for the expenses of their exhibitors, the exact amount of which is unknown. In all about forty governments con¬ tributed to the expenses of the Exhibition. Their total outlay was over two million dollars in American money. This sum, it should be remembered, is distinct from the eight millions and a half, estimated as the proper cost of the Exhi¬ bition. Each government taking part in the Exhibition was represented by a board of commissioners appointed by it, and consisting of a number of its most distinguished citizens. They were charged with the management and display of the exhibits of their respective countries.

The success of the Exhibition being now assured, the Centen¬ nial Commission resolved to make a final appeal to Congress for aid. Soon after the opening of the session of 1875-76, a bid was introduced appropriating one million five hundred thousand dollars in aid of the Exhibition. There was a general demand from the press and people of the country that the bill should pass. The Exhibition had been carried so nearly to success by private and State subscriptions, that it was felt that the honor of the nation required that the general government should make up the sum which was still needed to place the Exhibi¬ tion on an assured basis of success. After considerable discus¬ sion, the bill passed both Houses of Congress, and was approved by the President on the 16th of February, 1876.

246

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The bill required the sum of one million five hundred thou¬ sand dollars to be paid by the Treasurer of the UnitecJ States to the President and Treasurer of the Centennial Board of Finance

BUILDING OF THE NEW YORK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE

COMPANY.

as follows : one-third immediately after the approval of the act by the President, and the remainder in four equal monthly pay¬ ments. Before any portion of the appropriation could be paid

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

247

out of the Federal Treasury, the President and Treasurer of the Board of Finance were required to give security for the proper use of the money paid them in a bond of five hundred thousand dollars. The bond was given on the 3d of March, 187G, and the sureties affixed to it consisted of the names of one hundred prominent citizens of Philadelphia, whose aggregate wealth amounted to over $00,000,000. The act of Congress required that the general government should be reimbursed out of the first profits of the Exhibition, thus placing it in the position of a preferred creditor, an act worthy of the Forty-fourth Congress.

The million and a half dollars appropriated by Congress placed the Centennial authorities in possession of the full sum needed by them to carry out their grand idea of opening the Exhibition free from debt. This amount was sufficient, to¬ gether with the sum already obtained from other sources, to pay the cost of preparing the grounds, erecting the buildings, and making all the necessary preparations for the opening of the Exhibition. After the opening of the doors to the public, the (t running expenses” were to be defrayed from the daily receipts.

The third annual report of the Board of Finance, dated April 19th, 1876, gave the following gratifying statement:

“So many agencies are in action, drawing the various parts of our preparatory work to a close, that it is impossible to speak other than approximately of the outlay. We see no reason to vary the estimate heretofore made, which was eight million five hundred thousand dollars, from the beginning to the final wind- ,ng up. It must be borne in mind that the expenditure-incident to an Exhibition on so large a scale can, in advance, only be given conjectu rally.

“ 1 he whole outlay will be provided from the following sources:

State of Pennsylvania . $1,000,000

City of Philadelphia . 1,500,000

Concessions, gifts, and interest . 500,000

Stock subscriptions . 2,500,000

Appropriation by the United States . 1,500,000

$7,000,000

248

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“As this shows a deficiency of one million five hundred thousand dollars, that amount must be supplied from admis¬ sion fees.

“Assuming that our present assured means arc equal to the payment of everything up to the opening, and that for the ex¬ penses of the Exhibition until the final winding up of its affairs there will be required one million five hundred thousand dol¬ lars from the receipts for admission fees, then whatever sum beyond that shall be realized from admissions, together with the value of the materials after its close, will be applicable to the repayment of the capital stock and the United States appro¬ priation ; the interests of the State of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia being represented by their respective buildings, the Machinery, Memorial and Horticultural Halls.”

The item given as concessions in the above report comprises the sales by the Board of Finance of the privilege of selling various articles upon the grounds of the Exhibition. The total sum received for these privileges was $495,000, and was made up as follows :

Tbo Centennial Catalogue Company, exclusive right of printing and sell¬ ing the Official Catalogue . $100,000

Narrow Gauge Railway . 20,000

American, German, Fronch, Lafayette,

Southern and George’s Hill Restaur¬ ants, each §6,000 . 36,000

Exclusive Right to Sell Cigars and

Tobacco . IS, 000

Exclusive Right to Sell Soda Water . 20,000

Exclusive Right to Sell Pop-corn . 8,000

Rolling-Chair Company . 13,000

Department (if Public Comfort . 8,500

Centennial Photographic Company.. 3,000

Centennial Guide Book Company. .. . 5,000

Centennial Dairymen's Association.. 3,000

Virginia Tobacco Factory in Machin¬ ery Hall . 3,000

Vienna Bakery . §3,000

Gillinder A Sons’ Glass Works . 3,000

Whitman’s Confectionery Stands . 5,000

Centennial National Bank . 5,000

Globe Hotel . 10,300

California Wine Booth . 5,000

Centennial Safe Deposit Company. .. . 6,000

Exclusive Privilege to Sell Cut

Flowers . 3,000

American Fusee Company . 1,000

Cafes in Exhibition Buildings . 29,500

Confectioneries . 2,000

Royalty on beer, estimated . 80,000

Telegraph and Messenger Service, and all other Privileges . 101,800

§-195,000

The great work was at length completed, and the Centennial Exhibition was an accomplished fact. It had been throughout a series of triumphs for those engaged in it. The singleness of purpose, the systematic energy, and the rapidity with which its projectors carried it through to success, have no parallel even

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

249

in the history of our own enterprising country. It was fitting that the enterprise destined to commemorate the great achieve¬ ments of the American people in the arts of peace should be in itself one of the most remarkable of those achievements.

The work on the great buildings was pushed forward steadily from the time of its commencement. It was watched with the deepest interest by thousands who daily visited the grounds, and even to those who beheld its daily pro¬ gress it seemed almost incredible that so much should have been done in so short a time. Machinery Hall was the first completed, and this was followed by the Main Building, the Horticultural, Agri¬ cultural and Memo¬ rial Halls.

All things beincr

a O

in readiness the re¬ ception of articles for the Exhibition was begun on the 5th of January, ravine in western park, sweetbriar vale. 1876. This work

was greatly facilitated by the co-operation of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. A line of track was laid from the main line of that road into the Exhibition grounds, and was carried mto each of the principal buildings. By this means the cars loaded with the materials for the construction of the buildings Weie enabled to discharge their contents on the exact spot, and ^hen the structures were completed the articles intended for

250

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

exhibition were transported to the proper buildings on the cars and unloaded within a few yards of the location assigned to them. Goods arriving from abroad were transferred from the steamer in which they were originally shipped to the cars along¬ side the vessel, and transported direct to the Exhibition build¬ ings.

The work of installation was pressed forward with vigor, and it was hoped that it would be ended by the time appointed for the opening of the Exhibition. So great and so numerous were the delays on the part of the exhibitors that the Exhibition, like its predecessor at Vienna, was opened before this work was completed. The opening ceremonies were held on the 10th of May, 1876, and will be noticed at length in another chapter.

The Exhibition being competitive in character, great care was given by the Centennial Commission to the preparation of a system of awards. At a meeting of the executive committee held on the 13th of October, 1875, a report was made with reference to this matter and a system of awards finally decided upon. We quote the following extract from the report:

“Awards have generally been made by an international jury of six hundred members. The apportionment of jurors to countries was tried on various bases, but was usually made on the basis of relative space occupied by products of each country respectively in the Exhibition. The great jury was divided into numerous small juries, who examined the products and prepared lists of names of persons whom they proposed for awards, and the proposals thus made were confirmed or rejected by higher juries. This system brought together, unavoidably, many individuals unqualified for the work. The basis of rep¬ resentation was apparently fair, but its results were delusive. The countries nearest the Exhibition occupied the largest space. Numerous remote countries filled smaller spaces. The number of jurors allotted to the latter body left them in many instances without jurors on many classes, and thus in voting on awards they had no voice, and the awards were in effect decreed by the few contiguous countries. Written reports were not usually made by juries, and if made, were not printed, consequently no

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

251

person outside the jury knew on what ground awards were made. Medals, when distributed, were silent verdicts, and awards thus made conveyed little useful information. Awards were based upon anonymous reports or reports not published, and final decisions were recorded in vague and mystic language not satisfactory to producers or public.

“The method of awards adopted by the Centennial Commis¬ sion differs from this system. It dispenses with the interna¬ tional jury, and substitutes a body of two hundred judges, one- half foreign, chosen individually for high qualifications. It dispenses also with the system of awards by graduated medals, and requires of the judges written reports on the inherent and comparative merits of each product thought worthy of award, setting forth its properties and qualities, and presenting the con¬ siderations forming the ground of the award. Each report has the signature of its author. The professional judgment and moral responsibility of the judges being thus involved, the integrity of the reports is assured. The success of this method absolutely depends upon the judicious selection of judges, and to this point I desire to call particular attention.”

The following is the

SYSTEM OF AWARDS:

“1. Awards shall be based upon written reports attested by the signatures of their authors.

“2. Two hundred judges shall be appointed to make such

reports, one-half of whom shall be foreigners and one-half

citizens of the United States. They will be selected for their

*

known qualifications and character, and will be experts in departments to which they will be respectively assigned. The foreign members of this body will be appointed by the commis¬ sion of each country and in conformity with the distribution and allotment to each, which will be hereafter announced. The judges from the United States will be appointed by the Centen¬ nial Commission.

“3. The sum of one thousand dollars will be paid to each commissioned judge for personal expenses.

252

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“4. Reports and awards shall be based upon merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considerations relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, work¬ manship, fitness for the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants, economy, and cost.

“5. Each report will be delivered to the Centennial Commis¬ sion as soon as completed, for final award and publication.

“6. Awards will be finally decreed by the United States Centennial Commission, in compliance with the act of Congress, and will consist of a diploma with a uniform bronze medal and a special report of the judges on the subject of the award.

“7. Each exhibitor will have the right to reproduce and publish the report awarded to him, but the United States Cen¬ tennial Commission reserves the right to publish and dispose of all reports in the manner it thinks best for public information and also to embody and distribute the reports as records of the Exhibition. “A. T. Goshorn, Director- General.

“John L. Campbell, Secretary”

The following was the Exhibition Calendar determined upon by the Executive Committee:

Reception of Articles commences January 5th.

Reception of Articles ends April 19th.

Unoccupied space forfeited April 2Cth.

Main Exhibition opens May 10th.

Grand Ceremonies on Exhibition Grounds, July 4th.

Trials of Harvesting Machines, June and July.

trials of Steam-Plows and Tillage Implements, September and October.

Exhibit of Horses, Mules, and Asses, September 1st to September 15th.

Exhibit of Horned Cattle, September 20th to October 5th.

Exhibit of Sheep, Swine, Goats and Dogs, October 10th to October 25th.

Exhibit of Poultry, October 28th to November 10th.

Main Exhibition closes November 10th.

Exhibits must be removed by December 31st.

CHAPTER VII.

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION.

A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners

from Foreign Countries.

OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

President — Joseph R. Hawley, Colonnade Hotel, city.

Vice-Presidents: — Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City, N. J.; John D. Creigh, San Francisco, Cal.; Robert Lowry, Davenport, Iowa; Thomas H. Coldwell, Shelby ville, Tennessee; John McNeil, St. Louis, Mo.; William Gurney, Charleston, S. C.

Director-General — Alfred T. Goshorn, Continental Hotel, city.

Secretary — John L. Campbell, 318 South Broad street, city.

Assistant Secretaries — Myer Asch, Dorsey Gardener.

Counsellor and Solicitor — John L. Shoemaker, Esq., Gil Vinest., city.

Office of the Commission— No. 903 Walnut street.

BUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION.

Chiefs of Bureaus.

Foreign — Direction of the foreign representation, A. T. Goshorn, Myer Asch.

Installation — Classification of application for space, allotment for space in Main Building, supervision of special structures, Henry Pettit.

Transportation — Foreign transportation for goods and visitors, transpor¬ tation for goods and visitors in the United States, local transportation, ware¬ housing and customs regulations, Dolphus Torrey.

Machinery — Superintendence of the Machinery Department and building, including allotment of space to exhibitors, John S. Albert.

Agriculture — Superintendence of the Agricultural Department, building, and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Burnet Landreth.

Horticulture — Superintendence of Horticultural Department, conserva¬ tory, and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Charles H. Miller.

Fine Arts — Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and building, including allotment of space to exhibitors, John Sartain.

253

254

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Daniel J. Morrell (Johnstown), Pennsylvania, Chairman ; Alfred T. Gos- horn (Continental Hotel), Ohio; N. M. Beckwith (New York city), New York; Alexander R. Boteler (Shepherdstown), West Virginia; Richard C. McCormick (Washington, D. C.), Arizona; John Lynch (New Orleans), Louisiana; Charles P. Kimball (Brewster & Co.), New York city; Samuel F. Phillips (Washington, D. C.), North Carolina; George B. Coring (Salem). Massachusetts; Frederick L. Matthews (Carlinville), Illinois; William Phipps Blake (Philadelphia), Connecticut; James E. Dexter (Washington), Dist. of Columbia; J. T. Bernard (Tallahassee), Florida.

Myer Asch (Philadelphia), Secretary.

CENTENNIAL COMMISSION— CENTENNIAL BOARD OF

FINANCE.

President — John Welsh, Philadelphia.

Vice-Presidents— William Sellers, Philadelphia; John S. Barbour, Vir¬ ginia.

Directors — Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia; Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia ; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia ; N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wctherill, Phila¬ delphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Amos R. Little, Philadelphia; John Baird, Philadelphia; Thomas II. Dudley, New Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; John Gorham, Rhode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler, Pennsylvania; Robert M. Patton, Alabama; J. B. Drake, Illinois; George Bain, Missouri.

Secretary and Treasurer — Frederick Fraley, Philadelphia. Financial Agent — lion. William Bigler.

Chief Bureau of Revenue — General C. B. Norton.

Auditor — H. S. Lansing.

Engineers and Architects — Henry Pettit, Joseph M. Wilson, II. J. Schwarzmann.

OFFICERS OF THE WOMEN’S CENTENNIAL EXECUTIVE

COMMITTEE.

Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President; Mrs. John Sanders, Vice-President; Mrs. Frank M. Etting, Secretary ; Mrs. S. A. Irwin, Treasurer.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD.

War Department, Ordnance Bureau — Col. S. C. Lyford, Chairman.

Treasury Department — Hon. R. W. Taylor, First Controller of the Treasury.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

255

Navy Department — Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins.

Interior Department — Hon. John Eaton, Commissioner of Education.

Post-Office Department — Dr. Charles F. McDonald, Chief Money- Order Department.

Agricultural Department — William Saunders, Superintendent of Propagating Department.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Prof. S. F. Baird, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and United States Fishery Commission ; William A. DeCaindry, Secretary.

BUILDING COMMITTEE.

Thomas Cochran, Chairman ; John Baird, Clement M. Biddle, William Sellers, Samuel M. Felton, James M. Robb.

TELEGRAPHIC DIRECTOR, W. J. Phillips.

DIRECTOR FIRE DEPARTMENT, Atwood Smith.

CHIEF BUREAU OF AWARDS, Dr. C. J. StillA

COMMITTEE ON CONCESSIONS.

John Price Wetherill, Chairman ; N. Parker Shortridge, Henry Winsor.

CHIEF BUREAU OF ADMISSIONS, David G. Yates.

FOREIGN COMMISSIONS ACCREDITED TO THE INTERNA¬ TIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876.

Argentine Republic— Carlos Carranza, President, New York ; Edward Shippen, Vice-President, Philadelphia ; Edw. T. Davison, Treasurer, Consul General, New York ; Diego de Castro, Secretary, New York ; Deputy Member, E. Mara Davison.

Central Committee — Ernesto Oldendorf, President, Buenos Ayres; Eduardo Olivera, Buenos Ayres; Onesimo Leguizamon, Buenos Ayres; Diego de la Fuente, Buenos Ayres; Lino Palcois, Buenos Ayres; Ricardo Newton, Buenos Ayres; Leonardo Pereyra, Buenos Ayres; Jose M. Jurafdo, Buenos Ayres; Emilio Duportal, Buenos Ayres; Julio Victorica, Secretary, Buenos Ayres.

Austria — Rudolf Isbary, Vice-President of the Chamber of Commerce, President, Vienna ; Franz Ritter von Liebig, member of the Chamber of Com¬ merce, First Vice-President, Reichenberg; Michael Matscheko, Manufac¬ turer, Second Vice-President. Members: Eugene Felix, President of the Society of Arts; Edward Kanitz, member of the Chamber of Commerce; Karl von Oberleitner, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Olmutz; Otto von Bauer, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Brunn ; Ernst von Ponizen, Engineer; Dr. Emil Hornig, Counsellor; Dr. F. Migerka, Imperial and Royal Counsellor; Theo. A. Havemeyer, Austro-Hungarian Consul-General, New York.

256

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Africa— Orange Free State — Charles W. Eiley, Consul-General, Philadelphia.

Belgium— Baron Gustave de Woelmont, Senator, President, Brussels; Alexander Robert, Historical Painter, member of the Belgium Academy of Fine Arts, Letters and Sciences, Vice-President, Brussels ; Ch. de Smet-de Smet, Manufacturer, President of the Industrial and Commercial Society, Vice-Presi¬ dent, Ghent; I. Clerfeyt, Chief of Bureau, Ministry of the Interior, Secretary of the Upper-Consul of Industry and Commerce, late Secretary of the Belgian Commission and Juries of the International Exhibition of Paris, London, and Vienna, Secretary, Brussels; Alfred Ancion, Manufacturer of Arms, Liege; A. J. Belpaier, Inspector-General of Railways and Telegraphs; L. de Curte, Architect, member of the Royal Commission of Monuments, and Council for the Improvement of the Arts of Design, Brussels; Felix Duhavon, Lace Manu¬ facturer, Judge of the Tribunal of Commerce, and member of the Chamber of Commerce, Brussels; E. Duisberg, Director of the Paper Manufactories of Messrs. Godin & Co., at Huy, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Liege; Jos. Fayn, Mining Engineer, Consul of the Netherlands, Liege; P. F. Ghys- Bruneel, Lace Manufacturer, Grammont ; Jules Havenith, Ship-Owner, Counsel of Austria, Hungary, Antwerp; J. Kindt, Inspector-General of Industry, Minis¬ try of the Interior; Eugene Meeus, Manufacturer, member of the Chamber of Representatives, Antwerp; Alph. Morel, Director of the Glass Works, Lodelin- «art, Charleroi ; Henri Morel, Flax Manufacturer, Gand ; Remy Paquot, Director of the Company of Bleyberg-es-Montzen, Venders; Edm. Parmentier, Manufacturer, Brussels; Ferdinand Pauwels, Historical Painter, Antwerp; Aug. Konnberg, Director-General of Agriculture and Manufactures, Ministry of the Interior; E. Sadoine, Director-General of Works, Seraing-lez-Liege; Jules Sauveur, Director-General of Public Instruction, Ministry of the Interior; E. E. A. Schaar, Chief Engineer, Director of the Arsenal and Railways of the State, Malines; Alfred Simonis, Cloth Manufacturer, member of the Chamber of Representatives, Verviers.

J Resident Commissioners in Philadelphia — Count d’Oultremont, Director-Gen¬ eral ; Mr. J. Van Bree, Chief of Fine Art Department; Mr. J. Gody, Ministry of Public Works; Mr. J. Beco, Engineer, Brussels.

Brazil — Ilis Highness Gaston d’ Orleans, Conde d’ Eu, Marshal of the Army, President; Viscount de Jaguary, First Vice-President; Viscount de Bonn-Retiro, Second Vice-President; his Excellency A. P. de Carvalho Borges, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Majesty the Em¬ peror of Brazil, Washington, D. C. ; Viscount de Souza Franco Joaquin An¬ tonio de Azevedo.

Ciiili — Mr. Rafael Lorrain, Mr. Maximiano Errazuriz, Mr. Ignacio Dom- eyko, Mr. Armando Philippi, Mr. Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga, Mr. Euge¬ nio Figuerad, Mr. Lamo Barros, Edward Shippen, Esq., Philadelphia, Joseph P. Root, Esq., Francisco Gonzalez, Esq., J. Patterson Burd, Esq., Secretary and T reasurer, Philadelphia.

China — Edward B. Drew, Commissioner of Customs, Chefoo ; Gustave Dfet- ring, Commissioners of Customs, Ningpo; Charles Hannen, J. L. Hammond, Commissioner of Customs, Swatou.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

257

Denmark— Jacob Holmblad, Manufacturer, President; Olaf Hansen, U. S. Vice-Consul, Vice-President ; Job Hansen, Austrian Consul-General, Treasurer; C. C. Bur meister, Manufacturer ; V. Christesen, Manufacturer; V. Fieldskon; Sculptor; Charles Hansen, Manufacturer; William Hammer, Artist; Thomas Schmidt, New York ; Th. Green, Secretary.

Ecuador— Edward Shippen, Esq., Consul, President, Philadelphia ; Gabriel Obarrio, New York ; J. J. Ribon, New York ; J. M. Munoz, New York; J. R. de la Espriella, New York.

Egypt— His Highness Prince Mohammed Tawfic Pacha, President, Cairo; His Excellency Cherif Pacha, Minister of Commerce, Vice-President, Cairo ; H. Brugsch Bey, Commissioner-General, Cairo. Commissioners — General Stone, Cairo; M. Mahmoud Bey, Astronomer, Cairo; M. Mariette Bey, Director of the Museums of Antiquities, Cairo ; M. Gastinel Bey, Professor in the Medical School, Cairo; M. Rogers, Director in the Ministry of Public Instruction, Cairo; M. Acton, Chief of Division, Ministry of Commerce, Cairo; M. Baudry, Architect, Cairo; M. Delchevalerie, Attach#, Cairo.

Resident Members in Philadelphia — II. Brugsch Bey, Cairo, Commissioner- General; Brugsch, Cairo, Chief of Transportation and Installation; Belnncrt, Attach#, Cairo, Secretary; Edward Elias, Cairo, Secretary and Interpreter; M. Danninos, Attach#, Cairo.

France— M. M. Ozenne, Counsellor of State, Secretary-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Commissioner-General of International Exhibitions; Du Sommerard, Director of the Museums of Thermes and Cluny, Commissioner-General of International Exhibitions.

Committee — Organized under the Presidency of the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce — M. Duclerc, Vice-President of the National Assembly, member of the Committee on International Exhibitions; Marquis de Talhouet, Deputy; Baron de Sou bey ran, Deputy; Mr. Wolowski, Deputy; Marquis de Lafayette, Deputy ; M. Bonnet, Deputy ; M. Flotard, Deputy ; M. Laboulaye, Deputy ; M. Dietz-Monin, Deputy; M. Count de Bouiile, Deputy ; Viscount d’Haussonville, Deputy; M. De Chabrol, Deputy ; M. Jullien, Deputy; the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the Director-General of Customs, the Director of the Academy of Fine Arts, the Director of Consulates and Commercial Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; M. Outrey, Minister Plenipotentiary ; M. Du Sommerard, Director of the Museum of Thermes and Cluny, the Assistant Director of Foreign Commerce, the President of the Paris Chamber of Commerce; M. Guillaume, member of the Institute; Marquis de Rochambeau, Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, M. Sieber, M. Maine (Alfred), M. Laveissiere (Jules), Dealer in Metals; M. Roulleaux Dugage, Secretary; M. de Fallois, late Chief of Bureau, Ministry of Public Works, Assistant Secretary. Resident Commissioners — Mr. de Laforrest, Consul-General of Frali ce, Commissioner-General, New York ; Mr. Ravin d’Elpeux, Vice-Consul, Philadelphia; Capt. Anfrve, Military Attach#, French Legation, Washington.

German Empire — Dr. Jacobi, Royal Prussian Actual Privy-superior Gov¬ ernment Counsellor and Ministerial Director, President; Dr. Stuve, Royal Prus¬ sian Privy-Government Counsellor and Counsellor in the Ministry of Commerce ; Gr. Wedding, Royal Prussian Counsellor of Mines ; Mr. Reither. Royal Bava-

258

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

rian Counsellor of Legation; Mr. Yon Nostitz-Wallwitz, Royal Saxon Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; Baron Von Spitzemberg, Royal Wurtemburg Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; Dr. Neid- hardt, Grand Ducal Hessian Ministerial Counsellor; Mr. Kauflinann, Royal Prussian Counsellor of Commerce ; Dr. Kruger, Hanseatic Minister Resident; Mr. Von Holloben, Royal Prussian Superior Tribunal Counsellor; Mr. Nieber- ding, Counsellor in the Office of the Chancellor of the Empire; Baron Von Zedlitz, Royal Prussian Provincial Counsellor. Resident Commissioners— John D. Lankenau, Esq., Philadelphia; Charles H. Meyer, Esq., Consul, Philadelphia; Gustavus Remak, Esq., Philadelphia; Dr. Fred. Volck, Baltimore.

Great Britain and Colonies — His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K. G., Lord-President of the Council. Joint Executive Commissioners — Col. Herbert Sandford, R. A., Professor Thomas C. Archer, F.R. S. E., A. J. R. Trended, Esq., Secretary, Philadelphia. Superintendents — T. A. Wright, Industrial Depart¬ ment ; John Anderson, LL. D., Machinery Department ; B. T. Brandreth Gibbs, Agricultural and Horticultural Departments; J. M. Jopling, Fine Art Depart¬ ment; J. H. Cundall, Engineer, Philadelphia. Clerical Assistants — Hugh Willoughby Sweny, Ernest Charrington, Philadelphia ; Ernest E. Cooper, Phila¬ delphia; John M. Brett, Philadelphia.

Canada — Senator-Luc Letellier de St. Just, Minister of Agriculture, Presi¬ dent, Ottawa. Honorary Commissioners — Hon. Adam Crooks, Provincial Treasurer, Ontario; Hon. P. A. Garneau, Minister of Agriculture, Quebec; Hon. P. Carteret Hill, Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. J. J. Fraser, Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. L. C. Owen, Attorney-General, Prince Edwards Island ; Hon. W. J. Armstrong, Minister of Agriculture, British Columbia ; Hon. Mr. Nolin, Minister of Agriculture, Manitoba. Executive Com¬ missioners — Hon. E. G. Penny, Senator, Montreal, Quebec ; Hon. R. D. Wilmot, Senator, Sanbury, New Brunswick; D. Macdougall, Esq., Berlin, Ontario; J. Perrault, Esq., Secretary, Ottawa.

New South Wales— His Honor Sir James Martin Knight, Chief Justice, President; Hon. John Hay, President of the Legislative Council, Vice-President; Hon. George Wigram Allen, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Vice-Presi¬ dent; Hon. Sir Edward Deas Thomson, C. B., K. C. M. G., M. L. C., Vice- President. Commissioners — The Rev. Charles Badham, D. D., Samuel Bennett, Esq., James Byrnes, Esq., R. W. Cameron, Esq., The Hon. G. H. Cox, M. L. C., J. R. Fairfax, Esq., Andrew Garran, Esq., LL. D., Hon. S. D. Gordon, M. L. C., Henry Halloran, Esq., Edw. S. Hill, Esq., Hon. Thomas Hoet, M. L. C., P. A. Jennings, Esq., G. W. Lord, Esq., M. P., Hon. Sir William Macarthur, Knight, M. L. C., William Macleay, Esq., F. L. S., T. S. Mort, Esq., Benjamin Palmer, Esq., Mayor of Sidney ; Commander Thomas Stackhouse, R. N., Alexander Stuart, Esq., M. P., George Thornton, Esq., J. P., William Wallis, Esq., James Watson, Esq., M. P., Hon. J. B. Watt, M. L. C., Fitz William Wentworth, Esq., J. H. Williams, Esq., John Williams, Esq., W. C. Windeyer, Esq., Robert Wisdom, Esq., M. P., John Woods, Esq., William Wolfen, Esq., Charles Robinson, Esq., Secretary.

Victoria — Sir Redmond Barry, Acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, President ; Hon. J. J. Casey, M. P., Hon. J. F. Sullivan, M. P.,Hon. C. J. Jenner,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

259

M. l>. C-, James Munro, Esq., J. McIIwraith, Esq., L. J. Sherrard, Esq., Count de Castelnau, Hon. S. H. Bindon, James Bosisto, Esq., M. P., James Gatehouse, Esq., Mayor of Melbourne; J. 1. Bleasdale, D. D., Hon. Sir John O’Shanassyl K. C. M. G., Hon. Sir James McCulloch, M. P., Hon. John Alexander Mac- pherson, M.P., Hon. John Thomas Smith, M. P., Leslie James Sherrard, Esq., John Danks, Esq., George Collins Levey, Esq., Secretary.

South Australia {Adelaide)— His Excellency, A. Musgrave, Esq., C. M. G Chairman ; Hon. W. Everard, Commissioner of Crown Lands ; Hon. II. E. Bright' M. L. C., J. P., Commissioner of Public Works ; Hon. John Crozier, M. L. C. J. p ’ Hon. Wentwood Cavanagh, Esq., M. P., J. P., Hon. Josiah Boothly, Esq., J. p', Hon. E. W. Andrews, Esq., J. P., Hon. S. Davenport, Esq., J. P., Hon. Joseph Crompton, Esq., J. P., Hon. George McEwan, Esq., J. P., Dr. Schomburg, D. P., J. P., Caleb Peacock, Esq., J. P., R. D. Ross, Esq., M. P., J. P., E. S/Smith’ Esq., M. P, J. P., Walter Hackel, Esq., I. A. Holden, Esq., J. P.’ S. V. Pozev’ Esq., C. J. Coates, Esq., J . G. \\ aterhouse, Esq., C. I. Coates, Honorary Secretary.

Cape of Good Hope Mr. C. Crawford Coates, Executive Commissioner and Agent, Philadelphia.

Greece— Dr. Botassis, Special Representative, Consul-General, New York.

Guatemala and Salvador— His Excellency Don Vincente Dardon Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C.

Honduras— Governor Don Francisco Bardales, General Don E.de Salignac, Don Jose Maria Fiallos, Don J uan Ramon Valenzuela. Resident Commissioners - Don ’Wncente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. • T. Ansoatigin, Consul, New York.

Ir.\L\ II. E. Baron Blanc, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. ; Count B. Litta, F irst Secretary of Legation, Washington, D. C. • M. Amrelo Gianelli, Agent, Philadelphia.

Japanese Empire His Excellency Okubo Toshimichi, Minister of the Interior and Privy Counsellor, President; His Excellency Lieutenant-General feaigo Yorimichi, Imperial Army, Vice-President; Mr. Kawase Hideharu Vice-President Bureau of Agriculture and Industry, Commissioner-General • Mr. Tanaka Yoshio, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Sekizawa Akekio, Bureau «f Industry; Mr. Yamataka Nobuakira, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Sliioda Masashi, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Ishihara Toyoyasu, Bureau of Industry; Hr Isluda Tametake, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Yamao Tsunetaro, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Kubo Hiromichi, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Notomi Skejiro ureau of Industry ; Mr.Shibata Hircshi, Bureau of Industiy; Mr. Makiyama Lohe, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Ishii Yoshitaka, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. r j n Nobon> Ministry of the Interior; Mr. Kawara Noritaclu, Bureau of industry; Mr. Sasashe Motoakira, Bureau of Industry; .Air. Takeda, Bureau o gricnlture and Industry; Air. Sugiyama Katsunari, Bureau of Agriculture ♦ nc ustry , Air. Hitaka Giro, Lieutenant Imperial Army ; Air. Omori Ichiu ureau °f Agricuhure and Industry; Mr. Asami Tadatsune, Bureau of Agri’

use am Industry; Alr.Fukui Alokoto, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry:

Fntz Cu»Hifle Owen, Attache, Philadelphia.

^luLdelphil'1, S Payne> Esq'’ Monrovia; Edward S. Alorris, Esq., Consul,

2G0

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Mexico — Mr. Romero Rubio, President, city of Mexico; Ramon v AJcaraz^ city of Mexico; Gabriel Mancera, city of Mexico; Ratael Martinez de la Torre, city of Mexico ; Julio Zarate, city of Mexico ; Antonio del Castillo, city of Mexico; Sebastian Camacho, city of Mexico; Eduardo E. Zarate, Secretary, city of Mexico. Special Commissioner, Mr. E. Avila. Washington, D. C.

Netherlands — Dr. E. H. von Baumhauer, Honorary Professor, Secretary of the Dutch Society of Sciences, Director of the Society for the Advancement of Industry in the Netherlands, President, Haarlem ; F. de Casembroot, Rear Admiral Aid-de-camp in Extraordinary Service to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, and Member of the States General, Second Chamber, The Hague; A. H. Eigeman, Industrial President of the Society of Dutch Indus¬ trials, Leiden; P. Harsten, Chairman of the Amsterdam Board of Commerce, Amsterdam; J. E. Van Ileemskerck Van Beest, Dutch Royal Navy, llie Hague; Dr. W. T. A. Jonckbloet, President of the Committee of Superin¬ tendence of the Academy of Imitative Arts, Amsterdam; D. Van der Kel- len, Jr., Member of the Administration Society Adi ct Amicitice, Amsterdam; L. C. Van Kerkwvk, Pensioned Lieutenant-Colonel Corps of Engineering, Member of the Council of Administration of the Royal Institution of En¬ gineers, The Hague; M. M. de Monchy, President of the Board of Commerce, Rotterdam; Dr. J. Th. Mouton, Vice-President of the Society to Promote Manufactures and Trade- Industry in the Netherlands, The Hague; C. T. Van der Oudermeulen, President of the Dutch Society of Agriculture, The Hague; Baron W. G. Brantsen van de Zyp, LL. D., Lord in Waiting to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, Arnheim ; Dr. M. W. C. Gori, Doctor of Medi¬ cine, late Medical Officer of the Netherlands Army, Ophthalmic Surgeon, Amsterdam ; R. C. Burlage, Consul-General of the Netherlands, New York ; L. Westergaard, Consul of the Netherlands, Philadelphia; C. Muysken, Civil Engineer, Secretary, Haarlem.

Norway — Herman Baars, Bergen; William C. Christopherson, Buenos Ayres; Gerhard Gade, United States Consul, Christiania.

Peru — Jose Carlos Tracy, President, New York ; Frederick L. Barreda,. Edward Villena, Charles Nasy.

Russia — Privy Councillor Butoffisky, President; Privy Councillor Kobeko, Director; Councillor of State Yermakof, Vice- Director of the Department of Commerce and Manufactures; Councillor of State Vijshnegradsky, Director of the Technological Institute; Councillor of State, Beilsky, Special Official Department of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General; Coun¬ cillor of State Podobiedof, Director of Section Department of Commerce and Manufactures ; Councillor of State 1 1 in. Professor in the Technological Insti¬ tute; Councillor of State Behr, Special Official, Ministry of Finance; Coun¬ cillor of the College Timiriazef, Director of Section Department of Commerce and Manufactures.

Sandwich Islands — Hon. S. G. Wilder, Minister of the Interior, Honolulu; Hon. J. U. Kawainui ; Elisha H. Allen, Jr., New York.

Siam — J. H. Chandler, Commissioner, Bangkok. (

Spain — Colonel Lopez Fabra, Royal Commissioner-General ; Don Joaquin Oliver, Secretary ; Don Alvarado de la Gandara. Director of the Industrial

SCENE NEAR TYRONE, ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

261

262

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Department; Count del Donadio, Director of the Department of Fine Arts; Don Jose Jordana y Morera, Director of the Agricultural Department. Chiefs of Bureaus— Don Enrique Brotons, Don Alfredo Escobar, Don Enrique BorrelL Chiefs of Installation — Don Bernardo Eorzano, Don Francisco Foranzo, Don Francisco Parody, Interpreter; Dun Juan Morphy, Consul-General of Spain, Member of the Commission : Don Julian A. Principe, \ ice-Consul, Attache ; Dun Miguel Gonzales, Attache; Don Jose Fonrodona, Attache.

Sweden — P. A. Bergstrom, late Minister of Interior, President Board of Domains, President, Stockholm; C. O. Troilius, Director-General of Govern¬ ment Railways, Vice-President, Stockholm; F. L. von Dardel, Director- General Board of Public Buildings, Stockholm ; Ch. Dickson, M.D., Goteborg; Baron A. H. E. Fock, Chief of Board of Controls, Stockholm ; Professor F. W. Scholander, Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm ; C. F. Lundstrom, Manufac¬ turer, Stockholm; A’. H. Elfving, Consul-General, Stockholm; S. Stenberg, Professor Carolinian Medico-Chirurgical Institution, Stockholm ; A. II. Acker¬ man, Professor of School of Mines, Stockholm; J. Bolinder, Manufacturer, Stockholm; J. Lenning, Manufacturer, Norrkoping ; C. L. Lundstrom, Manu¬ facturer, Goteborg; Ch. G. Breitholtz, Colonel of Artillery, Stockholm; IC. Peyron, Captain in the Kavy, Chamberlain, Stockholm; E. Widmark, Chief of the Board of Public Education, Stockholm ; II. Widegren, Superintendent of Fisheries, Stockholm; P. E. Sidenbladh, Secretary of the Central Board of Statistics, Stockholm ; V. Norman, Captain of Engineers, Secretary, Stock¬ holm ; E. Brnsewitz, Engineer, Mining and Metallurgy.

Ilesident Commissioners in Philadelphia— C. Juhlin Dannfelt, Commissioner- General, Stockholm ; L. Westergaard, Consul, Assistant Commissioner, Phila¬ delphia; Dr. J. Ph. Lindahl, Secretary, Lund; M. Issens, Architect, Stock¬ holm; W. Hoffstedt, Engineer, Stockholm; A. E. Jacobi, Engineer, Stock¬ holm.

Special Commissioners— C. J. Meijerberg, Superintendent of Primary Schools, Educational Department, Stockholm; G. W. Bergman, Captain of Artillery, Army Department, Stockholm; Baron 0. Hermelin, Fine Art Department,. Stockholm.

Switzerland — Colonel IT. Rioter, Commissary-General, A\ interthur ; Dr. Emile Schumacher, Assistant Commissioner; N. I. A ndersson, Professor Royal Academy of Science, Educational Department; Arnold Steinmann, Secretary of Commerce, Zurich ; Dr. Adolph Hirseh, Director of the Observatory, Neuf- cliatel ; Colonel Siegfried Chief of the Federal Topographical Bureau, Berne; Dr. Frederic de Tochudi, 3t. Gall; Mr. Edward Guyer, Secretary -General, Zurich ; Mr. John Icel.v, Engineer, Basle; Mr. Rud. Koradi, Consul, Resident Commissioner, Philadelphia.

Tunis — His Excellency Sidi Heussein, General of Division, Minister of Instruction and Public Works, President.

Turkey — His Excellency G. d’Aristarchi, Minister Plenipotentiary, Wash¬ ington, D. C.

Venezuela — Mr. Leon de la Cova, Consul, 2181 Walnut street, Philadel¬ phia , Dr. Adolphus Ernst, Professor University at Caracas.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE WORK OP THE RAILROADS AND THE HOTELS.

Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia — Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States — Settlement of the Question of Fares — Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia — How the Ex¬ hibition Grounds were reached from the City — The Pennsylvania Railroad — Magnificent Equipment of the Road — The Model Railroad of the Union — Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad — The Schuylkill Steamboats — The Street Railway Arrangements — Cabs and Carriages — Reg¬ ulations concerning them — The Philadelphia Hotels — The Centennial Lodg¬ ing-House Agency — Boarding Houses — Suburban Hotels.

f<pS the successful transportation and accommodation of the It millions of visitors who were present at the Exhibition V )S justly regarded as one of the greatest triumphs con- nected with the great undertaking, and as one of the most signal evidences of American executive ability, we propose to devote a few pages to a review of this subject.

The arrangements for transporting visitors from the various parts of the country to Philadelphia were admirable. The bulk of the passenger traffic was controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the most perfect organization of its kind in this country. By its main line visitors were brought from all parts of the West, and were set down at the Exhibition doors. By its New Jersey Division visitors from New York and the

Eastern States were brought to the same spot. This company granted the use of the new depot it had erected opposite the Exhibition grounds to the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Balti¬ more Railroad, by which visitors from the South and Southwest leached the Exhibition. The Philadelphia & Reading Rail¬ road Company erected a new passenger station within the limits ol the Park, at the foot of the hill on which Memorial Hall

263

the centennial exhibition.

265

stands. Passengers from central Pennsylvania and the West could reach the Exhibition gates by this road, without loss of

time.

The officials of all the railroads terminating in Philadelphia were busy for months preparing for the increased amount of travel which the Exhibition would draw to that city. Their tracks were overhauled and put in order j new cats wcie built, and every arrangement made by which the comfort and safety of large bodies of travellers could be secured. By the arrange-

TRACIv TANK, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

merits put in force 145,000 visitors could be transported daily from the various points of the Union to Philadelphia.

A few months before the opening of the Exhibition a meeting of the General Ticket Agents of the great trunk lines between Philadelphia and the West was held at Louisville, Kentucky, to consider the question of fares. Nearly every principal road in the Union was represented, one hundred agents being in attendance. They agreed upon a system of excursion tickets

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

266

from various points to Philadelphia at rates about twenty-five per cent, below the usual fares. Later in the season the fares were still further reduced in consequence of a “ railroad war ” between the leading lines of the country.

The Pennsylvania road, the New Line from New York to Philadelphia, the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore, the

BI.OCK SIGNAL STATION, PENNSYLVANIA KAILROAD.

Philadelphia & Reading, and the North Pennsylvania Railroads also made liberal arrangements for numerous excursion trains from points on their roads to the Exhibition grounds, and made generous reductions in the flires.

I he extraordinary arrangements made bv the Pennsylvania Railroad for transporting passengers from all parts of the Union to Philadelphia will warrant a brief reference to this great

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 267

“American institution,” at this point. It was begun in 1846 and completed in 1854. “It was,” says Mr. Sipes, in his interesting account of the road, “ constructed in a superior manner, and with the improvements since made, is undoubtedly the most perfect road in America. Notwithstanding it had to overcome the great Allegheny mountains, a barrier which for a quarter of a century had been considered insurmountable by a railroad without inclined planes, yet it Avas carried across by engineering skill with a facility really astonishing. The road commences a gradual ascent at Harrisburg, where it is 310 feet above tide, and rises regularly. At LeAvistown it is 480 feet above tide; at Huntingdon it has ascended to 610 feet; at Tyrone it has climbed to an altitude of 886 feet; and at Altoona, where it reaches the base of the mountain proper, it is at an elevation of 1168 feet. Up to this point the heaviest gradient per mile has not exceeded twenty-one feet. From a short distance Avest of Altoona this gradient is increased to ninety-five feet per mile on straight lines, and eighty-tAvo feet per mile on curves. Thus ascending, it reaches its culminating point at the Avest end of the great tunnel, Avhere its altitude above tide is 2161 feet. Its maximum gradient is tAvenly-one feet per mile less than the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is equalled by several railroads in the NeAV England States. The highest gradient AA’est of the tunnel is fifty-two and eight-tenths feet per mile, and the average gradient on that end is twenty-six and four-tenths feet per mile. At Johnstown the elevation aboA’e tide is 1184 feet; at Greensburg it is 1091 feet; and at Pitts¬ burgh it is 748 feet, being 438 feet higher at its Avestern ter¬ minus than at Harrisburg, Avhere it commences to overcome the barrier presented by the mountains.”

I he Pennsylvania Railroad extends from Philadelphia to 1 ittsburgh, Avith a number of branches, giving it a total mileage of wiles. By the purchase of the NeAV Jersey, Camden & Amboy, and Philadelphia & Erie Railroads, an additional mileage of 763 miles Avas gained, making the total number of miles owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1651, and giving it outlets at New York and upon Lake Erie. A

i

THE HORSE-SHOE CURVE, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD,

THE CENTEX N I A L EXHIBITION.

269

number of branches or feeders had been acquired west of Pitts¬ burgh, by lease and purchase, extending the line of the road to Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Louisville. In order to simplify and render more efficient the management of these wes¬ tern connections, a charter was procured from the Legislature of Pennsylvania incorporating the “Pennsylvania Company,” to which all the interests of the Pennsylvania Railroad west of Pittsburgh were transferred on the 1st of March, 1871. The Pennsylvania Railroad retained a controlling interest in the new company. The total number of miles of road owned and controlled by the “Pennsylvania Company” is 1715. The Pennsylvania Railroad has also a controlling interest in the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, better known as “ Ihe Panhandle Route,” which with its connections embraces a total of 1150 miles, and in the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, with a mileage of 238 miles. Thus the total number of miles of railroad owned, operated or controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is 6615. It will be seen from this showing that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is the largest and most powerful corporation in the world.

The main line of the Pennsylvania road is in all respects the most splendid piece of railroad engineering in America. The road-bed is perfect and the track is laid with a solidity and care that render a high rate of speed compatible with safety. The discipline is of the most rigid and thorough character, and a faithful performance of duty is exacted from every employe. The rolling stock is mainly constructed at the company’s shops at Altoona. The passenger trains are supplied with the “ West- inghouse Air-brake,” and are lighted with gas. The cars are handsome and are luxuriously upholstered. The sleeping and parlor cars are of the Pullman class, and “Pullman Hotel Cars,” in which meals are furnished passengers while the train is in motion, have recently been placed on the line. The “A barton Patent Switch” is used on the entire line, and tarnishes a perfect guard against accidents from misplaced switches.

270

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

During the six months of the Exhibition the passenger traffic over the Pennsylvania Railroad was enormous. From the Jersey City depot, 22,917 trains were started westward, made up of 127,080 cars and carrying about 7,500,000 passengers for Philadelphia and the West. These figures include the travel

BRYN MAWB HOTEL, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

in one direction only. The travel in both directions is esti¬ mated at between 12,000,000 and 13,000,000 passengers. This immense throng was safely and comfortably transported without an accident, or the injury of a single passenger. The largest number of passengers arriving at the Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania road was on the 19th of October, when 33,919 passengers were landed there. On the 26th of October 32,993 passengers arrived at this depot, and on the 28th of September the arrivals numbered 31,563.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

271

The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad had, as we have stated, a depot in the Exhibition grounds. It had a large and popu¬ lous section of the State of Pennsylvania to draw from, and also secured through its city lines a large daily local travel. The following is a statement of the passenger traffic by this road from May 10th to November 1st, the figures representing the travel to and from the Exhibition grounds : May, 831,370 ; June, 981,997; July, 1,142,308; August, 1,113,135; Septem¬ ber, 1,596,550; October, 1,600,000; November, 800,000. Total, 8,065,360. Of this number 2,773,669 were classed as city travel, proportioned as follows: May, 169,296; June, 307,503; July, 306,081 ; August, 388,970; September, 801,819; Octo¬ ber, 800,000. Total, 2,773,669. This table includes about 200,000 passengers which, under a strict construction of the words, might not be classed as city travel, but this amount is made up by the traffic of the last ten days of the Exhibition, not included in the above. Of this large number it is esti¬ mated that 1,400,000 were on the Ninth and Green line, 720,000 on Broad street, and 560,000 on the Richmond branch. Deducting the ordinary amount of travel during the same time in other years, 4,500,000, it leaves nearly a million [increase in the travel from outside points to Philadelphia. For the accommodation of Centennial travel 110 passenger cars were built, 21 were borrowed, 78 freight, 12 baggage, and 12 gon¬ dola cars were impressed into the service. Altogether, 324 passenger cars were used in the travel.

The largest number of passengers carried on any single day by the Reading road was 185,000, on September 28th, Penn¬ sylvania Day. Not an accident occurred on this road during the progress of the Exhibition.

In this connection we may appropriately quote the business transacted by the Narrow Gauge Road in the Exhibition grounds. The number of daily trains was eight, each train making fourteen trips per day, and the number of persons carried was as follows :

MAIN ENTRANCE TO TIIE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

Cl I - Cl

TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 273

May 15 to 31 . 125,363

June . 505,704

July . 460,558

August . 589,334

September . 1,054.465

October . 1,048,718

Total to November 1 . 3.784,142

The largest number was carried on September 28th, Penn¬ sylvania Day, viz., 68,273.

The street car lines leading from the city to the Exhibition were taxed to their utmost capacity, but were found fully equal to the strain put upon them. The Exhibition buildings were located oil the west bank of the Schuylkill, about two and a- half miles from the centre of the city. The Schuylkill is crossed by ten bridges, all of which were used as approaches to the Centennial grounds. Four of these were used exclusively by steam railroads, a fifth by a steam railroad and horse vehi¬ cles, and the remaining five by horse vehicles and pedestrians.

The Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads ran frequent trains from their city depots to their stations in the Exhibition grounds. The fare on each road was ten cents. The travel by these lines was enormous. A line of steamers ran at intervals of fifteen minutes from Old Fairmount to the landing at the Exhibition grounds. The fare was ten cents. Hacks, cabs, omnibuses, and other vehicles were provided in abundance, with a capacity for transporting 60,000 passengers daily. The fare by these vehicles averaged fifty cents per passenger.

The street railway system of Philadelphia is admitted to be the best in the world. All the prominent lines extended their tracks to the entrances to the Exhibition grounds on Elm avenue, thus bringing all parts of the city into direct commu¬ nication with the Exhibition. A well-devised system of tracks "'as laid on Elm and Belmont avenues by which the hundreds of cars were enabled to arrive and depart without crowding or confusion. The various street car lines transported on the opening day of the Exhibition over 200,000 people without a single accident.

18

274

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The fare from any part of the city to the Exhibition grounds, by these lines, was seven cents, or four tickets for twenty-five cents, these tickets being good on all the city roads. The fare for children under ten years of age was four cents.

It is estimated that the total business of the street car lines running to the Exhibition amounted during the six months of the Exhibition to at least fifteen million passengers.

The hotel accommodations proved equal to the demand upon them. The hotels of Philadelphia rank among the best in the world. At each one preparations were made for accommodating large numbers of extra visitors during the Centennial season. Quarters were thus provided for 150,000 people per day. No advance was made in the prices of board or lodging, which were kept at the usual rates. The following is a list of the principal houses, including those built especially for the Exhibition season, their locations, accommodations and the rates charged:

HOTEL.	Location.	Number of	Number that cau be accoinmo-	Terms
Continental .		rooms. . 500....	dated. . 1500 .	. . $4.50
Girard House .			. 1500 .	. . 3.50
Colonnade .		. 314....	. 500 .	. . 3.50—5.00
Transcontinental .	...Elm and Belmont a vs .	. 500...	. 1200 .
Globe .		.1000 _		. . 6.00
La Pierre .	.. .Broad, near Cl eatnut st .	. 130 _	. 325 .	. . 3.50—5.00
St. Cloud .		. 165. . . .	. 350 .	. . 3.00
United States .	. . .42d and Columbia av .	. 325....		.. 4.00
Hotel Aubrey .		- 400. .. .
Atlas .		.1500 _		.. 1.00—3.00
Grand Exposition .	...Girard and Lancaster fees ...	.1325 _
Masonic Hall .	. . .Chestnut, ah. 7th st . ... .			. . 3.00
St. Stephen’s .	. . .Chestnut, al). 10th s' .	. 118....	. 350 .	. . 3.50—5.00
Bingham .	...11th and Market sts .	. 150....	. 400 .	. . 3.50
Merchants’ .	.. .Fourth, bel. Arch st .		. 850 .	.. 3 00
Washington .	. . .Chestnut, ah. 7th st. .
American .	. . .Chestnut, ah. 5th st .			.. 3.00
St. Elmo .			. 500 .	. . 2.50—3.00
Merchants’ House.	. . .413 N. 3d st .
Mansion House . . .	. . .021 Arch st .			. . 3.00—3.50
Irving House .			. 200 .	. . 3.00—5.00
Guy’s .	...7th and Chestnut sts .	. 60 ...
IV est End .	.. .Chestnut, ah. Ifith st .		. 180 .
St. Georgo’s .	. . .Broad and Walnut sts .

In addition to these there were forty-five smaller hotels in operation during the Exhibition, with accommodations for about 8000 visitors, with prices ranging from $1.50 to $3.00 per day.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

In addition to the hotels were the boarding-houses, of which the city was full, and iu which thousands were comfortably ac¬ commodated at reasonable rates during the Exhibition period. The majority of these houses were connected with the Centen¬ nial Lodging-House Agency (Limited), of Philadelphia. This company had a main office in Walnut street, and a number of branches in the city. Arrangements were made with numerous boarding-houses of the city to furnish board and lodging at fixed and moderate rates, and to accept in payment for the same from guests the tickets of the agency. These tickets were placed on sale at the leading railroad ticket offices of the United States and Canada. By purchasing a sufficient number of these tickets before leaving home, visitors provided themselves with certain accommodations in advance of reaching the city. An agent of the Lodging-House Company met each train upon its arrival at Philadelphia, and gave the necessary information to holders of tickets as to the location of their lodgings, the best means of reaching them, etc., and attended to the delivery of their baggage. I hough some fault was found with this agency, it is believed, on the whole, to have worked satisfactorily.

Besides the hotels and boarding-houses of Philadelphia, the vicinity of the city contained numerous hotels and suburban resorts, the majority of which were situated on the railways which led direct to the Exhibition grounds. These were several hundred in number, with excellent accommodations for over 20,000 guests. They were liberally patronized during the sum¬ mer, visitors to them having all the delights of a summer home in the country, and being able to reach the Exhibition by numerous trains in from half-an-hour to an hour. These places included such elegant and well-known resorts as Bryn Mawr, Ridley Paik, Media, West Chester, Haddonfield, Beverly, Burlington, Morristown, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, and others.

Six large hotels were built expressly for the Exhibition sea¬ son. These were the Globe, the Transcontinental, the United ®tatcs’ tllG Grand Exposition, the Hotel Aubrey, and the Atlas.

ie Hotel Aubrey was situated in A Vest Philadelphia near the ( Pennsylvania Railroad ; the Grand Exposition was on Girard avenue, within a few squares of the Exhibition, and

276

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the others were immediately opposite the Exhibition grounds. With the exception of the Atlas, which consisted of a series of rough frame buildings, all were substantial structures. The six hotels contained 5050 rooms, and could accommodate 15,800 visitors.

BRYN MAWR STATION, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

During the Exhibition season, the Globe Hotel entertained between 250,000 and 300,000 guests ; the Transcontinental entertained about 175,000 guests in the same period ; the United States, 125,000 guests; the Grand Exposition, 175,000 guests; the Atlas, 250,000 ; and the Hotel Aubrey from 80,000 to 100,000.

CHAPTER IX.

THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION.

Arrangements for the Opening — Programme Issued by the Centennial Com¬ mission — Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May — The Opening Day — The Rush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points — The Gates Thrown Open — The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene — Arrival of the President of the United States — Wagner’s Centennial March — Bishop Simpson’s Prayer — Whittier’s Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude- Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commission — The Centennial Cantata — Address of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhi¬ bition Open — The Flag Unfurled — The President’s Tour Through the Buildings — The Starting of the Great Engine — Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds — Illumination of the City.

HE 10th of May, 1876, was the day appointed for the opening of the International Exhibition. On the 8th the Centennial Commission issued the following order :

UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, International Exhibition, 1S76, Philadelphia.

Philadelphia, May 8 th, 1876. The United States Centennial Commission announces the following orders and programme for the opening of the Inter¬ national Exhibition on the 10th instant.

The Commission, with the concurring counsel of the Board of Finance, instructed its officers to give formal invitations only to persons in official positions, to those officially connected with the Exhibition and to members of the press, by reason of the impossibility of discriminating among the numerous and gen¬ erous supporters of the enterprise.

All the gates, except those at the east end of the Main Build¬ ing, will be open to the public at 9 a. M. ut the established rate of admission.

277

278

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Main Building, Memorial Hall and Machinery Hall will be reserved for guests and exhibitors until the conclusion of the ceremonies, about 1 r. M., when all restrictions will be withdrawn.

The President of the United States will be escorted to the Exhibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, with a division or more of troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Invited guests will enter the Main Building from the carriage concourse at the east end, or by the south-middle entrance on Elm avenue. The doors will be open to them at 9 a. m. They will pass to the platform in front of Memorial Hall through the north-middle doors of the Main Building, and should occupy their places before 10.15 a. m. All the space in the vicinity of the platform, save what may be needed for passage, will be open to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies invited are provided, and it is expected that they will join the procession if they choose.

The orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and the chorus of one thousand voices will be under the direction of Theodore Thomas, assisted by Dudley Buck.

PROGRAMME.

1. 10.15 A. m. — National Airs by the Orchestra.

2. 10.30 — Arrival of the President of the United States.

3. Centennial Inauguration March, by Richard Wagner.

4. Prayer, by the Right Reverend Bishop Simpson.

5. Hymn, by John Greenleaf Whittier.

Music, by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts.

Organ and Orchestral accompaniment.

6. Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission by the President of the

Centennial Board of Finance.

7. Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia.

Music, by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut.

Basso Solo, by Myron W. Whitney, of Boston.

Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by the President of the Centennial Commission.

9. Address by the President of the United States.

10. Unfurling of the Flag, Hallelujah Chorus, Salutes of Artillery and Ring¬

ing of the Chimes.

11. Procession through the Main Building and Machinery Hall.

12. Reception by the President of the United States in the Judges’ Pavilion.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

279

No flags or ensigns, except such as are permanently fixed in the buildings, will be displayed on the morning of the 10th until the signal be given. The organs and other musical instruments and the bells will await the same notice.

When the President of the United States declares the Exhi¬ bition open, the flag on the staff near him will be unfurled as a signal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing of the chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George’s Hill, and the singing of the Hallelujah Chorus of Handel by the chorus, with organ and orchestral accompaniment.

Immediately upon the announcement, the Foreign Commis¬ sioners will pass into the Main Building and take places upon the general avenue opposite their respective sections.

The President of the United States, conducted by the Director- General of the Exhibition, and followed fry the guests of the day, will pass through the Main Building. A.s the President passes the Foreign Commissioners they will join the procession, and the whole body will move to Machinery Hall.

On his way the President will be saluted by his military escort, formed in two lines between the buildings.

In Machinery Hall, when the procession shall, as far as pos¬ sible, have entered the building, the President, assisted by George H. Corliss, will set in motion the great engine and the machinery connected therewith. No further formal order of procession will be required.

The President, and such of the guests as may choose to fol¬ low, will be escorted by way of the nortli main aisle of Ma¬ chinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower and to the Judges’ Pavilion.

The passage in return to the Main Building will be kept for half an hour.

The President of the United States will hold a brief reception in the Judges’ Pavilion.

Should the weather render it impossible to conduct the exer¬ cises in the open air, they will be held in the Main Building, and the best regulations the circumstances may permit will be communicated to the guests upon their arrival. T. B. P. Dixey

DEPOT OF TIIE PEX’NSYLYAJTIA RAILROAD AT ALTOOXA.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

281

is announced as Master of Ceremonies. He will wear a white sash. He will be assisted by twenty-five aids, who will wear blue sashes.

By order of the Centennial Commission.

Joseph It. Hawley, President

John L. Campbell, Secretary.

Philadelphia was in a whirl of excitement for several days previous to the 10th. The hotels began to fill up as early as the 7th, and by the night of the 9th were full to overflowing. On the 9th of May a steady rain fell during the day, but in spite of this Chestnut street was alive with people eager to be¬ hold the arrivals of distinguished visitors and the various visit¬ ing military organizations that came in during the day. Great anxiety was manifested lest the storm should continue through the next day and interfere with the opening ceremonies. To¬ wards nightfall the rain increased, and it seemed almost useless to hope for fair weather the next day.

The dawn of Wednesday, May 10th, found the rain still fall¬ ing and the shy covered with heavy clouds in which no rift was visible. In spite of this, however, the city was lavishly and beautifully decorated with flags and streamers. Chestnut, Market and Walnut streets, and all the principal thoroughfares, were literally alive with flags. The stars and stripes were naturally the most prominent, but every nation of the globe was represented in the display. As the morning advanced the rain ceased, and about eight o’clock the sun shone out and soon scattered the clouds across the sky.

From an early hour in the morning the street cars, steam cars and other conveyances to the Exhibition grounds were crowded, and long before nine o’clock, the hour for opening the gates to the public, arrived, the entrances were surrounded by dense throngs eager for admission. All through the morning excur¬ sion trains from New York, Baltimore, and points along the railroads leading to Philadelphia, were arriving at the Centen¬ nial depots of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads and

282

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

discharging thousands visitors to swell the crowds in the Exhibition grounds.

“Hundreds of those who waited at the gates, which were so soon to admit them to an assembled world, had not before been near the grounds since the enclosure had consisted only of a half-erected fence and the skeletons of a few of the larger build¬ ings ; and their looks of glad surprise and expressions of aston¬ ishment can easily be imagined by those who have had the good fortune to gaze upon the mighty cosmos in all its completed per¬ fection. The picture presented even from the outside of the grounds was interesting from its peculiarity, entertaining from its novelty, and bewildering from its dazzling variety. The inconceivable expanse of the Main Building, enriched through¬ out all its acres of length and breadth with the most brilliant decorations, was yesterday rendered doubly magnificent by the addition of myriads of flags of all colors, shapes, sizes and na¬ tions, and from every inch of available space floated red-white- and-blue streamers. The nat tOnai and international insignias over the entrances were almost covered with the grouped banners of every nation, and even the golden motto, ‘ Virtue, Liberty, and Independence/ seemed to have grown brighter since the dawn of the 10th of May. Machinery Ilall was less elaborately decorated than its neighbor, and the larger banners, like those on all the other buildings, were kept furled until the formal opening of the Exhibition. There were, however, myriads of miniature flags and streamers dancing in the breeze, and the great structure in which had been collected the triumphs of the inventive ingenuity of all races presented a gala appear¬ ance well befitting the occasion. The chaste, imposing beauty of Memorial Hall was enhanced by the gracefully-intertwined colors which decked the southern fa§ade, while far into the grounds could be seen countless thousands of furled standards and waving streamers. The arriving trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad came in quick succession, bringing thousands of pas¬ sengers from the Kensington and Washington avenue stations to swell the crowd already assembled, and the handsome depot south of Machinery Hall soon became a scene of fascinating

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

2S3

animation as the increasing visitors hastened out of the numer¬ ous cars and poured in living streams of humanity to the still- closed entrances. The arrival of trains at the same structure from points along the main line and its connections, bringing guests from New York, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and interme¬ diate stations, added new interest to the inspiriting scene, and the plateau between the building and the Centennial offices became almost immediately packed with men, women and chil¬ dren, all waiting anxiously for the hour of nine. The Philadel¬ phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad trains also landed at the Pennsylvania depot, bringing car after car loaded with pas¬ sengers. At the new depot erected by the Reading Railroad Company, at the foot of the bluff on which stands Memorial Hall, long trains of cars every few moments dashed in loaded with passengers from Broad and Callowhill streets, Ninth street and Columbia avenue, and Ninth and Green streets stations, in addition to the thousands of visitors from Germantown, Norris¬ town, Reading, Pottsville, and more distant points. The wide platform of over fifteen hundred feet in length was continually covered with visitors, none of whom lost a moment in pressing onward to the various entrances. On these trains arrived al¬ most all of the one thousand choristers who had so long been preparing for their important part in the opening ceremonies, and so complete had been all the arrangements that all the singers were conducted to the seats they were to occupy without material delay. As the hour of nine approached, the throngs of visitors increased still more rapidly , and from the eastern end of the Main Building to the western boundary of the passenger railroad concourse the Elm avenue tracks were for the next half hour filled with incoming and outgoing street cars, and the roadway was crowded with rapidly-driven vehicles hastening to or returning from the carriage concourse. In spite of this con¬ stant danger to pedestrians, thousands of persons of both sexes, all ages and classes abandoned the closely-packed sidewalks and made their way along the street towards the main entrance. Every moment this method of locomotion became more difficult and more dangerous, until the once quiet avenue was converted

284

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

into an indescribable confusion of restive horses, yelling drivers, moving street cars, frantic old ladies, rumbling wagons, dis¬ tracted women, enthusiastic gamins and laughing children. The little folks were, of course, present in full force, and no amount of physical discomfort or personal danger seemed to

INTERIOR OF A PARLOR CAR — EXHIBITED IN THE CARRIAGE

BUILDING.

disconcert them. They were out for a grand holiday, and, on the principle of ‘ the more the merrier,’ they seemed to have found the height of juvenile felicity in the midst of this general melee. Belmont avenue presented much the same appearance, but as on this thoroughfare everybody was hastening in the same direction there was less confusion. The thousands assembled

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

285

and assembling represented every possible class of society, every profession, trade, or vocation in the world, and almost all the nations on the globe. Hundreds of men who had come from other countries, either as exhibitors or as workmen, were mingled with the throng, and as most of them had again donned their national costumes in honor of the occasion, the moving

' O

spectacle was indeed one of rare interest. Americans and Eng¬ lishmen, Germans and French, Norwegians and Turks, Irish¬ men and Japanese, red Indians and dark-skinned Moors, Chinamen and Mexicans, Egyptians and Arabs, were all to be found mingled with the heterogeneous collection of humanity, and here, there, and everywhere at once were heard innumerable fakirs loudly expatiating on the incomparable virtues of their articles of merchandise. A certain proportion of the visitors so closely packed together were, of course, obliged to submit to no little personal inconvenience and more or less physical discom¬ fort; but the pleasure of being among the thousands who were to witness the final blossoming of the nation’s Centennial plant, and the general excitement and ever-changing variety of the wondrous display, overcame for the time the selfishness of weak human nature, and as the few churlish entities who at first scowled at the closed gates, growled at the heat, and sullenly glared at the incoming crowds, had either moved off to more congenial quarters or been compelled to forget their acerbity by the magnetic sympathy of exultant multitudes, the scene soon became one of universal good nature, pleasant anticipation, and general rejoicing.”

At nine o’clock the entrances to the grounds were opened, and the people were admitted upon payment by each one of a fifty cent note or a silver half dollar. The multitude passed in rapidly, and soon the grounds were thronged. The crowds pressed up eagerly around the stands which had been erected for the accommodation of those who were to take part in the opening ceremonies.

The site selected for the opening ceremonies was the open space between the Main Building and Memorial Hall. A plat¬ form for the Centennial authorities, the President of the United

286

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

States and other distinguished guests was erected in front of the latter building, and another, rising like an amphitheatre from the level of the terrace in front of Memorial Hall to the second row of arches in the central pavilion of the Main Building, was provided for the accommodation of the orchestra and chorus of a thousand voices which were to render the musical portion of the exercises.

The reserved places were jealously guarded by a detachment of the Centennial guard, and only persons provided with com¬ plimentary tickets were admitted to them. Every place was filled before the hour for the commencement of the ceremonies struck, and every available foot of ground without the enclosure was occupied by the public generally.

On the grand stand in front of Memorial Hall were assembled the Congress of the United States, the Governors of a number of the States, officers of the army and navy of the United States, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil, the Ministers from foreign countries, and a large number of distinguished persons from our own and other lands. The display of uniforms was brilliant, and the rich toilettes of the ladies on the stand gave to the scene a pleasing and picturesque aspect. The Emperor and Empress of Brazil were given seats on the central platform on the right of the chair reserved for the President of the United States.

I he decorations of the grand and orchestra stands, which were located directly opposite each other, were of the simplest description, consisting only of the colors of the United States and the various European nations. Hundreds of flags fluttered from the pinnacles of the Exhibition buildings, but the larger flagstaff's were conspicuously bare.

As the distinguished guests were seated, there was a slight commotion on the orchestra stand, and immediately Theodore Thomas took his place at the conductor’s desk, and waved his baton as a signal for the music to begin. Under the leadership of this master the orchestra rendered in fine style the national airs of all the nations represented in the exhibition.

After having stated,” says the Philadelphia Press, in its admirable account of the opening ceremonies, “ that the immense

OF TITE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

287

multitude was composed of representatives of all civilized coun¬ tries on the globe, it is scarcely necessary to describe the effect of this succession of hymns which, in times past, had roused whole nations to activity, called to the defence of their country millions of brave men, sustained the drooping energies of soldiers on forced marches, stimulated them in battle, comforted the dying, infused new courage after defeat, and celebrated the most brilliant victories — national hymns which had been learned in childhood, loved in youth, and venerated in old age. Nor need it be added that as the first familiar strains of each air were touched by the orchestra more than one face became illuminated with looks of joyous recognition, and more than one mind reverted to times and scenes when the simple air sent the warm blood thrilling through his veins and made him worship the country he had already learned to love. The second selection, the Austrian national hymn has long been familiar to citizens of all European and American governments, as it is much used in church music. But huw widely different must have been the thoughts suggested by its sweet melody to different auditors ! To English and American citizens it recalled, not some great national occasion, but the holy sanctuary where on the concordant voices of devout worshippers paeans of praise were wafted heav¬ enward ; to the Austrians the same strains doubtless brought • « © vividly to mind their country’s trials, dangers, and triumphs,

and perhaps to not a few its harmonies were overpowered by the memory of terrible conflicts with their country’s foes, long hours of almost mortal suffering, rewarded at last by the consciousness of having been one of the few- who bravely fought and yet lived to celebrate a glorious victory. When the Brazilian national hymn was played both the emperor and empress gave to the orchestra a look of glad surprise in recognition of the compli¬ ment, and then, as the musicians glided into the stirring ‘Mar¬ seillaise, Americans and Frenchmen clasped hands, in spirit if not in reality, for this peerless national hymn is almost equally loved in both countries. Its martial measure and exciting strains are always infectious, but when played as the Thomas orchestra yesterday performed it the effect was irresistible.

288

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Among the throng were thousands who had either come direct from France or had been brought up in the land of the ‘ Mar¬ seillaise. and it was easy to see that, as the old familiar summons to the defence of Liberty was being grandly repeated, hundreds of the impulsive Frenchmen within sound of the orchestra would have danced for joy had there been room enough. But there was not, and the lovers of the noble hymn were compelled to content themselves with waving their hats, shouting ‘Vive la France/ and looking volumes. The Germans who had been anxiously waiting for the ‘Wacht am Rhine ’ were surprised though not disappointed when the familiar melody of ‘ Was ist

JOHN WANAMAKKR’s NKW OI.OTHINO HOUSK - MAKKKT ST.

des Deutschen Vaterland ’ reached their ears, and the beaming faces of hundreds who years and years ago had heard the same air sung as a lullaby by the long-silenced lips of a hallowed mother told how sacred the beautiful air had become. Grand old ‘ Hail Columbia,’ of course, met with the heartiest possible reception, and for the first time during the waiting hour the pressing, surging mass of humanity ceased their efforts to push their way still further forward, and stood silent and motionless, enjoying to the utmost the life of recollections and flood of emotions which this hymn had so suddenly called into new existence.’,

As the music ceased, a loud cheer rising from the entrance to

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

239

the grounds in the rear of Memorial Hall, proclaimed the arrival of the President of the United States and his Cabinet. The President was escorted from the city to the Exhibition by a division of 4000 troops, made up of the volunteers of the city and visiting detachments from other parts of the Union. The President was received with considerable enthusiasm as he reached the grand stand, and at once took the place reserved for him. He was followed by the members of the Cabinet and the distinguished persons who had come from the city with him.

As the President, after acknowledging the greeting of the multitude, took his seat, there burst from the orchestra at a sign from Theodore Thomas the first strains of the grand Centennial Inauguration March composed for the occasion by Richard Wagner. This magnificent composition was rendered with a fervency and thoroughness which only a leader and an orchestra who understand and love the great composer as perfectly as do Iheodore Thomas and his band, could impart to it. It was listened to with breathless attention by the vast throng of over 100,000 people, and at the conclusion was greeted with loud and enthusiastic cheers.

The music had scarcely ceased when Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, advanced to the front of the stand, and lifting up his hands, offered up the following impressive prayer :

Almighty and everlasting God, our heavenly Father.

Heaven is thy throne and the earth is thy footstool. Before

thy majesty and holiness the angels veil their faces, and the

spirits of the just made perfect bow in humble adoration. Thou

art the creator of all things,' the preserver of all that exist,

whether they be thrones or dominions, or principalities or

poveis. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike

attest the ubiquity of thy presence and the omnipotence of thy sway.

Thou alone art the sovereign ruler of nations. Thou rai^eth up one and casteth down another, and thou givest the higdoms of the world to whomsoever thou wilt. The past with all its records is the unfolding of thy counsels and the

230

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

realization of thy grand designs. We hail thee as our rightful ruler, the King eternal, immortal, and invisible, the only true God, blessed forever more.

“ We come on this glad day, O thou God of our fathers, into these courts with thanksgiving and into these gates with praise We bless thee for thy wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which thou gavest to our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of time to thy chosen people, whom thou didst lead by thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, to a land of vast extent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products and of untold treasures.

“ We thank thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved multiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom.

“ We praise thee for the closing century, for the founders of the republic, for fhe immortal Washington and his grand asso¬ ciates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firm¬ ness and heroism, which, under thy blessing, Jed them to trium¬ phant success. Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their pillar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues.

“We thank thee for social and national prosperity and pro¬ gress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for labor-saving machinery relieving the toiling masses, for schools, free as the morning light for the millions of the rising genera¬ tion, for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, for a Church unfettered bv the trammels of State.

“Bless, we pray thee, the President of the United States and his constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and Representatives in Congress, the Governors of nur several commonwealths, the officers of the army and navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

251

them, we pray thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they ever rule in righteousness. We ask thy blessing to rest upon the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those associated with them in the various departments, who have labored long and earnestly amidst anxieties and diffi¬ culties for the success of this enterprise.

“May thy special blessing, O thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture, or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art, in the development of industry and in the pro¬ gress of civilization. Preserve thou them, we beseech thee, in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, their native lands.

“Let thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration. May the lives and health of all interested be precious in thy sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great, republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble.. Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity. Hereafter, we pray thee, may all disputed questions be settled, by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever cease among the sons of men.

“May the new century be better than the past — more radiant with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations of a world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor be freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diver¬ sified interests and bind in imperishable bands all parts of society.

“ We pray thy benediction especially on the women of America, who for the first time in the history of our race take so conspicuous a place in a national celebration. May the light °f their intelligence, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar, until, in distant lands, their sisters may realize the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech thee.

CHESTER VALLEY, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, AS SEEN

FR<0M THE PENNSYLVANIA

RAILROAD.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

293

Almighty Father, that our beloved republic may be strength¬ ened in every element of true greatness, until her mission is accomplished by presenting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, with a free church, in a free State, under laws of their own enactment and under rulers of their own selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the King of kings and Lord of lords. And as thou didst give to one of its illustrious sons first to draw experimentally the electric spark from heaven, which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of ‘Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth and good will to men,’ so to latest time may the mission of America, under Divine inspiration, be one of affec¬ tion, brotherhood and love for all our race. And may the coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian civilization.

“And unto thee, our Father, through Him whose life is the light of men, will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever. Amen.”

At the conclusion of the prayer Whittier’s Centennial Ilymn, a fine, vigorous production, worthy of the genius of the poet, was sung by the chorus of one thousand voices, accompanied by the orchestra and the great organ erected at the north end of the central transept of the Main Building.

The music for this poem was written by Mr. John K. Paine, of Massachusetts, and as the united voices rendered it the composition was exceedingly beautiful, though not of striking individuality. The sweet melody was accompanied by simple harmonics, which rolled forth upon the air like the gently- moving billows of old ocean in her most peaceful mood; and, as the sacred strains were heard, countless thousands, who had previously regarded the occasion as a grand day of joy and mirth, seemed to fully realize that the crowning hours of a century of independence had also a serious meaning, which should not be overlooked. The voices of the chorus were par¬ ticularly full and strong in every bar, and some of the higher

294

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

chords could be distinctly heard for a great distance. The hymn was us follows:

Our fathers’ God ! from out whose hand The centuries fall like grains of sand,

We meet to-day, united, free,

And loyal to our land and thee,

To thank thee for the era done,

And trust thee for the opening one.

Here, where of old, by thy design,

The fathers spake that woid of thine.

Whose echo is the glad refrain Of rended bolt and falling chain,

To grace our festal time from all The zones of earth our guests we call.

Be with us while the New World greets The Old World thronging all its streets,

Unveiling all the triumphs won By art or toil beneath the sun ;

And unto common good ordain This rivalship of hand and brain.

Thou who hast here in concord furled The war-flags of a gathered world,

Beneath our western skies fulfil The Orient’s mission of good will ;

And, freighted with Love’s golden fleece,

Send back the Argonauts of peace.

For art and labor met in truce,

For beauty made the bride of use,

We thank thee, while withal we crave The austere virtues, strong to save;

The honor, proof to place or gold ;

The manhood, never bought or sold !

Oil! make thou us, through centuries long,

In peace secure, in justice strong;

Around our gift of freedom draw The safeguards of thy righteous law,

And, cast in some diviner mould.

Let the new cycle shame the old !

The hymn being ended, Mr. John Welsh, President of the Board of Finance, rose from his place by General Hawley, for

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

295

the purpose of formally presenting the Exhibition buildings and grounds to the United States Centennial Commission. His appearance was the signal for long continued plaudits of en¬ thusiasm. To many of the great audience this was the first opportunity that had been vouchsafed to them to behold the man whose genius, pre-eminent above that of many of his compeers, has made his name a household word throughout America, and through whose unfaltering and unselfish devotion the Exhibition has been made not only a reality, but an assured success, and this without even the suspicion of a dis¬ honest or improper act on the part of a single one of its officials. Cheer upon cheer rent the air in grateful recognition of the worth and services of one who lias done so much for Phila¬ delphia and Philadelphia interests. When order had been partially restored, Mr. Welsh proceeded as follows:

“Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United States Centennial Commission: In the presence of the government of the United States and of the several distin¬ guished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in behalf of the Centennial Board of Finance, I greet you.

“In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to announce to you that, under your supervision and in accordance with the plans fixed and established by you, we have erected the buildings belonging to us, and have made all the arrange¬ ments devolving on us necessary for the opening of the 1 Inter¬ national Exhibition.’ We hereby now formally appropriate them for their intended occupation, and we hold ourselves ready to make all further arrangements that may be needed for carrying into full and complete effect all the requirements of the acts of Congress relating to the Exhibition.

“For a like purpose we also appropriate the buildings belonging to the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Phila¬ delphia, erected by us at their bidding, to wit: Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall. These and other substantial offerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic co-

296

tup: illustrated history

operation. To the United States of America, through Congress, we are indebted for the aid which crowned our success.

“In addition to those to which I have just referred, there are other beautiful and convenient edifices which have been erected by the representatives of foreign nations, by State authority and by individuals, which are also devoted to the purposes of the Exhibition.

“ Ladies and Gentlemen: If in the past we have met with disappointments, difficulties and trials, they have been overcome by a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too great which is made to honor the memories of those who brought our nation into being. This commemoration of the events of 1776 excites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-dav of so many foreign representatives uniting with us in this reverential tribute is our reward.

“ We congratulate you on the occurrence of tin’s day. Many of the nations have gathered here in peaceful competition. Each may profit by the association. This Exhibition is but a school ; the more thoroughly its lessons are learned the greater will be the gain, and, when it shall have closed, if by that study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who rules on high will become universal, and the angels’ song once more be heard :

“Glory to God in the highest,

And on earth peace, good will towards men.”

Upon the conclusion of Mr. Welsh’s address General Joseph It. Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Commission, replied as follows in behalf of the Commission:

“Mr. President of the Centennial Board of Fi¬ nance: The Centennial Commission accepts the trust with grateful and fraternal acknowledgment of the great services of the Board of Finance.”

The chorus thei? sang, with orchestral accompaniment, the following Centennial Cantata , written by Sidney Lanier, of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

297

Georgia. The music, which is singularly beautiful, was com¬ posed by Mr. Dudley Buck, of Connecticut :

From tiiis hundred-terraced height,

Sight more large with nobler light Ranges down yon towering years:

Humbler smiles and lordlier tears Shine and fall, shine and fall,

While old voices rise and call Yonder where the to-and-fro,

Weltering of my Long-Ago,

Moves about the moveless base,

Far below my resting-place.

Mayflower, Mayflower, slowly hither flying,

Trembling, Westward o’er yon balking sea,

Hearts within, Farewell, dear England, sighing,

Winds without but dear in vain replying,

Gray-lipp’d waves about thee shouted, crying,

''No I It shall not be!”

Jamestown, out of thee—

Plymouth, thee — thee, Albany —

Winter cries: “Ye freeze; away!”

Fever cries: “ Ye burn : awav!”

• ¥

Hunger cries : “ Ye starve ; away ! ”

Vengeance cries: “ Your graves shall stayl”

Then old Shapes and Masks of Things,

Framed like Faiths or clothed like Kings —

Ghosts of Goods once fleshed and fair,

Grown foul Bads in alien air—

War, and his most noisy lords,

Tongued with lithe and poisoned swords —

Error, Terror, Rage and Crime,

All in a windy night of time Cried to me from land and sea:

“ No ! Thou shalt not be 1 ”

Hark 1

Huguenots whispering yen in the dark;

Puritans answering yea in the dark !

Yea, like an arrow shot true to his mark,

Darts through the tyrannous heart of Denial,

Patience and Labor and solemn-souled Trial,

Foiled, still beginning;

Soiled, but not sinning ;

298

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Toil through the stertorous death of the Night;

Toil when wild brother-wars new-dark the Light;

Toil and forgive and kiss o’er and replight.

Now praise to God’s oft-granted grace;

Now praise to man’s undaunted face.

Despite the land, despite the sea,

I was, I am, and I shall be —

How long, Good Angel, oh! how long?

Sing me from Heaven a man's own song !

Long as thine Art shall love true love;

Long as thy Science truth shall know ;

Long as thine Eagle harms no Dove;

Long as thy Law by law shall grow;

Long as thy God is God above,

Thy brother every man below,

So long, dear Land of all my love,

Thy name shall shine, thy fame shall glow!

O Music! from this height of time my Word unfold ;

In thv large signals all men’s hearts Man’s Heart behold;

Mid-heaven unroll thy chords as friendly flags unfurled,

And wave the world’s best lover’s welcome to the world.

The bass solo, commencing “Long as thine Art shall love true love,” was rendered in superb style by Myron J. Whitney, of Boston, and was enthusiastically encored. At the conclusion of the Cantata Mr. Buck was loudly called for, and upon ap¬ pearing at one of the windows of the Main Building was giver three hearty cheers in acknowledgment of his work.

Silence being restored, General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, rose, and turning to the Presi¬ dent of the United States, formally presented the Exhibition to him, in the following words:

“Mr. President — Five years ago the President of the United States declared it fitting that c the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which bene¬ fit mankind/ and ordered that an Exhibition of American and foreign arts, products, and manufactures should be held, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

299

city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. To put into effect the several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Cen¬ tennial Commission was constituted, composed of two Commis¬ sioners from each State and Territory, nominated by their respective Governors, and appointed by the President. The Congress also created our auxiliary and associate corporation, the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burdens have been nobly borne. A remarkable and prolonged disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has greatly magnified the task, but we hope for a favorable judg¬ ment of the degree of success attained. July 4th, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hun¬ dred and eighty buildings within the enclosure have been erected within twelve months. All the buildings embraced in the plans of the Commission itself are finished. The demands of applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous and continuous efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time.

“By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event this work is designed to commemorate, and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present limits of this great park were the homes of eminent patriots of that era, where Washington and his associates received gener¬ ous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the sur¬ passing beauty of the situation placed at our disposal. In harmony with all this fitness is the liberal support given the enterprise by the State, city, and the people individually.

“In the name of the United States, you extended a respect¬ ful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be represented and to participate in this Exhibition. You kuow the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from even the most distant regions. Their Commissioners are here, and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy they

have entered upon this friendly competition in the arts of peace.

3C0

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

“ It has been the fervent hope of the Commission that, dur¬ ing this festival year, the people from all States and sections, of all creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of our liberties, to study the evidence of our resources ; to measure the progress of an hundred years, and to examine to our profit the wonderful products of other lands ; but especially to join hands in perfect fraternity, and promise the God of our fathers that the new century shall surpass the old in the true glories of civilization. And furthermore, that from the association here of welcome visitors from all nations, there may result not alone great benefits to invention, manufactures, agriculture, trade and commerce, but also stronger international friendships and more lasting peace.

“Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of the government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to your view the International Exhibition of 187G.”

Immediately following General Hawley’s speech President Grant discharged the last formal yet simple and dignified act of the ceremonies by making proclamation of the eventful fact of the opening of the International Exhibition. ri he remarks of the President, like all the other speeches of the day, were in writing, and at intervals were applauded with great spirit. The following is the address:

“My Countrymen — It has been thought appropriate upon this Centennial occasion to bring together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the. indus¬ trial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture and of commerce. That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the excellencies and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of our fellow-members of this great family of nations, the enlight- ened agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing people of the world have been invited to send hither corresponding speci¬ mens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly com-

SCENE ON THE SCHUYLKILL, NEAR PHILADELPHIA.

301

302

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

petition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded. For so doing we render them our hearty thanks.

“ The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day be submitted to your inspection by the managers of this Exhi¬ bition. We are glad to know that a view of specimens of the skill of all nations will afford to you unalloyed pleasure, as well as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of so many of the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlight¬ ened communities.

“One hundred years ago our country was new and but par¬ tially settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time in felling forests, subduing prairies, building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, canals, machinery, etc., etc. Most of our schools, churches, libraries, and asylums have been established within an hundred years. Burdened by these great primal works of necessity, which con Id not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhi¬ bition will show in the direction of rivalling older and more advanced nations in law, medicine, and theology; in science, literature, philosophy, and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what we have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our people to acknowledge superior merit wherever found.

“And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of what is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the at¬ tainments made by our own people during the past one hun¬ dred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy Commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this Inter¬ national Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign vis¬ itors — to whom we extend a hearty welcome — both profitable and pleasant to them.

“ I declare the International Exhibition now open.”

As the President declared the Exhibition open, General Hai.ley gave the signal, and the flag of the United States was run up to the staff rising from the north transept of the Main

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

303'

Building. This was the signal for the unfurling of the national and foreign flags on all the buildings, and was greeted with deafening cheers from the assembled multitude. At the same moment the chorus, the orchestra and great organ in the Main Building burst forth into the grand strains of Handers “Halle¬ lujah Chorus,” rendering it with fine effect. As the music died away, the merry peals of the chimes of Machinery Hall were heard, and a salute of one hundred guns was thundered from George’s Hill.

The invited guests, to the number of 4000, were now mar¬ shalled in line by Mr. T. B. P. Dixev, Master of Ceremonies, and passing from Memorial Hall, through lines of troops, entered the Main Building. The following was the

ORDER OF PROCESSION.

The President of the United States, and Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General.

The Chief-Justice of the United States.

The President of the Senate.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission.

John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance.

Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission.

John L. Campbell, Secretary of the Commission.

Frederick Fraley, Secretary of the Board of Finance.

The Cabinet.

The Supreme Court of the United States.

The Diplomatic Corps.

The United States Centennial Commission.

Chiefs of Bureaus of Administration.

The Centennial Board of Finance.

Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, Engineers and Architects of Main Building and Machinery Hall.

H. J. Sch warzmann, Architect of Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall.

Janies II. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall and United States

Governmen' Building.

Richard J. Dobbins, Contractor Main Building and Memorial Hall.

Philip Quigley, Contractor Machinery Flail and Agricultural Hall.

Aaron Doane, Contractor Government Building.

The Board of the United States Executive Department.

The Women’s Centennial Executive Committee.

The Fairmount Park Commission.

The Governors of the States and Territories.

The Senate of the United States.

304

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The House of Representatives.

Tlie General of the Array and Staff.

The Admiral of the Navy and Staff.

The Lieutenant-General of the Armv and Staff.

The Vice-Admiral of the Navy and Staff.

The General Officers of the Army and Staffs.

The Rear-Admirals and Commodores of the Navy and Staffs.

Officers of the Army and Navy.

Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Governments.

Consuls-General and Consuls of Foreign Governments.

Judges of United States Courts and Officers of the United States Executive

Bureaus.

Officers of the United States Coast Survey.

Officers of the Naval Observatory.

Officers of the Smithsonian Institute.

The Board of Judges of Awards of the Exhibition.

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

The Legislature of Pennsylvania.

The Judiciary of Pennsylvania.

The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania.

The State Boards of Pennsylvania.

The Mayor of Philadelphia.

The Mayors of Cities.

The Select and Common Councils of Philadelphia.

The State Centennial Boards.

The Women’s Centennial Committees.

The Advisory and Co-operating Committees and Boards of the Commission.

International Regatta Committees, and Committee of the National Rifle

Association.

Officers of the City Departments of Philadelphia,

The Foreign Commissioners of the Exhibition successively took positions immediately after the Diplomatic Corps, as the latter passed the Foreign Sections in the Main Building.

The procession passed through the Main Building, and through the lines of troops which kept clear the passage to the Machinery Hall. Entering the latter edifice, escorted by the Philadelphia City Troop as a guard of honor, the President of the United States and the Emperor of Brazil ascended to the platform of the great Corliss Engine, where Mr. George H. Corliss, a Commissioner from Rhode Island and the inventor and constructor of the engine, received them, and instructed them how to turn the wheels of shining steel that were to wake the engine into life. When all the guests had assembled around

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

305

the platform, the President and the Emperor took their posi¬ tions at the starting wheels. A sharp wave of the hand from Mr. Corliss gave the signal, and at twenty minutes past one o’clock p. M., the wheels were turned, and the great engine began to move slowly and steadily. In an instant the countless wheels and bands connected with it started on their rounds, and Machinery Hall was alive with motion.

The crowd in the hall burst into loud and prolonged cheer¬ ing. A sort of informal reception was held on the platform bv President Grant, but it was soon cut short, as the Prcsiden- tial party, worn out by the fatigues of the day, departed for the city, omitting the reception at the Judges’ Pavilion, the last feature in the programme.

The doors of the various Exhibition buildings were at once thrown open to the public, and the halls were soon filled, and remained thronged throughout the day by sight-seers. On all sides were heard exclamations of wonder and delight. Few had imagined the Exhibition either so extensive or so grand an affair, and all were delighted.

T1 ic Exhibition was now an accomplished fact. The hopes of its friends were more than realized. The criticisms of its enemies were silenced.

At night the city was brilliantly illuminated in honor of the opening, and the principal streets were thronged with sight-seers to an extent which made them almost impassable until near midnight.

20

CHAPTER X.

WITHOUT THE GROUNDS.

Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town— The Transcontinental and Globe Hotels— The United States — The Grand Exposition — The Panorama- Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue — The Cheap Hotels — The Beer-Gardens — The Carriage Sheds — The Cheap Museums — The Oil Wells— The Street Car Concourse— A Busy Scene — Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad — Belmont Avenue — Appearance of the Street — The Largest Soda Fountain in the World — The Restaurants — The Tropical Garden — A Delightful Resort — George’s Hill — Belmont — The Steamboat Landing — Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad — The Great Fire.

HEX the Exhibition buildings were begun, the portion of the city which lies south of Elm avenue, and along Lancaster avenue, was an open field, with scarcely a ^ structure upon j’L It was changed to a busy town, having an interest quite apart from that of the great city on the outskirts of which it lay, and drawing its life solely from the Centennial Exhibition. It consisted of a multitude of structures of brick and wood that sprang up along the ap¬ proaches to the Exhibition, and which presented a scene almost as picturesque and as animated as that within the enclosure.

At the intersection of Belmont and Elm avenues, opposite the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, was the Traiis- continental Hotel , a handsome edifice of brick, built in the most substantial manner, and triangular in shape. It was five stories in height, including a mansard roof, with a front of 297 feet on Elm avenue, and one of 181 feet on Belmont avenue. The three sides enclosed a spacious courtyard, giving to each room an abundance of light and air. It contained 500 rooms, with accommodations for 1200 guests, which number could be in¬ creased to 1500 in case of necessity. The view of the Centen- 306

m

THE GLOBE HOTEL, OPPOSITE ENTRANCE TO THE MAIN BUILDING.

308

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

nial grounds from any portion of it above the second story was excelled only by that from the summit of the towers of its gigantic neighbor, the Main Exhibition Building, or from the Belmont observatory. The cars of the Chestnut & Walnut, West Philadelphia, Race & Vine, and Girard Avenue Pas¬ senger Railway lines ran directly to its doors, while the depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad was within less than a stone’s throw. These were advantages which it possessed in common wit h the Globe. It was built by R. J. Dobbins, the well-known contractor, who erected the Main Exhibition Building and Memorial Hall, and who was one of the stockholders of the hotel. Its management was conducted by Messrs. J. E. Kings-

TRANSCONTINENTAL HOTEL, OPPOSITE MAIN BUILDING.

ley & Co., of the Continental. Built and furnished at a cost of over $250,000, nothing was left undone in the hotel that could contribute to the perfect satisfaction of patrons of the highest class. The business office, public parlors, bar-room, kitchens, laundries, reading-rooms and dining-rooms were models in themselves, and an important feature was a groat restaurant, independent from the dining-room, and conducted on the same plan as the restaurant at the Continental.

Across Belmont avenue, a short distance back of Elm avenue, with nothing between it and the Exhibition buildings to break the view, stood the monster Globe Hotel, built also to accommo-

THE UNITED STATES HOTEL, NEAR THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING

310

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

date the throng of visitors to the Exhibition. It stood on Bel¬ mont avenue, within 500 feet of the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds. It was not flush with the avenue, for a lawn interspersed with beds of bright flowers separated it from the roadway more than fifty feet. A verandah fifteen feet wide and no less than 900 feet long encircled the building, affording a cool promenade during the warm summer evenings. The hotel, including the mansard roof, was five stories high, and the area which it covered was about 81,000 square feet. At the entrance to the hall was the office, eighty feet square; the dining¬ room, which was able to accommodate thirty thousand persons a day, was 500 by 53 feet. The upper floors were reached, by means of the elevators, by weary guests, who could summon servants at will by the touching of electric bells. The Penn- sylvania Railroad landed its passengers on the hotel grounds.

The hotel contained 1100 rooms, with accommodations for 4000 guests. The Globe was under the management of Mr. John A. Rice, so well and favorably known to travellers as the proprietor of the Grand Pacific Hotel of Chicago.

Wit! tin a square of the Exhibition grounds, and in the rear of the Transcontinental, was the United States Hotel, at the corner of Forty -second street and Columbia avenue. It was built and was owned by Mr. R. J. Dobbins, already referred to above, and was so constructed that it could be readily converted into first-class dwellings after the close of the Exhibition. It was one of the pleasantest of the Exhibition hotels, and while perfectly convenient to the grounds was sufficiently removed from them to escape the noise and confusion which reigned supreme on Elm and Belmont avenues. It contained 325 rooms, with accommodations for GOO quests.

Another monster establishment was the Grand Exposition Hotel , at the intersection of Girard and Lancaster avenues. It contained 1325 rooms, and had accommodations for 4000 guests. It was delightfully located in a pleasant neighborhood, and was within fifteen minutes walk of the main entrance to the Exhi¬ bition. The street cars passed the door, and afforded direct communication with the Exhibition and all parts of the city.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

311

The house was under the management of Mr. M. Riley. It was conducted on the European plan.

Having thus disposed of the four great hotels that owed their existence to the Exhibition, let us glance at the town that sprang up around the great buildings. It was very different from the city which lay in the distance beyond it, and pos¬ sessed such a distinctive character of its own, that no descrip¬ tion of the Exhibition would be complete without some reference to it.

We begin our inspection on Elm avenue below the Main

GRAND EXPOSITION HOTEL.

6J		mi	.jILlIJ Hligl i
•
'•f'	■ i " 1 ■ m ~ , •	| ~ 1 £ - ■- '.J . • - A	Ssir:^

Exhibition Building. Within the limits of the Park, and a few hundred yards below the Exhibition grounds, was a huge circular building of corrugated iron. This was The Panorama, > nn<l was built somewhat upon the plan of the Colosseum, on Broad street. It was used for the exhibition of the panorama of The Siege of Paris, painted by Colonel Lienard, of the french army. This picture was exhibited in New York dur¬ ing the previous winter, and received the highest praise from both, press and public.

Looking up Elm avenue and across to Girard avenue, from this point, the scene was gay and inspiriting. On the right

312

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

towered up the huge masses of the Exhibition buildings. On the left, stretching away up Elm avenue for nearly a mile, was a line of restaurants, small hotels, beer-gardens, ice-cream saloons, and small shows that sprang up as if by magic. Each was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and at night glit¬ tered with scores of gas-lamps of all possible hues. Almost every one of these buildings had a flat roof, which was either left open and sheltered by a canvas awning, or the second story was built open in order that the guests of the house might enjoy the air while eating and drinking. These upper stories formed capital points of observation, and from any of them a brilliant and interesting picture of the street and the Exhibition buildings and grounds could be obtained. Many of the beer-gardens were provided with bands of music, which added to the gayety of the scene, and attracted customers.

Every available foot of ground was covered, and the build¬ ings were arranged in a manner that was often amusing. There was no ground wasted in the rear of the front line of buildings. A small side alley often led to an extensive restaurant or beer- garden set back behind the front line. The prices paid for the leases of the ground were high as a rule, and the buildings were cheap and flimsy. They were mostly of wood, a few being of brick.

At Forty-first street and Elm avenue commenced a line of small hotels. These were of brick, and though small were generally well kept. The principal were, the Elm Avenue Hotel, at the corner of Forty-first street and Elm avenue; the Metropolitan, in Forty-first street, just out of Elm avenue; the International , a German house, on Elm avenue, a few doors above I orty-first street, and Congress Hall, a few doors higher up. These houses could each accommodate from 200 to 800 guests the latter being the capacity of Congress Hall. They were the best of the cheaper hotels in the vicinity of the Exhibition.

A walk of a square down Forty-first street brought us to Giraid avenue, beyond which rose the handsome iron bridges at this and F ortieth streets, over the tracks of the Pennsylvania

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

313

Railroad. By means of these bridges the Market Street Pas¬ senger Railway Company was enabled to reach Elm avenue and the street-ear concourse in front of the Main Exhibition Building without using the tracks of any of the other roads.

Looking down Girard avenue towards the Schuylkill, one beheld a long line of restaurants, beer-gardens, bar-rooms, and cheap hotels similar to those on Elm avenue, all gaudily decor¬ ated and gay with flags.

Just above Forty-first street, Girard and Columbia avenues cross each other obliquely, the former continuing its course through West Philadelphia, the latter stopping short at Bel¬ mont avenue. Gathered around their intersection were the “Carriage Repositories,” a peculiar feature of the Exhibition. These consisted of several establishments, each of which was made up of an office, one or more waiting-rooms, and long lines of rough sheds enclosed with a high board fence. The sheds were divided into stalls, and were intended for the accommodation of carriages and horses. Visitors coming from the city or the surrounding country in their own carriages or buggies could leave them at these “Repositories,” and receive checks for them. They were left in care of competent hostlers, and a charge of fifty cents per carriage was made for taking care of them. The repositories were connected by wires with the telegraph offices in the Exhibition grounds, from which visitors about to return could order their teams to be gotten in readiness for them, and thus avoid all delays at the stands. One of these “ Reposi¬ tories” contained 1000 stands or stalls; another 300; and a third 500i

Returning to Elm avenue by way of Forty-first street, we continued our walk towards Belmont avenue. The line of restaurants was broken by a building, covered with coarse and glaring pictures which informed us that the establishment was a “Museum.” Here might be seen the wild men of Borneo, and the wild children of Australia, the fat woman whose avoir¬ dupois was put down in the bills at G02 pounds, a weight heavy enough to entitle her to a place in Machinery Hall, and a collection of “Feejees,” who were vouched for by the exhibi¬ tors as “pure and unadulterated man-eaters.”

314

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

A few doors above the “ Museum ” was an establishment richly worth a visit. Two tall derricks of frame work rising above the highest of the surrounding buildings at once attracted the attention of the passers-by. A large canvas suspended between them announced that this was a “Pennsylvania Oil AVell.” This establishment was the property of Messrs. O’Donnell, Alshouse & Louge, of Titusville, Pennsylvania. They erected, at a cost of $24,000, a large working oil well, such as is used in the oil regions ot Pennsylvania. 1 iie mem¬ bers of this firm are enterprising and practical men, and their business is the sinking of oil and artesian wells. They have bored many of the most successful wells in the oil regions, and with commendable enterprise purchased the ground on which their establishment stood, and erected all the machinery neces¬ sary to the successful working of an oil well of the largest size, in order that visitors to the Exhibition, both native and foreign, might see the practical operation of what is now one ot the leading industries of America.

Higher up, on Elm avenue, nearly opposite to the central pavilion of the Main Building, a section of one of the famous Big Trees of California attracted wondering spectators, who sought from it to form an idea of these marvels of the Pacific slope.

Immediately below the Transcontinental Hotel was a hand¬ some building consisting of a long narrow gallery, the lower story of which was a beer-saloon and the second story an open- air restaurant. At the Elm avenue end was a tasteful circular pavilion used as an ice-cream saloon. It formed one of the best points of observation on the street, and from it one might see the whole of the brilliant scene below while he sipped his ices.

On the opposite side of Elm avenue, just under the shadow of the Main Building, was the Street Car Concourse. All the passenger railway lines centred here, and a number of tracks were laid for their accommodation. These were in the form of an ellipse, so that the turning of the car and changing of horses, which would result in endless confusion, were avoided. An endless stream of cars was arriving and departing at all hours during the day, taking on and discharging their thousands of passengers.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

315

Belmont avenue was now reached. At the southwest corner of this street and Elm avenue was the Transcontinental Ilotei, already referred to. Pausing a moment in the shelter of this handsome edifice, we noticed the throng of vehicles gathered about the main entrances to the Exhibition grounds immedi¬ ately opposite. Here were vehicles of every description — omni¬ buses, cabs, carriages, coupes, transfer coaches, etc., furnishing ample transportation of this class for all who desired to use it.

Through the gates of the Exhibition a steady throng poured in and out, and the turnstiles at the entrances kept up a con¬ stant clicking as they registered the arrivals and departures.

Crossing Belmont avenue we continued on our way up Elm avenue, and came upon an open space lined with the “small- trade people.” Plere were pea-nut stands, pie-stalls, the apple- men and women, Bologna sausage- vendors, dealers in cakes and lemonade, and the inevitable balloon-man. They made up a curious display as they stood patiently through the long hours of the hot and dusty day offering their wares which no one seemed to buy.

Passing on, the Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Rail¬ road, on Elm avenue, opposite the main entrance to the Exhi¬ bition grounds, was reached. This was a large and handsome wooden structure, tastefully painted to harmonize with the great buildings across the street, and was ornamented with pic¬ turesque towers at its four corners. It was provided with all the conveniences of a first-class railroad depot, and was in all respects worthy of the great road to which it belonged.

The depot building was devoted to offices, ticket-offices, wait¬ ing and baggage rooms, etc. The waiting-rooms were large and airy, and were abundantly supplied with comfortable seats. Xews and refreshment stands were established at convenient points, and several ticket-offices were attached to these rooms.

rl he doors on the north side of the building led out upon Elm avenue. Those on the south side opened upon a series of platforms provided with three lines of track, each of which was enclosed with a picket fence separating it from the others. The tracks entered the depot enclosure at one end, passed around in

CENTENNIAL DEPOT, PENNSYLVANIA BAILROADj OPPOSITE MACHINERY HALL,

TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

317

a semi-circle, and left it at the opposite end. This arrangement allowed the use of the depot by a large number of trains with¬ out confusion. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad was but a few hundred yards distant, and all western trains of this road passed through this depot, thus landing their passengers at the very gates of the Exhibition. Trains also arrived at this station from New York, Baltimore and Washington, so that pas¬ sengers from all parts of the Union by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its southern and eastern connections were set down here, and could here take the trains for their distant homes.

The depot was a busy place. Trains were constantly arriv¬ ing and departing, each one bringing in or taking out its load of human freight. So perfect were the arrangements, and so strictly were the tracks guarded against the intrusion of persons not connected with the road, that in spite of the constant mov¬ ing of trains and the vast crowd of passengers, accidents were impossible.

Above the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot, the line of restaur¬ ants, beer-saloons and bar-rooms began again. These estab¬ lishments were inferior to those below Belmont avenue, but the same reckless use of wood was found here, and the same lavish use of flags and painted canvas was seen.

One square back of Elm avenue, on ATola street, and extend¬ ing from Fifty-second to Forty-eighth street, was the Atlas Hotel. It consisted of a number of frame buildings connected by covered galleries. The hotel contained 1500 rooms, and could provide accommodations for 3000 people.

Returning to Belmont avenue, we paused once more to gaze upon the busy scene at the intersection of this thoroughfare with Elm avenue. On the one hand were the main entrances to the Exhibition grounds, with the eager throng around them ; to the east and west stretched away the long line of Elm avenue, gay with flags and alive with music and the sharp rattle of passing vehicles. Facing Belmont avenue the scene was equally at¬ tractive. To the right was the large open space occupied by the Pennsylvania Railroad, with its constantly arriving and departing trains, with the main line beyond it, and farther on

318

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the towers and flags of the huge Grand Exposition Hotel were seen rising above the trees. On the left was the Transconti¬ nental Hotel, about the entrance of which a crowd was always collected. A constant stream of street cars and carriages poured along Belmont avenue, which was the main route from the Exhibition into the citv, and the street was as busy, as bustling and as gay as its neighbor, Elm avenue.

About one hundred yards back from Elm avenue was the Globe Hotel, which has been described. It stood opposite the Transcontinental and fronted on Belmont avenue. It was an immense structure, the prevailing colors of which were gray and brown, and its long galleries offered a delightful promenade, and reminded one of the great watering-place hotels.

In the open space between the upper end of the Globe and Elm avenue were two structures, which from their peculiar ap¬ pearance were sure to attract the attention of strangers. One of these was a large building erected as a soda water saloon bv Mr. James W. Tufts, of Boston, the well-known manufacturer of soda water fountains and apparatus. Mr. Tufts had some thir¬ teen or fourteen soda water fountains in operation within the Exhibition grounds, but his greatest display was reserved lor this building. The exterior of the edifice was neat and tasteful, and the interior was fitted up very handsomely and adorned with elaborate frescoes. In the centre stood a splendid fountain of variegated marble, with silver trimmings. It was forty feet in height, and was erected at a cost of between twenty-five and thirty thousand dollars. It was the largest fountain in the world, and by far the handsomest. It was capable of supplying an almost unlimited demand for soda water, as it had seventy- six syrup, eight soda, and twenty mineral tubes.

Immediately adjoining the soda water hall was a showy pavilion constructed mainly of colored glass set in a tasteful frame work. 1 his was the Cigar Pavilion of M. Salomon & Co., importers of Havana cigars, whose wholesale houses in Philadelphia and New York have long been known to the trade.

On the east side of Belmont avenue, immediately in the rear

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

319

of the Transcontinental Hotel, was Wiley’s Restaurant, with a handsome entrance and an open-air saloon in the second story. Next door to it was Delmonico’s Restaurant, a large and substan¬ tial edifice of brick, with a spacious dining-hall, a cafe, and a bar¬ room on the first floor. Plere were also telegraph offices, writing and wash-rooms, and a private parlor for ladies. The second floor contains numerous suites of rooms, private parlors, banquet- rooms, etc.

Next below Delmonico’s was Tischner’s Restaurant, a hand¬ some private dwelling altered to suit the demands of the times. It stood in the midst of its own grounds and was shaded by fine trees, and constituted one of the prettiest features of the street. At the entrance to these grounds was a handsome pavilion containing a beautiful marble soda fountain, from which cooling drinks were dispensed for the refreshment of weary passers-by.

The east side of Belmont avenue, from Columbia avenue to Jefferson street, was taken up with the stables and depot of the Philadelphia City Passenger Railway, tasteful and substantial buildings of pressed brick.

Immediately opposite, and adjoining the Globe Plotel, was a huge building of wood, covered with corrugated iron and painted in light colors. This was Operti’s Tropical Garden, one of the handsomest places of amusement in Philadelphia. It was light and airy, and was handsomely decorated with frescoes and other paintings. Long lines of colored globes, each containing a gas jet, stretched across the interior beneath the ceiling, and shed a brilliant light upon the scene belowr. At the back a large waterfall dashed over the painted rocks, forming a beautiful cascade, and giving to the air on the hot nights of the summer a delicious coolness. The orchestra stand was in the centre of the hall, and was profusely decorated with flowers and shrubbery, which were also scattered lavishly through the hall. The chairs of visitors were arranged around the orchestra on the lower floor, and in a large gallery which extended entirely around the hall.

Phe scene within the hall during the performances was very

320

TI1E ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

beautiful. Rocky nooks and beds of rare and beautiful flowers invited the visitor on every hand. The splendid cascade dashed down its rocky height, glittering in the radiance of a powerful lime light shed upon it from an invisible point. Different colored lights flashed down from the lamps overhead, and the air was laden with the rich perfume of the flowers and the delicious coolness of the waters.

The music was furnished by a superb band of over sixty per¬ formers led by Signor Guiseppe Operti. As the concert began the water was turned off from the cascade, which was silent during the performance; but the moment the music ceased it sprang into life again.

Below the Tropical Garden the line of cheap restaurants and bar-rooms commenced, and continued unbroken to Girard avenue. These were mostly of brick, and altogether Belmont avenue had a more substantial and respectable appearance than Elm avenue. The two great hotels, the musical garden and the solid appearance of its buildings gave to it more of the aspect of a street of a great city, and the picture, as one surveyed it from Girard avenue, was enhanced by the great buildings of the Exhibition and the long reach of Exhibition grounds, which stretched away from the head of the street to the hills of the Park.

At Girard avenue a fine iron bridge carried the line of Bel- mont avenue over the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and a similar structure at an oblique angle to the first continued the line of Girard avenue unbroken to the- westward. From this bridge a fine view could be obtained of the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad for a distance of several miles, and of its Centennial branch and depot. The constant moving of trains, which passed this point at a high rate of speed, rendered this view one of the most interesting to be had in the vicinity of the Exhibition.

At Girard avenue the temporary town which had grown up about the gates of the Exhibition ended, and a long, sparsely built region intervened between it and Philadelphia proper.

It was deeply interesting to view this “Centennial town”

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

321

from some commanding point at which the whole picture could be taken in at once. The central towers of the Main Exhibi¬ tion Building afforded a capital place from which to view this curious panorama, as from them both Belmont and Elm avenues, and the distant line of Girard avenue, with the intervening cross streets, could be seen. The contrast between the splendid and imposing structures within the Exhibition grounds and the cheap and tawdry buildings which lay beyond them was strik¬ ing indeed. Still the scene was curious and interesting, and not the least among the “sights” of the Exhibition.

Scarcely less interesting was the scene within the Park beyond the enclosure of the Centennial grounds. At the prominent points, such as George’s Hill and Belmont, crowds assembled to view the busy scene within the Exhibition grounds. One could not realize the extent and variety of the Exhibition until he had viewed the buildings and grounds from one of these points. A tall observatory of frame- work was erected on George’s Hill, from which a view of the “Centennial” and the surrounding country could be had. A similar view might be obtained from the Sawyer Observatory at Belmont. Those who did not wish to soar so high as the summit of this structure could sit in the balconies of the restaurant or under the trees and enjoy the magnificent view, which embraced the Centen¬ nial grounds, the river with its bridges, the Park and the distant city beyond. The Centennial, with its multitude of restaurants, did not rob Belmont of its popularity, and on fair days one was sure to find this favorite resort thronged with guests.

Two prominent points of interest were situated on the river shore. The first of these was the landing-place of the Schuyl¬ kill steamboats, which plied between the Falls and the city, making regular landings here. Broad flights of stairs led from the water to the summit of the hill above, and afforded an easy means of reaching the entrances to the Exhibition grounds.

The other and last point of interest without the enclosure was the depot of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. It was a tasteful frame building, painted in colors which harmonized well 21

PHILADELPHIA& READINC R.R.PASSENOER DEPOT

Tin niln lxiliuj
		infill] F - * ■

CENTENNIAL DEPOT OF THE PHIL \ DELPHI A A READING RAIT/ROaR

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

323

with the luxuriant foliage in which it was embowered. The depot was provided with ticket-offices, waiting-rooms, private rooms for ladies, and all the conveniences of a first-class railway station. The tracks of the main line ran alongside the station, and a long platform afforded the means of entering and leaving the cars. A plank walk-way led up an easy ascent from the depot to the entrance to the Main Exhibition Building. The depot was situated in one of the loveliest sections of the Park, and there could be nothing more charming and delightful than the view which greeted the wearied sight-seer, returning from the Exhi¬ bition to the cars, as he descended the hill towards the river. The luxuriant foliage seemed to enwrap the depot building, so thickly did it cluster about it; and through the open¬ ing in the trees could be seen the broad and beautiful river, with the picturesque arches of the bridge in the distance, and the bold, bluff-like shores of the East Park across the water.

The flimsy character of the majority of the structures on Elm and Belmont avenues made it certain that, sooner or later, some of them would fall victims to fire; and it was very evi¬ dent that should a fire occur in any one of them a large number would be swept away before the flames could be stayed. They were dangerous neighbors to the great Exhibition Buildings, from which they were separated by Elm avenue alone, and serious fears were entertained that in case of a general confla¬ gration it would be impossible to prevent the Main Exhibition Building from taking fire.

lhat these fears were not idle was shown on the 10th of September, when a fire broke out in one of the smaller shanties used as an oyster house. The flames spread with alarming rapidity, and in spite of the efforts of the fire department, which was promptly summoned, could not be stayed until about twenty-five buildings, including one of the smaller hotels, were destroyed. The heat was so great as to scorch the fence in front of the Main Exhibition Building, which structure at one time was in no little danger, and the Transcontinental and United States Hotels narrowly escaped destruction.

CHAPTER XI.

THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

Topography of the Grounds — The Ravines — The Entrances — The Turnstiles— Styles of Tickets used — The Photograph Regulation — The Centennial Guard — The Fire Department — The Narrow-Gauge Railway — The Rolling-Chair Service — Landscape Gardening — The Flowers — The Avenues — The Bridges — Bartholdi’s Fountain — The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain— The Centennial Waterworks — Relief Plans of Foreign Cities — Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe — The Hunter’s Camp — An Old- Fashioned Railroad Train — The American Soldiers’ Monument — The Ice- Water Fountain.

IIE Commissioners of Fairmount Park transferred to the United States Centennial Commission, for the pur¬ poses of the International Exhibition, a tract of 450 acres. Of this tract 236 acres were occupied by the Exhibition buildings and the open spaces between them, and were enclosed with a stout picket fence.

The tract thus enclosed was admirably adapted to the pur¬ poses of the Exhibition. It was an elevated plateau, with three spurs jutting out toward the river, separated from each other by deep, wooded ravines, through which flowed small streams. The ravine nearest the southern end of the grounds was called the Lansdownc valley, the other the Belmont valley. The Lansdowne valley was .spanned by two handsome bridges, the Belmont valley by one, these bridges affording an easy commu¬ nication between the various portions of the grounds.

The Exhibition plateau stood 120 feet above the Schuylkill, and was always swept by a delightful breeze. The view from either of the spurs was exquisitely beautiful, embracing as it did the river, the park, and the distant city. The most northern of these spurs was occupied by the Agricultural Building, the 324

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

325

central one by Horticultural Hall, and the southern by Memo¬ rial Hall. The three united in a broad plain, which contained the Main Building, Machinery Hall, the United States Gov¬ ernment Building and a number of smaller structures. The sides of the ravines and the spaces between the more prominent edifices were also thickly covered with buildings.

Thirteen places of entrance and exit to and from the grounds were selected by the Board of Finance. These were located at points convenient to the main roads and nearest to the places at which the horse and steam railways and steamboats set down their passengers.

“The entrances nearly all had four gates: one for visitors proper to the Exhibition, that is, those who paid to go in ; another for persons bearing complimentary tickets; a third for exhibitors, representatives of the press, and employes, in fact, for all not belonging to the two classes just named; and another for wagons. At these points of entrance, so called, were also placed the exits. Based upon a careful calculation of the traffic over each of the roads surrounding the Exhibition grounds and leading to the entrance points selected, wTere placed from one to thirty-three gates or turnstiles. Of these altogether there were one hundred and six. The exits, in their vicinity, were forty-two. On page 326 will be found a detailed statement of their number and position.

“The turnstiles, which had the usual four arms, were in twos at the end of passage-ways ten feet long, separated by another passage-way to be afterward described. These led slantingly from the doorway, so as to prevent a direct crowd pressure upon the head of the line of visitors. Other means were also adopted to prevent this pressure. Each turnstile was under the control' of a keeper, who sat or stood behind a short counter and received from each visitor the admission fee — a fifty cent note — before the visitor passed the arm of the stile, which was, by a mechanical contrivance, operated by the keeper’s foot. As the stile turned for each entrance it registered itself as well at the gate as electrically at the manager’s office, with which each had electrical communication.

326

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Ho.	LOCATION.	Money gales.	Coiupll* m ciliary gate*.	Exhibit* ora, cm* ploy es, etc.	Wagons.	Exits.
1	East end of Main Building .	15	2	3	2	5
2	Centre of Main Building, facing Elm avenue.	6	....	3	1	6
3	Main entrance, intersection of Belmont and
	Kim avenues .	33	o	3	1	13
4	Centre of Machinery Hall, on Elm avenue. . .	2		2	1	2
5	On Fifty-second street, where it intersects
	Fountain and Elm avenues .	2	• • • •	2	1	2
6	George's Hill, western entrance of “Avenue
	of the Republic ’’ .	2	• • . •	• ■ • •	....	1
7	At the intersection of Belmont drive and
		1	1	2	v
8	Glen Entrance, on Lansdowne drive .	2		2	1	2
9	Belmont Valley (entrance for visitors arriving
	bv steamboat!, on Lansdowne drive .	2	....	....	....	1
10	Horticultural Hall (entrance for visitors ar-
	riving by steamboat), on Lansdowne drive. .	2	, , , ,	o	1	2
11	Lansdowne Valley (entrance for visitors by
	steamboat and Reading railroad), under
	bridge at Lansdowne drive .	4		2		2
.12	Memorial Hall, Lansdowne drive, south of
	tlie former entrance .	3	i	2	1
13	Old River road, at the intersection of the
	Lansdowne drive .	3		1	1	2
		76	6	24	11	42

RECAPITULATION.

Money gates . 76

Complimentary . 6

Exhibitors, employes, press, etc . 2-1

Total number of entrances . 106

“The money, when received by the gate-keeper, was de¬ posited in a box placed under the counter, which also by a mechanical contrivance locked itself as it was pulled from the position which it occupied when in use. Its opening could only be effected by the bank officers.

“Between the two counters and entrances stood an officer who, with his back to the middle passage-way previously referred to, watched both lines as they entered. On the happening of the least disturbance he was to draw the disturber from the line and pass him down this passage and out beyond the fence.

“The exits were of ingenious contrivance, and, while per¬ mitting freely the departure of persons from the grounds through turnstiles of rather different construction than those described above, absolutely prevented re-entrance, although no officer was required to watch them. They resembled small roofed sheds, with two gates opening inward or backward from

AGRICULTURAL HALL. HORTICULTURAL HALL. MEMORIAL HALL, OR ART GALLERY. MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING. MACHINERY BUILDING.

bird’s-eye VIEW OF THE CENTENNIAL BUILDINGS, FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA

328

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

a centre post on the fence line. One of the sides of the shed was extended or continued in an are till its inner limit was opposite the centre of the gate-post. At the other side, oppo¬ site the spot at which the arc (or fender) started, and rising one above another, extended out, at right angles with the side, a series of fixed lateral bars or arms nine feet high. On a line with this, and also on a line with the end of the fender opposite the gate-post, rose another post on which another turnstile revolved, the four arms of which repeated, rose as high as the top of the lateral bars, between which they passed on each quarter revolution. This latter worked with a ratchet and always outward.

“ It will be seen from this that when a visitor desired to leave the ground he had to place himself in a triangle formed by two of the turnstile arms and the fender. As lie moved forward and outward the turnstile moved with him until he found himself at the gate. He could not change his mind and get back, this being prevented by the outward movement con¬ trolled by the ratchet, nor could he come in again without the payment of another fifty cent note, this being prevented by the fixed lateral bars.

“ f 'be designs of all the entrances were very neat and tastefTil. The wagon entrances, ten feet high, being necessarily the widest and highest, admitted of the greatest scope for ornamentation. I hey were surmounted with American trophies, shields, flags, eagles, etc. A flagstaff rose at each side, and the name 1 Inter¬ national Exhibition ’ was over the door. A similar style of ornamentation was upon the pedestrian entrance gates and exits. On panels over the gates were gilt signs indicating whether they were for employes, etc., or were complimentary, or pay entrances.”

Ao tickets were used for the pay admissions until the Exhi¬ bition was more than half over. The visitor was required to come provided with a fifty cent note or a silver half-dollar. There was required a separate fifty cent note or half-dollar for each visitor. 1 he gate-keepers had no authority to accept notes or silver pieces of a larger or smaller denomination, and did

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 329

not furnish change. At each entrance an office was located to furnish change for large bills.

Complimentary tickets were issued only to persons whose high official stations entitled them to the privilege, and the num¬ ber was therefore limited. These tickets were printed on heavy bond paper in square note-size sheets. The design was, on the first page, a female figure of America seated on a globe, with a palm branch in her hand, and by her side a cornucopia. Beneath were the words “United States International Exhibition, Philadel¬ phia, opening May 10th, closing November 10th, 1876. Compli¬ mentary.” They were signed by the President of the Board of Finance, the President of the Commission, and the Director- General. On the third page there Was a request to the holder that he would deposit his card on entrance as a basis for future statistics of the Exhibition. The envelope containing these was worded as the note, but without the figure of America. The tickets for exhibitors, employes, etc., were on fine card, in the form of a two-leaved book. Bound the centre space on the inner pages was a border of geometrical lathework-cutting, whilst around that were three rows of numerals, corresponding in number with the number of days the Exhibition was open. Around these again was another lathework border. It was in¬ tended that one of these numbers, and the appropriate one; should be punched on the first daily entrance of the holder. Each time he left the ground after his first entrance he received a pass or return-check. This was noted on the left leaf of the ticket. On the right inner page there was an oval in the centre, surrounded by stars and ornamental lathework. In this oval the holder was required to insert his photograph before the 1st of June, and he was reminded of this by the words in this space, “Not good after June 1st unless the regulation photograph of the holder be inserted in this place.” Under the photograph space were the words “ Not transferable, forfeited if presented by any but the proper owner.” On the first or title page out¬ side was the title, “ International Exhibition,” with the holder’s name, his class, his country, and serial number. On the fourth or last page there was a lathework medallion with the warning,

330

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“This ticket will not be renewed if lost.” The border on these two pages, as well as on the inner pages, was elaborate lathe- work.

For the protection of the buildings and the large and valu¬ able collection gathered within them a special police or guard was provided by the Commission. The force consisted of GOO men, uniformed, and placed under rigid military discipline. They were quartered in barracks erected at the upper and lower ends of the Exhibition grounds, and were on duty day and night. They were organized as a regiment, under the command of a colonel, and were divided into companies, each with its proper officers. They were charged with the duty of guarding the buildings and their contents, and preserving order within the enclosure. They had full power to arrest offenders and convey them to the station-house provided for their reception and deten¬ tion until they could be turned over to the courts for trial.

A special fire department was also provided. Several first- class steam fire-engines were located at convenient points within the grounds, and a system of telegraphic signals was arranged by which the exact location of a fire could be instantly com¬ municated to the engine-houses. A number of Babcock Fire Extinguishers, ready for instant use, were placed in the various buildings, and every possible precaution against fire was taken.

To visit the distant parts of the grounds on foot was a slow and tedious undertaking, and greatly interfered with the com¬ fort and pleasure of visitors. As no carriages were allowed within the enclosure a pleasant and speedy means of transit be¬ tween the various portions of the grounds was provided in the Urest End Railway , a narrow-gauge railroad about four miles in length, which, beginning at the lower end of the Main Build¬ ing, made the circuit of the grounds. The road was laid with a double track, and was finely equipped with ten narrow-gauge locomotives and forty cars. The road with its equipment was a special exhibit by the West End Railway Company, who also purchased the sole right to transport passengers within the grounds. Passenger stations were provided at convenient points along the line. Passengers purchased tickets at the offices at

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

331

these stations, and delivered them to the guard upon entering upon the platform. They were then at liberty to take the train when it came along, and might leave it at any station, or might make the circuit of the grounds for a single fare. The trains ran at an average speed of eight miles an hour. The fare was five cents.

Rolling chairs were kept for hire at designated stations within the principal buildings, and were used to pass from point to point within the grounds. They could be hired with the ser¬ vices of an attendant to propel them, or without, as one might desire. The charge, with an attendant, was sixty cents an hour, or $4.50 a day. If hired without an attendant the charge was $1 fin- three hours, subject to a drawback of thirty cents for each hour in which the chair was unused. These chairs were comfortable vehicles, in which one might sit at ease and make the tour of the buildings without fatigue. They were ex "client for ladies or persons who were not able to endure the long and steady tramp through the buildings, and their construction and shape were such that they could be wheeled through the nar¬ rowest passage-ways of the enclosure, except within the special pavilions, and close up to the articles the occupant wished to inspect.

Chairs and settees were scattered through the buildings and grounds, for the accommodation of visitors. Xo charge was made for the use of these. Many of the exhibitors had hand¬ some sofas and other seats within their spaces, which were at the visitors’ service.

The grounds were handsomely laid off, and were in many places well shaded by the native forest trees. The ravines which separate the spurs on which the principal buildings stand gave to them a picturesqueness which nothing else could impart, from almost any point a beautiful landscape extended before the gazer, and afforded a pleasant and grateful contrast to the lines of buildings which stretched away on every hand. At the north side of Machinery Hall a pretty lake, covering about five acres of ground, constituted a pleasant feature of the scene, and from its centre a fine jet of water sprang up, cooling the air

332

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

with its moisture. Other fountains there were, to be noticed hereafter. The spacious grounds in front of Horticultural Hall were dotted with parterres of flowers and were traversed bv a sunken garden leading up to the portals of the hall. Wherever it was possible to save any ground for ornamentation, there the landscape gardeners were busy, and fresh grass swards and beds of flowers afforded new delights to the lovers of the beautiful. The fine old trees of the Park added greatly to the beauty as well as to the comfort of the scene.

The grounds were traversed by five main avenues, and by many miles of walks. The first of the main thoroughfares was the Avenue of the Republic, which commenced at the eastern end of the grounds and ran north of the Main Buildino- and Machinery Hall to the Roman Catholic Fountain. It was 100 feet in width. Belmont avenue extended from the main entrance on Elm avenue, between the Main and Machinery Halls, to Belmont, crossing the grounds obliquely. Fountain avenue extended from the Roman Catholic or Temperance Fountain to Horticultural Hall. Agricultural avenue extended from the Avenue of the Republic, near the western end of the Main Building, to Agricultural Building. State avenue skirted the base of George’s HiH. All the avenues and walks were paved with asphaltura.

To furnish direct communication between the various parts of the grounds at their eastern end a fine bridge was thrown over the Lansdowne ravine, just north of Memorial Hall. The bridge consisted of twelve spans, and had a total length of 515 feet. The roadway was 60 feet wide, and the footwalks 10 feet wide each, making the total width of the bridge 80 feet. The foundations were masonry throughout, trestles of timbers being erected on the piers. The trestles were formed with combination posts, the pieces firmly bolted and mortised together, forming a stiff, rigid system. The fence which enclosed the Exhibition grounds passed along the centre of the bridge, thus reserving one part of it to the Exhibition and devoting the other to the public drive through the Park. Another bridge was built higher up, over the Lansdowne valley, and Belmont valley was also bridged in several places.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

333

The Esplanade, at the main entrance between the Main and Machinery Halls, was handsomely laid off with grass plots and beds of flowers. In the centre was a large bronze fountain, with statues of Light and Water, “ the twin goddesses of cities,” by Bartholdi.

At the west end of Machinery Hall the Centennial Fountain was erected by the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America. It is constructed entirely of marble and granite, and is one of

THE HOMAN CATHOLIC CENTENNIAL FOUNTAIN.

the finest works of art in America. The design is by Herman Kirn, a young sculptor of Philadelphia, a pupil of the celebrated sculptor Steinhauser, of Carlsruhe. It consists of a granite platform in the form of a Maltese cross, and approached by steps which extend entirely around it. In the centre is a large circular basin, forty feet in diameter, from the centre of which rises a mass of rock work, on the summit of which a colossal statue of Moses is placed. He stands with one end of his rod resting on the rock which he has just struck, and from which

334

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the water gushes in streams about his feet and flows down into the basin below. At each of the four points of the cross is a handsome pedestal of white marble, near the base of which is a drinking-fountain. Each pedestal is surmounted by a marble statue nine feet high. The persons represented by these statues are Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Father Matthew, Archbishop Carroll, and Commodore John Barry, a distinguished naval officer of the Revolution. The fountain is one of the hand¬ somest ornaments of the grounds, and is to remain after the Exhibition buildings have been removed ; the cost of the foun¬ tain was $50,000.

The demand for water for various purposes being so great within the Exhibition grounds, a separate system of water-works was provided, and the main supply of Philadelphia was thus relieved of what would have been a heavy drain upon it. A large pump-house of brick was built on the shore of the Schuyl¬ kill, immediately south of Columbia bridge, and was supplied with powerful pumping engines of the most approved pattern. The water was pumped from the river at this point and forced up the hill to the top of the tall Stand Pipe which rose back of Machinery Hall. The fall from the summit of this pipe gave it a force sufficient for all the purposes of the Exhibition. The works could supply 7,000,000 gallons of water daily to the buildings and grounds.

To the north of the temperance fountain, and between Foun¬ tain and State avenues, were a series of relief plans in miniature of Jerusalem and Paris, constructed by Colonel Lienard, a dis¬ tinguished French artist. These plans were exact representa¬ tions in miniature of the places named, each building being cut out and set up to appear as it does in the cities represented.

A few feet west of the intersection of Fountain and Belmont avenues was the statue of Christopher Columbus, erected by the Italian residents of the United States. The statue is of Ravaz- zioni marble, and was executed in Italy by an Italian artist. It is of heroic size, and represents Columbus at the moment ol the discovery of the New World.

On the western side of the lake stood a bronze statue of Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

335

A number of soda water fountains were scattered through the grounds at convenient points. They were the property of Charles Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia, and James W. Tufts, of Boston, who had the exclusive privilege of selling soda water in the buildings and grounds.

Six cigar pavilions, owned and conducted by W. A. Fleming & Co., were located in various parts of the grounds. They were one story in height, with observatories.

In the Belmont ravine, south of Agricultural Hall, was The Hunters1 Camp, erected by the “Forest and Stream Publishing Company of New York.” It was what is known as a permanent camp, and consisted of a number of huts constructed of logs and bark. It was provided with all the appurtenances of a hunting and fishing camp, such as portable boats, sporting fire-arms, rods and lines, a kennel of sporting dogs, and specimens of game birds. At the margin of the camp, the stream which flowed through the ravine was converted into a small lake, and this was stocked with game fish. The camp was in charge of a number of experienced hunters, and was meant to illustrate the various phases of a sportsman’s life in the backwoods.

Near the southern edge of the grounds, above Machinery Hall, was a queer-looking locomotive with two antiquated rail¬ road passenger ears attached to it. This was the “John Bull,” an English locomotive, and the first ever used on the New Jer¬ sey Railroad. It was the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, by which it was exhibited. The cars were the old- style coaches familiar to all whose fate it was to travel on the Camden & Amboy Railroad twenty years ago. The locomotive shown here was placed on the New Jersey Railroad in 1831. A comparison between this machine and the splendid locomotives on exhibition in Machinery Hall showed better than words the advance that has been made in railroad engine building.

On the north of the Main Building stood the American Soldiei's ’ Monument, a colossal granite statue twenty-one feet in height, and weighing thirty tons.

At the intersection of Belmont and Fountain avenues was the

Ice-]\ ater Fountain, erected by the Grand Division of Sons of

* •>

336

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Temperance of the State of Pennsylvania. It was enclosed bv a wooden pavilion with thirteen sides, representing a Greek temple, twenty-five feet in diameter and thirty-six feet high. The fountain was eight feet in diameter, and was surrounded by a passage-way. The fountain was provided with twenty-six self-acting spigots, and was connected with a reservoir under¬ ground which was fed from the reservoir on George’s Hill. The reservoir of the fountain had a capacity of 4000 to 5000 gallons of water, and could furnish an almost unlimited sup¬ ply of ice-water, which was free to all.

The various buildings located in the Exhibition grounds will be described in their proper places.

TEA-POT, PRESENTED BY REED & BARTON TO THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN.

CHAPTER XII.

THE MAIN BUILDING.

Description of the Main Building — A Monster Edifice — The Interior — A Mag¬ nificent Hall — Decorations — The Galleries — A Beautiful and Imposing Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter Boxes — Telegraph System — The Elevator — Classification of the Display in the Building — The American Department — The Great Organ — The Massachusetts Educational Exhibit — The Roosevelt Organ — The Paper Makers — The Book Pavilion — The Model Post-Office — The Cotton and Woollen Goods — The Carpet Rooms — American Pottery — Among the Iron Workers — The Fire-Arms Exhibit — Rich Costumes — The Telegraphic Display — The Gas Fixture Department — A Brilliant Display — The Jewellers and Silversmiths — The Moorish Pavilion — A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects — The Century Vase — The Cologne Fountains — The Furniture Display — Model Houses Completely Furnished — The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful Instruments — Concerts — Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware — Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments — Beautiful Porcelains — Superb Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tile Exhibit — Ricli IronWork — Rare Furnituie — A Royal Pavilion — Grand Display of Cotton and AVoollen Goods and Linens — Jewelry — Splendid Carpets— The Book Display — The Graphic’s Art Collection — Rich Stained Glass — A Gorgeous Show from India — The Canadian Exhibit — The Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion — The Educational Exhibit of Ontario — The Aus¬ tralian Exhibits — The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent — Pyramids of Gold — Superb Photographs of Australian Scenes — Dust from the Gold Coast — Native Diamonds — The West Indian Display — France — The French Court — Rare Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics of France — The Silk Court — Beautiful Laces — Statuary — Religious Groups — The Book Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — Arti¬ cles de Paris — Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus.

principal Exhibition buildings wore five in number. Of these the largest was the Main Building. It was lo¬ cated immediately east of the intersection of Belmont and Elm avenues, and extended in a line from east to west, parallel with Elm avenue. It stood one hundred and seventy feet back from the north side of Elm avenue, at the north side of which the fence enclosing the Exhibition grounds 22 ' 337

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<Sh

£

C(

33S

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

was placed. A broad, open space was thus left between the fence and the building. The building was in the form of a parallelogram, and had a length, from east to west, of eighteen hundred and eighty feet, and a width, from north to south, of four hundred and sixty-four feet.

The larger portion of the building was one story in height, and showed the main cornice upon the outside at forty-five feet from the ground, the interior height being seventy feet. At the centre of the longer sides were projections four hundred and six¬ teen feet in length, and in the centre of the shorter sides or ends of the building were projections two hundred and sixteen feet in length. In these projections, in the centre of the four sides, were located the main entrances, which were provided with arcades on the ground floor, and central arcades extending to the height of ninety feet.

The main entrances were arranged as follows: The northern entrance communicated directly with Memorial Hall, which faced this portal. The east entrance was the principal approach for carriages, which could be driven up to the arcades, at which visitors alighted.. The doors at this end opened upon the Park, the fence line extending from the northern and southern sides of the building. The southern entrance was the principal ap¬ proach from the street cars, which had their terminus on Elm avenue immediately before this door. The western doors opened upon the esplanade at the main entrance to the grounds, and communicated with the Machinery and Agricultural Halls.

A tower, seventy-five feet high, rose from each of the four corners of the building, and between these towers and the cen¬ tral projections or entrances there was a low roof introduced, showing a cornice at twenty-four feet above the ground.

At the central part of the building the roof, for one hundred and eighty-four feet square, was raised above the surrounding portion. From the four corners of this elevated roof four towers, each forty-eight feet square, rose to a height of one hundred and twenty feet.

I he building was the largest in the world. It covered an area of 936,008 square feet, or 21.47 acres, as follows:

MAIN BUILDING OE THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876

1880 feet in length and 464 feet in width.

liJ |

340 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

I

Ground floor . 872,320 square feet. . . .20.02 acres.

Upper floors in projections . 37,344 “ 85 “

Upper floors in towers . 20,344 “ 00 “

Total . 930,008 “ ....21.47 “

The ground-plan showed a central avenue or nave one hun¬ dred and twenty feet in width, and extending eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. This was the longest avenue of that width ever introduced into any building. On either side of the nave there was an avenue one hundred feet in width by eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. Between the nave and the side avenues were aisles forty-eight feet in width, and on the other sides of the building smaller aisles twenty-four feet in width.

In order to relieve the monotony which would have resulted from the continuation of the roof in an unbroken line, three cross avenues or transepts were introduced of the same' widths and in the same relative positions to each other as the nave and avenues running lengthwise, viz. : a central transept one hundred and twenty feet in width by four hundred and six¬ teen feet in length, with one on either side of one hundred feet by four hundred and sixteen feet, and aisles between of forty- eight feet.

The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the cen¬ tral portion of the building resulted in dividing the ground floor into nine open spaces free from supporting columns, and covering in the aggregate an area of four hundred and sixteen feet square. Four of these spaces were one hundred feet square; four one hundred feet by one hundred and twenty feet, and the central space or pavilion one hundred and twenty feet square. The intersections of the forty-eight feet aisles produced four interior courts forty-eight feet square, one at each corner of the central space.

I he main promenades through the nave and central tran¬ sept were each thirty feet in width, and those through the centre of the side avenues and transepts fifteen feet each. All other walks were ten feet wide, and lead at either end to exit doors.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

341

The foundations of the building consisted of piers of masonry set solidly in the earth, and more than equal to the task of sus¬ taining the immense weight which rested upon them. The superstructure was composed of wrought-iron columns, which supported wrought-iron roof trusses. “These columns were composed of rolled channel bars with plates riveted to the flanges. Lengthwise of the building the columns were placed at the uniform distance apart of twenty-four feet. In the entire structure there were six hundred and seventy-two columns, the shortest being twenty-three feet and the longest one hundred and twenty-live feet in length. The aggregate weight was 2,200,000 pounds.

“ The roof trusses were similar in form to those in general use for depots and warehouses, and consisted of straight rafters with struts and tie bars. The aggregate weight of iron in the roof trusses and girders was 5,000,000 pounds.

“This building being a temporary construction, the columns and trusses were so designed that they could be easily taken down and erected again at another site.

“The sides of the building for the height of seven feet from the ground were finished with brickwork in panels between the columns; above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of the sash were movable for ventilation. The roof covering was of tin upon sheathing boards. The ground flooring was of plank upon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space underneath.

“All the corners and angles of the building upon the exterior were accentuated by galvanized iron octagonal turrets, which extended the full height of the building from the ground level to above the roof. These turrets at the corners of the towers were surmounted with flag-staffs, at other places with the national eagle.

“ The national standard, with appropriate emblems, was placed over the centre of each of the four main entrances. Over each of the side entrances was placed a trophy showing the national colors of the country occupying that part of the building;.

O

342

TUB ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“At the vestibules forming part of the four main entrances variegated brick and tile were introduced.

“The building stood nearly due east and west, and was lighted almost entirely by side light from the north and south sides. Louvre ventilators were introduced over the central nave and each of the avenues. Skylights were introduced over the central aisles.”

The edifice was erected by Mr. R. J. Dobbins, one of the most eminent builders of Philadelphia. He was the constructor of the Public Ledger Building, and his two great works in the Exhibition grounds, the Main Building and Memorial Hall, are enviable monuments of his skill and energy. In the construc¬ tion of the Main Building 7,000,000 feet of lumber, and nearly 8,000,000 pounds of iron were used, and the services of three thousand men were employed. Underneath, and extending through the edifice, were four miles of water and drainage pipes, the service in this respect being perfect. Gas pipes were introduced through the building, which was lighted at night by “ reflectors ” suspended from the roof, and placed beyond the possibility of communicating fire to the structure or its contents. Hydrants were placed at numerous points in the hall, and were so arranged that the water could be turned directly upon a fire, which could be extinguished before it had gained any advantage.

The light in the building was excellent, and all exhibitors were placed on an equality for showing their goods by the admirable arrangement of the hall in this respect.

The cost of the Main Building was $1,580,000. The engin¬ eers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson. The wrought and cast-iron work was manufactured by William Sellers & Co., of the Moor Iron Works ; the wrought-iron was furnished by A. & P. Roberts, of the Pencoyd Rolling Mills; the cast-iron was furnished by Morris, Tasker & Co., of the Pascal Iron Works; and the iron work was erected by the Watson Manufacturing Co. The foundations of the building were begun in the autumn of 1874. On the 8th of May, 1875, the erection of the iron work was begun, and was completed on

OP THE centennial exhibition.

343

the 2d of December, 1875. The other work was carried on with rapidity, and the building was completed early in Feb¬ ruary, 1876, and on the 14th of that month was delivered by the contractor to the Board of Finance.

The Main Building was in all respects the most imposing structure of the Exhibition. It was not as beautiful as Memorial Hall, but was superb in its massiveness and in the perfection of its details. In spite of its immense size, it was light and grace¬ ful in appearance, and seen from any commanding point, with its thousands of flags and streamers fluttering in the air, its beautiful proportions rising grandly and clearly against the skv, it constituted an object which long held the gazer’s eye and elicited his warmest praise. The exterior was painted in light- brown colors, with tasteful ornamental lines in red and other harmonizing hues.

The interior was decorated handsomely. The prevailing colors were the lightest shade of blue and cream-color, and the decorations were in bright, cheerful tints which blended well with these hues. There was nothing sombre or gloomy about the edifice, and the taste displayed in the selection and arrange¬ ment of colors is highly to be commended.

Around the inner cornice small circular panes of stained glass were set, decorated with the arms of the United States, the various States and Territories of the Union, and the different nations of the world, and with subjects relating to the arrs and sciences.

The four sides of the central transept were ornamented with elaborate pieces representing America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Each of these paintings was forty feet in width and fifty feet in height, and embodied a group emblematic of one of the four quarters of the globe. At the east end of the transept was the American group. America was represented by Columbia hold¬ ing in her hand the staff surmounted by the Liberty Cap, while beneath was the word America and the numerals MDCCLXXVI. On the right was the bust of Washington, on the left that of Franklin. As a background the national colors were mast prominent, and on either side were the flags of the old original

344

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

thirteen States. The whole formed a very pretty picture, and attracted great attention.

Immediately opposite, on the west side of the transept, was the European group. Europe was represented by a female figure at the to]), while beneath, on the right, was the bust of Shakspeare, and on the left that of Charlemagne. A horse and lion were conspicuous objects, and back of all were the flags of the Great Powers.

At the south end of the transept was the Asiatic group. Asia was represented by a female figure, seated between the busts of Confucius and Mahomet. Chinese and Japanese em¬ blems were conspicuous, and the flags of the Asiatic nations were tastefully grouped.

At the north end of the transept was the African group. Africa was represented by an Egyptian female, and beside her were the busts of Rameses and Sesostris. Characteristic orien¬ tal scenes and the flags of the African states made up the back¬ ground.

In each of the groups the products of the respective great divisions of the world were conspicuously displayed. The effect of the pictures was very fine, and they harmonized well with the grand assemblage of beautiful objects in this portion of the building.

At each end of the building and at convenient points on the sides galleries were provided from which the visitor might sur¬ vey the brilliant scene below. From the gallery on the south side, or from the towers at the centre of the building, one could enjoy at leisure the magnificent view which the hall and its contents afforded. Before him and on either hand was the vast interior of the hall stretching away for hundreds of feet, brilliant and imposing with its rich decorations, and astounding and delighting the gazer with its vastness and its perfect adap¬ tation to the purposes of the Exhibition. At tbe north and east ends the magnificent organs which occupied the main galleries constituted two of the most beautiful ornaments of the hall. The scene on the floor below was enchanting The long lines of magnificent show-cases, the sumptuous pavilions of the various

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 345

foreign nations, the gorgeous display of objects of use and beauty, the infinite variety of forms and colors, all tended to make up a picture to be remembered for a lifetime. At various points fountains sent their clear jets of water into the air, the strains of music came floating up to you from below, or the deep tones of the great organs lulled your senses into a delicious repose, and the perfumes of the cologne-fountains filled the air with a luxurious languor. You heard the sharp click of the telegraph telling of the restless, busy energy that produced all this luxury, and were reminded by it that you were not yet in

CENTENNIAL KOLLING-CIIAIR.

Fairyland. The aisles and passageways were thronged with sightseers, and as you leaned over from your lofty perch you might see the costumes of many nations mingled in the crowd. The stalwart Indian stalked through the hall as emotionless as a stone, and concealing his wonder at all this magnificence be¬ neath a stolidity which you might admire but not equal. The small but alert Japanese, with his loose dress caught up as if it were an obstacle rather than a convenience, the “ Heathen Chinee.” with his almond-eyes and long pig-tails, his comical dress, and his “ ways that are dark and tricks that are vain,” the turbaned

34G

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Turk, in his gay costume, the Egyptian, with his red tarbush , and the brilliantly uniformed attaches of the European Com¬ missions, all jostled each other in the throng below you. From your elevated stand you looked down upon the wealth of the world. All the nations had sent their rarest and choicest ob¬ jects here, and in this vast collection you could study the civil¬ ization and customs, and read the history of the dominant part of the human race.

The building was provided with every possible comfort for visitors. Scats were scattered through the aisles, and in many of the pavilions and enclosures, chairs and cushioned settees were furnished by the exhibitors. At each end of the main aisle and at the ends of the central transept were water-closets and wash-rooms for visitors. These were in charge of atten¬ dants and were kept scrupulously clean. rAey were free to all. Cloak-rooms and umbrella-stands, provided by the Department of Public Comfort, were located under the arcades at the four main entrances to the building. Umbrellas, water-proofs, or parcels of any kind were received at these stands, and taken care of for a small sum. The owner was given a metal check for his property, and this had to be presented when the article was claimed.

Restaurants were located at the north and south ends of the central transept. They were provided with lunch counters as well as with tables, and those who desired merely a light lunch were accommodated at moderate prices.

Several fountains were located in the main aisle. One of these was a tall, ugly series of iron basins from which the water flowed down into the pool below. It was the largest fountain in the building, and did not reflect much credit upon the taste that provided it.

Soda-water stands were established at several prominent points in the main aisle and the central transept. The foun¬ tains, as a rule, were very handsome, being constructed of white or colored marble with silver mountings. Soda was sold at the national price of ten cents a glass, and the fountains all ap¬ peared to do a good business.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

347

Wheel-chair stations were located at each end, and near the centre of the main aisle. In the main aisle, also, were stands for the sale of official catalogues and guide books.

Telegraph offices were established at one or two points in the main aisle, from which messages were sent to any part of the world. The American District Telegraph Company had the sole privilege of operating these offices, and introduced their admirable messenger service system into the grounds.

Scattered through the building were a number of iron letter boxes, established by the United States Post-Office Department, from which collections were made at stated times. These boxes were to be found in all the main buildings and at prominent points in the grounds. A separate mail service was provided for the Exhibition, which had its own postmaster and officials, and letters were received and despatched by the Centennial Post-Office, which was located in the Government Building, with the greatest promptness.

In the centre of the building a large music-stand was erected. Concerts were given here daily by the finest bands in the country. Concerts were also given by the proprietors of the great organs at stated times during the day, and these, with the performances of the eminent musicians engaged by the various manufacturers of pianos to show the merits of their respective instruments, furnished a rich treat to the lover of music.

On the south side of the main aisle, about half-way between the eastern entrance and the transept, was the establishment of the Centennial Safe Deposit Company. It was enclosed with a stout iron cage, and contained a number of large safes and desks and tables. The company received on deposit valuables and papers, and guaranteed their safe return upon demand. A charge was made for the keeping of each article according to a fixed tariff. The safes of the company were fire-proof.

In one of the central towers a steam elevator conveyed vis¬ itors to the roof or to the galleries of the tower. Stairways were provided for those who did not wish to use the elevator. The elevator was of the most approved construction, and was exhibited as one of the most perfect specimens of its kind.

348

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The greatest care and forethought were exercised to render the Exhibition buildings perfect in the conveniences they offered to visitors. Advantage was taken in this respect of the experience of all the other great World’s Fairs, and it may be safely asserted that our own presented improvements upon each and all.

In a work like this it is simply impossible to describe each feature of the Exhibition in detail. We can only refer to it in general terms, dwelling merely upon the objects which consti¬ tuted its principal attractions.

The Centennial Commission at an early day divided the objects to be exhibited into seven departments, as follows:

1. Mining and Metallurgy.

2. Manufactures.

3. Education and Science.

4. Art.

5. Machinery.

6. Agriculture.

7. Horticulture.

These were assigned to the five principal buildings, the first three being included in the Main Building. The classification and grouping of these is as follows :

I. — Mining and Metallurgy. Classes Groups.

100—109 - Minerals, Ores, Stones, Mining Products.

110 — 119. . . .Metallurgical Products.

120 129. . . .Mining Engineering.

IT. — Manufactures.

200 205. . ..Chemical Manufactures.

200-21G. . . .Ceramics, Pottery, Porcelain, Glass, etc.

217 — 227 . . . .Furniture, etc.

^ arns an(l Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Materials. 235—241 . . . - Woven and Felted Goods of Wool, etc.

-42 249. . . .Silk and Silk Fabrics.

250—257 - Clothing, .Jewelry, etc.

258—204. . ..Paper, Blank-Books, Stationery.

205 271 . . . .Weapons, etc.

2( 2— 2/9 - Medicine, Surgery, Prothesis.

280-284. . ..Hardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery and Metallic Products.

ooo_ onJ’ ' ' Fabl?CS of Vegetable, Animal, or Mineral Materials.

-J- -96. . . .Carriages, Vehicles and Accessories.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

349

III. — Education and Science.

300—309. . . .Educational Systems, Methods, and Libraries.

310 — 319. . . .Institutions and Organizations.

320 — 329. . . .Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods.

330—339 - Engineering, Architecture, Maps, etc.

340—349 - Physical, Social, and Moral Condition of Man.

At least one-third of the twenty-one and a half acres of the floor-space of the Main Building was occupied by the United States. These seven acres were filled with a rich and beautiful display, and the national pride of the native visitor was sure to find satisfaction in the imposing and splendid appearance made by his country. In one department especially, the show-eases in which the articles on exhibition were displayed, the United States led the world. “ Wandering through the long avenues, lined by cases of strikingly novel designs and elaborate work¬ manship, one might be wearied by the endless variety, and might find the simple uniformity of the French section a relief; but he could not fail to be impressed by the fertility of resource, the original genius for decorative pffects, and the evident liberality of expenditure displayed ; and he remarked a certain unstudied harmony in dissimilarity produced bythc kaleidoscopic mingling of diverse colors and forms, and found in it a faithful reflex of our composite American life A

The United States.

V e begin our inspection of the contents of the Main Building in our own country, and in doing so glance first at the great gallery which crossed the eastern end over the entrance doors. Stairs ascended to this gallery from either side of the entrance. A sign over the doorway at the foot of the stairs informed us that the gallery was occupied mainly by the Educational De¬ partment of the State of Massachusetts. This display occupied the northern and southern sections of the gallery, the central portion being given to the well-known Boston organ-builders, Hook & Hastings, who displayed here one of their grand organs and a number of smaller instruments.

The great organ was one of the “features” of the Exhibition, and, as seen from the floor below, formed a beautiful ornament

350

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of the great hall. It was erected at an expense of $15,000, and was intended as an exposition of the art of organ building as

TIIE GREAT ORGAN EXHIBITED BY HOOK & HASTINGS IN THE MAIN

BUILDING.

practised hv its makers, who stand confessedly in the front rank of their class. It embodied the latest improvements and the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

351

highest excellence of an instrument of this style, and comprised four manuals, each of 58 notes, 47 speaking-stops, 12 mechani¬ cal registers, including couplers; 10 pedal movements for com¬ binations, etc., including a crescendo pedal controlling the full power of the organ. The total number of pipes used in it was 2704. There were three bellows. The two main ones had vertical feeders, and could supply 3600 cubic feet of compressed air per minute. The bellows were blown by a hydraulic engine located on the main floor beneath the organ. Frequent concerts were given by the organist in charge, and these performances never failed to draw crowds of enthusiastic and appreciative listeners. The organ was 40 feet high, feet wide and 21 feet deep. Passages traversed it in every direction at different alti¬ tudes, and were connected by stairways giving ready access to every part for inspection and adjustment.

In the two rooms on the right and left of the great organ, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts displayed her public school system, and did so by exhibiting models and specimens of the furniture, apparatus, and text-books used in her schools of all grades, and by showing the actual work of the pupils of the various schools as set forth in their examination papers. These papers were bound in handsome volumes, each of which was prefaced by a sketch of the system used in the various classes, and the questions propounded to the pupils at the examinations. The result was highly creditable to the State. A good display of drawings from the Boston High and Evening Schools was to he seen here. Plans and models of the principal schools of the State were also exhibited, and the working of the industrial schools was shown in the apparatus used, and some of the achieve¬ ments of the pupils. Harvard contributed a volume of fine photographic views of t lie various departments of the university, and several of the leading colleges of the State were shown in the same way. The public libraries of the State were also to be seen here in photography, and with pardonable pride the Bay State offered for inspection a series of finely executed photo¬ graphic views of its principal cities. A handsome case was filled with volumes of reports, showing the present condition of the various public institutions of the Shite.

352

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The gallery at the south end of the central transept contained the educational departments of a number of the States. These were Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Iowa, Wisconsin Tennessee and Connecticut. The system adopted for showing the workings of their school systems was similar to that of Massa¬ chusetts. Nearly all the States mentioned showed models, plans, or photographic views of their public schools of various grades. Samples of school furniture were also shown, and some of the States exhibited models of their educational buildings so constructed as to display the interior as well as the exterior

arrangement.

” *

At the eastern end of the gallery the colored schools of the South made a creditable showing of their progress. Their examination papers evinced a success in the work of imparting education to the negro race which was gratifying in the highest degree, and a presage of greater triumphs in the future. In this department was a large oil-painting of the jubilee singers of Fiskc University, Nashville, whose concerts have made them familiar to the people of this country and Great Britain, and have earned for their school a sound basis of financial success.

The gallery at the north end of the transept was occupied by the second of the great organs of the Exhibition. This was the Roosevelt Organ, and was built by Hilborne L. Roosevelt, of New York, whose magnificent instruments have made him famous throughout the country. The organ in the Chickering Music Hall, in New York, is of his make, and is acknowledged by lovers and professors of music to be one of the most perfect and delicious instruments in existence. The organ exhibited here had fifty-six stops and pedals, and had three manuals and a pedal bass. It embodied a number of improvements peculiar to the organs of this maker, notable among which was the mechanism placed directly over the key-box by which the organist could readily change the combination on any of the pedals. Bv this novel arrangement, from one stop to the full organ could be set on any pedal. The organ was threefold in its construction, and consisted of the Main Organ in the north

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

353

gallery, the Electric Echo Organ, and the Electric Suspended Organ, all played from one key-board. The Electric Echo Oro-an was placed in the English Tower, and was connected by about 200 feet of wire cable to the keys of the great organ ; its bellows being blown by an electric engine. The Electric Sus¬ pended Organ was suspended from the roof about twenty feet in front of the organ gallery. This was connected also by a

THE BOOK TRADE EXHIBIT IX THE MAIN BUILDING.

cable of insulated wires to the keys of the great organ ; and its bellows were blown by an electric engine. The main bellows were blown by two of .Toques’ Improved Brass Hydraulic Engines, situated directly under the organ gallery.

This instrument was exhibited as a specimen of the American school of organ-building, and was intended to illustrate the ad¬ vancement made in the art in this country. Though founded on the best schools of modern European organ-building, still the improvements introduced were for the most part entirely new and American in their origin. Though there were several

O O

23

354

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

larger instruments here and in Europe, still it was claimed that none so complete, musically, and in the application of pneu¬ matic, tubular and electric action, had been constructed hitherto. In the matter of voicing, the builder’s school was carried out as

CLANK BOOKS, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

heretofore, and with equal success. It aims at individuality in the different stops, and at the same time a perfect blending.

The effect of the celebrated Vox Humana in the Chickering Hall Organ (by same builder), New York, was here reproduced

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

355

in the Electric Echo Organ, which was placed in the English Tower, as hitherto described. The wonderful imitation this made of a chorus of voices singing in the distance was perfect The cost of the organ was $20,000.

The gallery over the western entrance was occupied by the American Society of Civil Engineers, who made a fine display of engineering, drawings, photographs and models, the object of the display being to show the progress and triumphs of the science of engineering in this country.

Having finished our glance at the galleries, we now descend to the floor and begin our inspection at the eastern end of the American department, which was also the eastern end of the building.

Near the eastern doors the manufacturers of paper displayed their wares. The exhibit was very good, and the articles were arramred in the most tasteful and attractive manner. The show-cases used were beautiful specimens of skill in cabinet- making. The Philadelphia and New York stationers also exhibited fine specimens of book-binding ; the display of W. F. Murphy’s Sons, of Philadelphia, being conspicuous for ex¬ cellence and good taste. Close by, Lange & Little, of New York, exhibited some beautiful specimens of fine printing.

Immediately under the gallery the State of Maine displayed her cotton goods, and here a register was kept in which visitors from the Pine Tree State might inscribe their names and ad¬ dresses as a jneans of enabling their friends to find them.

At the southeast end of the hall was a large two-story pavilion, towering high above the line of show-cases. It was one of the handsomest pieces of work in the building, and was a model of neat and systematic arrangement. It was divided into sections, each of which was fitted up with convenient cases, in which the various leading publishing houses of the United States displayed their wares. All the great houses, such as the Harpers, Appletons, Scribner, Osgood and Houghton, were represented, and a number of minor firms helped to swell the representation. The Harpers and others displayed handsomely bound sets of their standard works, and the Appletons made an

356

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

imposing display of their magnificent illustrated publications. The bindings shown by this house were sumptuous, and ex¬ hibited this branch of American industry in its highest form. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, had a superb case of black walnut, with cushioned seats around it, just without the pavilion, and displayed many fine samples of printing and binding.

Near the western end of the pavilion the American Bible Society erected a beautiful case of polished oak, in which they exhibited copies of the Scriptures printed in every language. The work was done at the Bible House in New York, from which millions of copies of the Word of God have been scattered over the world. Versions in twenty-nine different languages were shown. Some rare and valuable copies of old Bibles were also displayed, among which were the Bibles owned by the great poet John Milton and the martyr John Rogers. A copy of the first Bible printed in the English language in America was also shown. It was printed by Robert Aitken, in Phila¬ delphia, in 1781. Prior to the Revolution all English Bibles used in the colonics were brought from England. During the war they became very scarce. In 1778 Robert Aitken under¬ took the production of an American edition of the Scriptures. In March, 1782, the Pennsylvania Assembly loaned Mr. Aitken £150 to assist in carrying out the enterprise. Septem¬ ber 10th, 1782, Congress recommended this edition of the Bible to the inhabitants of the United States, “as subservient to the interest of religion and progress of arts in this country/’ The paper was made in Pennsylvania, and the Bibles were printed and bound in Philadelphia.

Merriam & Co., of Springfield, Massachusetts, had a case in the second story of the book pavilion containing an interesting collection of the works of Noah Webster, with copies of the various editions of the great dictionary. Close by the proprie¬ tors of the famous Riverside Press, of Cambridge, Massachu¬ setts, exhibited specimens of their fine printing, including an exquisite portrait of Longfellow.

Descending to the floor again we came opposite the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. Here were to be seen beau-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

357

tiful specimens of this famous lock, including a superb chro¬ nometer bank-safe lock. The company also erected a large and complete model of a post-office, provided with several hundred of their patent lock-boxes, such as are used by the government in the post-offices of our principal cities. The office on exhi¬ bition here was complete in every respect, and could have been put into operation at any moment

Immediately opposite is a large case in which James W. Scott & Co., of New York, displayed a classified collection of all the postage stamps of the world.

Returning eastward, but still keeping south of the main aisle, we noticed a beautiful assortment of floor cloths exhibited by the American Linoleum Company, of New York. The designs of these goods were very beautiful. The fabric is manufactured by a peculiar process out of cork and linseed oil. It is softer and more durable than oil-cloth, and the foot falls as noise¬ lessly upon it as upon a carpet. It is as yet a new industry, but bids fair to become an important one.

We now reached the main aisle, near the eastern doors. Here was collected the display of cotton, woollen and silk goods of American manufacture. In all three departments the exhibit was very fine. Nearly all the great New England factories were represented — in some cases by separate exhibits, and in others by collective exhibits of the products of all the mills in a single town. Great praise is due the exhibitors for the hand¬ some and liberal manner in which they displayed their goods. The show-cases in this section were among the finest in the building, and the arrangement of the goods was tasteful and striking. The group was the largest in the building, and, with the exception of a few from Philadelphia, the exhibitors were mainly from New England. The cotton and woollen mills of the West and South were but poorly represented, and this is all the more to bq regretted, as they have made such marked pro¬ gress of late years as to render them formidable rivals of the Eastern mills. A contrast between the articles displayed here and those exhibited in similar sections by the foreign countries could not fail to be gratifying to the American visitor.

358

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

To the north of this section the carpet-makers of New Eng¬ land, New York and Pennsylvania erected a triple row of pavilions, open on one side, in which an extensive and beautiful collection of American-made carpets was shown. Except in the most costly styles, woven in a single piece, this young American industry compared more than favorably with its older competitors from Europe. The designs were handsome and tasteful, the workmanship good.

On the south side of the main aisle, above the department of

textile fabrics, the hardware and cutlery firms of the country

made their display. The collection of cutlery compared well

with that of the great English manufacturers, and few visitors

failed to notice the immense Centennial knife and fork exhibited

by the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company, of Pennsylvania. The

exhibit of tools and hardware of all kinds was complete and

attractive, and merited a careful study.

•/

Alongside of the hardware men Mr. Charles W. Spurr, of Boston, erected a small but handsome pavilion, lighted by a crystal chandelier. The inner walls were decorated with polished woods prepared by a patent process. 1 he wood is sawed to the thinness of soft paper and is then glued to harder paper, which is pasted on the walls in the usual manner, after which the wood surface is subjected to a high polish. This system of house decoration is very beautiful, and is rapidly becoming popular in this country.

On the south side of the hall, near the eastern end, was the display of American pottery and porcelain. It was creditable on the whole, but did not compare with the display made by either of the leading European nations, or by China or Japan. The exhibits in this line were, therefore, modestly placed in a comci. They included excellent white stoneware from Trenton, New Jersey, and some excellent terra-cotta specimens from the same State, and an abundance of rich brownware from Liver¬ pool, Ohio. I he collection also contained some fine animal specimens from Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. The Greenwood 1 ottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, showed a small model of a brick pottery, and specimens of the clay in the various stages of manufacture.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

359

Below the pottery collection were a number of tall marble and granite shafts and monuments, and beyond these were the care¬ fully-executed maps and charts of the Geological Survey of New Jersey, with a number of specimens of the geological for¬ mations of the Shite.

Close by, the Stephens Institute of Technology, of Hoboken, New Jersey, displayed an interesting collection of scientific apparatus.

The iron, steel, and slate men of the country made an impos¬ ing display of ores and manufactured metals. The Cambria Iron Works of Pennsylvania had a stately Masonic arch con¬ structed of solid T-rails ; and close by the famous Lucy Fur¬ nace, of Pittsburgh, was shown in a small but complete model. The display of ores, pig-metals, manufactured articles, nails, bars and other products was extensive and interesting.

The Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh, exhibited alongside of the irons a fine model of the famous draw-bridge constructed by them over Raritan Bay, for the Central Railroad of New Jersey.

Crossing toward the main aisle again we noticed a handsome case in which the American Watch Company, of Waltham, Massachusetts, displayed an extensive assortment of handsome watches in gold and silver cases. A few feet north of this case the Elgin Watch Company, of Elgin, Illinois, exhibited then- watches and a number of samples of the wheels and other move¬ ments used in them. In Machinery Hall one could see the process by which these watches are made by machinery. Our country is rapidly taking rank with the older nations for the excellence and beauty of its watches, and the accuracy and rapidity with which they are made by machinery has challenged the admiration of the civilized world. The two companies mentioned above are the most prominent parties engaged in this branch of our industry, and were the best prepared to show it to the thousands who gazed in wondering admiration at the process as shown in Machinery Hall, and at the results as exhibited there.

Crossing the main aisle we noticed along its northern side a

"EXHIBITION VASE,” EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

360

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

361

formidable row of Gatling, Parrott and breech-loading guns. The cannon were all fine specimens of the classes to which they belong, and attracted much attention. The display of small arms was also very fine, and showed some interesting im¬ provements in sporting weapons.

North of the arms col¬ lection were the burglar and fire-proof safes. All the principal safe makers were represented, and the dis¬ play was exceptionally good and interesting.

Close by the safes, Ives, Blakeman & Co., of Bridge¬ port, Connecticut, had a large stand with an exten¬ sive collection of mechanical toys. Several persons were kept busy displaying the operations of these ingenious contrivances, and a crowd of delighted little folks was always gathered about the stand.

To the west of this stand was a large case contain¬ ing a handsome display of military uniforms and orna¬ ments, exhibited by Schuy¬ ler, Hartley & Graham, of New York. The most con-

BRITISH MUSEUM VASE EXHIBITED BT GALLOAYAY £ GRAFF.

362

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

spicuous object of this collection was a figure of the Emperor William, of Germany, in a superb uniform.

We now enter a region of ready-made clothing and ladies’ costumes. The principal display here was made by the well- known houses of John Wanamaker & Co., of Philadelphia Devlin & Co., and Madame Demorest, of New York, and Homer, Colladay & Co., of Philadelphia. The last-named house exhibited a number of wax figures dressed in the most beautiful and costly costumes. Here, also, was a fine display of furs, from the rough skins to the daintiest articles of clothing. Conspicuous in this department was the exhibit of F. Booss & Pro., of New York, which was greatly admired.

Continuing on the north side we noticed a handsome display of terra-cotta ware. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, exhib¬ ited some beautiful statues, vases, tezzas, pedestals and foun¬ tains. The collection of articles for homelier us'es was also very good.

Along the western end of the American department on the north side was a capital exhibit of ropes and cordage, from the most delicate pack-thread to the stoutest cables. We here reached the extreme limit of the American department on the north side, and returning to the main aisle crossed to the south side at the soda fountain which stood opposite the Mexican court. In the front line on the south side of the main aisle were the vaults of the Centennial Safe Deposit Com¬ pany, looking the very picture of strength and security, and next above this the Seth Thomas Company, of Thomaston, Con¬ necticut, displayed a large collection of American clocks. The clocks of this company are admitted to be fully equal to the best French timepieces, and the writer can testify to their excellence from many years’ use of them. The designs are tasteful and handsome, and the clocks being made by machinery, are sold at about half the cost of a first-class foreign clock.

Immediately above the clocks was the Telegraph Depart¬ ment, fronting also on the main aisle. Here were telegraphic and electrical instruments of every description. The Western Union Telegraph Company had here a handsome case of

364

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

French walnut, showing the workings of a “telegraphic switch/’ for shifting the magnetic current from wire to wire. A complete collection of telegraphic apparatus was to be seen

here, and a thorough illustration was given of the system by which the extensive lines of this company are operated.

On the main aisle, just west of this section, were handsome models in silver of the palace cars of the Pullman and Wood¬ ruff Companies.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

365

The display of glassware along the main aisle was very beau¬ tiful and quite extensive. The finest specimens of cut and ground glass were to be seen here. This department extended

AMERICAN BRONZES, EXHIBITED BY N. MTTTAER’S SONS.

southward from the main aisle, and embraced also a huge col¬ lection of plainer and more substantial articles of glass. "W heel¬ ing, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the two principal seats of American glass manufacture, were well repie-

366

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

sented, and New Jersey and Massachusetts also made superb displays. Messrs. H. C. Fox & Sons, of Philadelphia, made a fine display of druggists’ glassware, the glass used being made without lead.

Just beyond the glassware, on the main aisle, was a magnifi¬ cent display of fine gas fixtures by the leading manufacturers

of New York and Phila¬ delphia. This was one of the most notable features of the American depart¬ ment, and many of the ar¬ ticles exhibited were ex¬ ceedingly beautiful. The collection took up a great deal of room, and showed to what a surprising ex¬ tent the taste of our people for luxury and variety has gone in the single direc¬ tion of apparatus for light. No foreign country had anything to compare with us in the extent of the dis¬ play in this line.

Close by, Nicholas Mul¬ ler’s Sons, of New York, made a beautiful display of American bronzes, which attracted much attention from visitors, and showed the great progress made by this country in this art.

I he next department was that of silver and plated ware. I he firms represented here were principally from the Eastern States, and the display of the finest grades of plated ware was large and magnificent. The various manufacturing firms repre¬ sented appeared to have exhausted their ingenuity in the pro¬ duction of rare and beautiful articles for display at the great

SILVER FLOWER VASE, REPOUSSE WORK, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM CO.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

367

Exhibition. The cases were rich and massive, and were in strict accordance with the beautiful objects they con¬ tained. The Meri¬ den Britannia Com¬ pany and Reed &

Barton had excep¬ tionally fine dis¬ plays, m any exqui¬ site bronzes being; among that of the former firm. The show-cases of these firms were the most elegant in the whole American section.

The jewellers made a fine exhibit of their wares, Bai¬ ley &Co., of Phila¬ delphia, being the first whose display attracted the visitor.

They had a hand¬ some pavilion, in which was a large and beautiful collec¬ tion of jewelry and precious stones.

At the intersec¬ tion of the main aisle with the cen- rEACocK's feather, containing the famous

t„01 i , BRUNSWICK DIAMOND AND OVER SIX HUNDRED

trai transept was a

I SMALL DIAMONDS, EXHIBITED BY TIFFANY.

crescent-shaped

368

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Moorish pavilion of beautiful design, and ornamented in warm, rich colors. It was in all respects the most beautiful structure in the Exhibition, and was occupied by Messrs. Tiffany & Co., and Starr & Marcus, of New York, Caldwell & Co., of Phila¬ delphia, and the Gorham Manufacturing Company, of Provi¬ dence, R. I. These houses displayed the richest and most costlv

J

articles to be seen in the Exhibition. The finest jewels were to be seen here in pro¬ fusion. The cameos exhibited by Starr & Marcus were amon<r the most exquisite in the world, and were selected with skill and taste. Tiffany & Co. exhibited a superb col¬ lection of precious stones in the most beautiful settings. Among these were a diamond necklace, con¬ taining twenty-seven pure white stones of rare perfection and beauty ; a pair of soli¬ taire diamond ear-rings of the purest water and of great beauty ; a peacock’s feather, containing the celebrated “Brunswick” straw-colored diamond, and over six hundred fine white diamonds of smaller size; a pendant containing two precious opals of unusual beauty, in which the play of red and green colors was matchless; a brooch and ear-rings of cat’s-eyes. The cat’s-eye is highly val¬ ued in India and the East, and lately has been much sought

SILVER BASS-RELIEF PLAQUE, REPOUSSE, EX¬ HIBITED BY TIIE OORIIAM COMPANY.

24

THE BRYANT VASE, EXHIBITED BY TIFFANY & CO.

3G9

370

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

after in England and this country. These specimens are the finest known; a pearl necklace, brooch and ear-rings, the two latter containing four pear-shaped pearls, perfect in shape and orient. Brooch in the form of three leaves covered with dia¬ monds. On the leaves are the three principal varieties of pearls — pink, black, and white; unset specimens of the diamond, ruby and sapphire, of perfect form and color; and a silver centre piece, in the form of a swan, enriched by the repouss6 process, with oriental ornamentation.

The same house also exhibited a superb collection of articles in silver, richly chased and decorated in various artistic styles. The most conspicuous of these was the Bryant Vase , a superb piece of work, presented to William Cullen Bryant, the poet, by his admirers in this country, on his eightieth birthday. It was made by Tiffany & Co., and is valued at $5000, the materials of which it is composed being silver and gold. It was justly regarded as one of the most beautiful works in the Exhibition, and received, as it deserved, the warm admiration and praise of thousands. It was executed by the repouss6 process, and its de¬ signs are intended to symbolize the various eras in the poet’s life and character through the medium of a classic form, covered with ornaments drawn from nature and suggested by his works.

Caldwell & Co. d isplayed a line of beautiful jewelry and silver ware which were the envy of many a fair gazer upon them. The Gorham Manufacturing Company, famous as the first manufacturers of silver and fine plated ware in America, fully sustained their well-earned reputation by their display here. The principal object of their exhibit was the magnificent “ Century Vase,” which stood at the entrance to their section. It was of solid silver, and was four feet two inches in height. Ihe length of the vase was five feet four inches. The vase rose from the centre of the base, which rested upon a slab of polished granite, and both the vase and base were ornamented with a number of groups, the figures of which stood out boldly and beautifully. Each of these groups was emblematical. The following is the description of this splendid work of art given by its proprietors :

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

371

“The pioneer and Indian represent the first phase of civiliza¬ tion. Groups of fruit, flowers, and cereals, the natural products of the soil. The slab of polished granite signifies the unity and solidity of the government on which rest the thirty-eight States. The band of stars, thirty-eight encircling the piece thirteen in front, represent the present and original number of

TIIE CENTURY VASE.” EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM COMPANY, IN THE

MAIN BUILDING.

States in the Union. The group on the left is the genius of 'var> 'v*th the torch in her right hand, while the left grasps the chain holding the ‘ dogs of war’ in check. A shell has shat¬ tered the tree, anil a broken caisson wheel is half buried in the debris on the battle ground. The group on the right is the lion led by little children, musical instruments and flowers

372

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

strewn on the ground, all denoting perfect peace and security. The medallion in front is the angel of fame, holding in one hand the palm branch and laurel wreath, and in the other a wreath of immortelles and a portrait of Washington. The medallion on the opposite side is the genius of philosophy and diplomacy, with one hand resting on the printing press, and

COMMUNION SERVICE, “GORHAM PLATE,” EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM COMPANY, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

with the other holding a portrait of Franklin. On either side of the plinth is a head of the bison, the king of the prairie. Having now passed the Revolution, and witnessed the restora¬ tion of peace, the nation commences its growth, and hence from the plinth the vase rises. The front panel of the vase represents genius, ready to inscribe on the tablet the progress made in

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

373

literature, science, music, painting, sculpture, and architecture. On the reverse panel, genius is ready to record the advancement in commerce, mining, and manufactures. The cover of the vase bears the group in which the story culminates. The figures denote Europe, Asia, and Africa, while the central figure, America, is inviting and welcoming all nations to unite with her in celebrating the triumph of her Centennial year. The cost of the vase was $25,000.

We give among our illustrations a number of engravings of articles exhibited by the Gorham Company. Many of these were of the material known as the “ Gorham Plate/’ a superior article of triple plate upon nickel-silver. These articles were equal in beauty and finish to solid silver ware, and their dura¬ bility the writer can vouch for from personal use of them.

Not far distant Aikin, Lambert & Co., of New York, exhib¬ ited a beautiful case of gold pens, which made one of the most attractive displays in the building.

Passing to the southward one saw near the central transept an extensive display of chemicals and paints. These were grouped tastefully, and with their brilliant hues constituted one of the most attractive features of the American department. Conspic¬ uous in this collection was the exhibit of John Lucas & Co., of Philadelphia, one of the largest and best known houses in the Union, whose extensive works are located at Gibs boro’, New Jersey. The display of this house embraced a fine exhibit of white leads and zincs, colors, paints, varnishes, and window- glass, both white and colored. Some magnificent specimens of zinc ore were displayed, and the processes of manufacturing white lead and white zinc were shown in the simplest and clearest manner. The high reputation enjoyed by this house, and the completeness of the display made by it, rendered its exhibit one of the most conspicuous “features” of the Exhibition. To visitors interested in or familiar with this branch of American industry it is unnecessary to add that this is the representative house of the Union in this line. Close by was the handsome exhibit of printing inks made by Charles Enu Johnson & Co., Philadelphia, the largest and best known manufacturers of

aikin,

LAMBERT & CO.’S EXHIBIT OP GOLD PENS

MAIN BUILDING.

374

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

375

these articles in America. The goods were displayed tastefully, and a crowd of the members of the “fourth estate” could always be seen gathered around the stand, inspecting the wares which experience has taught them are unexcelled by any of their class in the world.

Close by these exhibits was the large and handsome stand of Messrs. Warner & Co., of Philadelphia, containing an extensive and beautifully arranged display of sugar-coated pills and other pharmaceutical preparations manufactured by this house, which was the first to introduce into the United States this method of preparing medicines. While examining this beautiful display one almost forgot his dislike for “doctor’s stuff,” the contents of the case looked so inviting.

Going eastward again we noticed the handsome display of the cologne and perfume makers of this country. The firms repre¬ sented were from New York and Philadelphia chiefly. Burnett had a pretty black marble fountain which sent up a constant jet of cologne water, and where the tired visitor could enjoy the delightful privilege of bathing his forehead with the refreshing liquid. Wenck, of New York, had a handsome bamboo pavilion, from which perfumed sprays were thrown, filling the air with their delicious fragrance. Lundborg, of New York, had a tall, gayly decorated Moorish pavilion, in which he made an exten¬ sive and attractive show of his perfumes.

Close by the perfumes Thaddeus Davids & Co., of New York, made a fine display of their world-renowned writing inks.

Going eastward still we entered the furniture department, and it required but a glance to see that the West here offered a sharp •competition to the East in this, its specialty. There were some fine specimens of furniture from the West, the State of Michigan being especially well represented in this respect. The display of furniture was very large, and some of the finest specimens were from Columbus, Ohio. The makers of the finest grades of furniture in New York and Philadelphia went to great ex¬ pense in setting up their exhibits. Many of them constructed rooms of the usual size, which were handsomely carpeted, pro¬ vided with curtains, doors, frescoed ceilings and walls, and

370

PERFORATED VENEER SEATS,

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

377

superb gas fixtures and mantel-pieces. The rooms were open on one side. With the homelike surroundings thus provided the furniture showed to the best possible advantage. It was of the most elaborate description, and was richly upholstered. Smith & Campion, of Philadelphia, exhibited a suite of four rooms, consisting of a parlor, library, dining-room and chamber, fitted up magnificently and furnished with the most costly articles. Some rich specimens of interior decoration were also shown by the firms represented here, prominent among these being the dec¬ orations furnished by Marcotte & Co., of New York.

George J. Henkels, of Philadelphia, had a fine chamber suit of maple, made from the wood of an old maple tree that grew in Inde¬ pendence Square.

It was over 200 years old when it was cut down.

The gem of the whole furniture dis¬ play, however, was

• • , i PATENT FOLDING BF.D, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN

an exquisitely

1 J BUILDING.

carved bedstead of

Amaranth Avood inlaid with black walnut.

It was not only a superb piece ot furniture, but was a beautiful work of art. It formed a part ol the exhibit of Pot- tier & Sty m us, of New York, which was one of the most striking features of the furniture department.

North of the furniture collection was the display of pliilo-

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

379

sophical and surgical instruments. It was quite large, and the articles compared well with those in the English, French and Swiss departments. Among the most conspicuous objects of this collection was a fine equatorial transit instrument exhibited by Messrs. Fauth & Co., of Washington, D. C.

From the scientific department we passed on and found our¬ selves in the piano-forte collection. All the principal firms were represented. Steinway, Chickering, Weber, Knabe, and a score of well-known names greeted us at every turn. Each maker sent his best instruments, and the highest skill was exercised in the construction of the beautiful frames in which these were placed. All the spaces occupied by the piano makers were en¬ closed, and many of them were covered with elegant pavilions, richly carpeted, and provided with seats for visitors. Several of the leading firms engaged distinguished performers to show off their instruments, and one was sure of always hearing some brilliant pianist while lingering in this department. The col¬ lection covered a large area and was very complete. In the collection of Win. Knabe & Co., of Baltimore, there was a harpsichord made for Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, a century ago.

Alongside of the pianos was the display of cabinet organs, which, though smaller, was quite as handsome as that of the stringed instruments. George Wood & Co. and Mason & Hamlin exhibited some fine instruments, which attracted much attention by their beautiful designs and rich workmanship.

Conspicuous in this department was the display of J. Estey & Co., of Brattleboro’, Vermont, whose cottage and parlor organs arc famous the world over as the best American instru¬ ments made. They stood confessedly without a peer in the multitude of instruments by which they were surrounded at the Exhibition, and, apart from the beauty of their designs, for strength, purity, sweetness, and richness of tone, these organs have no equals. The writer has long numbered an “ Estev ” among the choicest treasures of his home, and can testify, of his personal experience, to its immeasurable superiority over any and every cabinet organ made.

OOOOOJ

5^0 3 £3°

irinaO'JOP'^l

[jriiin*11"*'1

CABINET ORGAN, EXHIBITED BY ESTEY & CO.

380

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

381

Two pipe organs were on exhibition close by, and not far distant was a handsome case of violins exhibited by C. F. Albert, of Philadelphia.

We have now completed our survey of the American depart¬ ment of the main hall, and must turn our attention to the ■display made by foreign countries.

Great Britain and Ireland.

First among these nations was the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the mother land of our young republic. The space occupied by the British section lay north of the main aisle and west of the central transept, and was not enclosed by a pavilion or any other structure. Each exhibitor was obliged to provide and set up his own show-case, and these, while al¬ ways executed in a thorough and workmanlike manner, were as simple and unadorned as possible. They were painted black, with gilt mouldings. Professor Archer, of the British Com¬ mission, states, as a reason for this, that his country has learned from its great experience in international exhibitions, that too great a display in the furniture detracts from the appearance of the exhibits proper. A banner of red, with the words “Great Britain and Ireland/’ was suspended from the roof over the entrance to the British court.

At the entrance, opposite the. music stand in the central tran¬ sept, was a rich display of silver and plated ware by Elkington & Co., silversmiths, of Birmingham. The collection embraced many articles of great value and beauty, and was the gem of the British exhibit. Some splendid bronzes were included in it, and one could pass hours in inspecting the objects displayed by this enterprising firm, whose exhibit was valued by the London Times at $500,000. One of the mos?t beautiful articles to be seen here was the “ Helicon vase,” in rcpouss6 and richly enamelled, which was valued at $30,000. The reproductions in electro-deposit of ancient works of art from the South Ken¬ sington and British Museums were especially interesting.

Adjoining this splendid display was the space occupied bv Messrs. Cox & Co., of London, who exhibited a large and

382

EXHIBIT OF VIOLINS IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

383

handsome collection of* church plate, wrought-iron and brass work, church furniture of various kinds, and some fine ebon- ized and carved oak furniture.

Going north, along the eastern end of the British section, we reached the display of porcelain, pottery and majolica ware. In her porcelain England fairly rivals France, the first nation in Europe in the extent and beauty of this manufacture, and in pottery and majol¬ icas leads the world.

The display of por¬ celains made by A.

B. Daniell & Son, of London, was exten¬ sive and very beau¬ tiful, including or¬ namental vases, candelabra, splen¬ did dinner, dessert, and tea sets. Brown,

West head, T. C.

Moore & Co., of Staffordshire, also made an elegant display.

In pottery Eng¬ land excelled all the nations in her display. The col¬ lection included vessels of all kinds for household, sci¬ entific and commercial uses, drainage and objects of ornament, statuary, etc. Some of the statues and busts were remarkably fine, and the display, on the whole, was beautiful and creditable in the highest degree. Messrs. Doulton & Co. exhibited a handsome temple of terra-cotta, filled with a choice display of their productions in the same material. One of the most com-

TERRA-COTTA TEMPLE, EXHIBITED BY DOULTON & CO., ENGLAND.

384

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

plete and conspicuous displays was that of Bates, Walker & Co., of Burslem, in Staffordshire, from whose circular we take the following account of the process of the manufacture of the articles displayed here, which is identical with that followed in all pottery establishments:

“The raw materials of the manufacture are commonplace enough — certain clays from Devon and Cornwall, China stone and flint being the principal. The latter is calcined, broken up, and ground with water in a large cylindrical tub, lined at the bottom with hard siliceous stones. From the central vertical shaft working in this tub project arms between which large loose stones are placed, and, the mill being set going, these move round on the bed-stone, grinding the flint until it forms with the water a creamy fluid.

“The China stone is treated separately, but in a similar man¬ ner, and the clay is mixed up with water and then made to pass through silk sieves of exceeding fineness, having a recipro¬ cating movement, and which arrest impurities in the clay, as also the coarser particles. Next the ingredients, in their semi¬ fluid state, are mixed by measure in large underground tanks, from whence the ‘slip/ as the mixture is now called, is pumped into long: bass of a coarse cotton fabric. A number of these bags being filled, they are placed side by side in a press actuated by powerful screws, and thus subjected to powerful compression the water filters through the bags in a perfectly pure and limpid state, the solid clayey compound being left behind. The dough- like masses removed from the bags are thrown into a pug mill with an internal spiral arrangement of knives, which cut up the clay, and it is gradually forced through an opening in the mill in a perfectly homogeneous and workable condition. Having now seen how the fine plastic material which is to form the body of the ware is prepared, the next thing is to follow it into the potters’ domain pure and simple. There are two methods by which the clay is made to assume the required shapes, viz., by throwing and moulding. The former operation requires con¬ siderable manual dexterity, and is accomplished by the aid of the potter’s wheel, the essential part of which is simply a hori-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

385

zontal revolving disc. The potter places on it a lump of clay, and while it revolves, fashions it with his fingers into any shape that may be desired. Articles thus formed in the rough are, when partially dried, finished by turning them in a lathe.

“A less expensive method of fashioning the clay is that which involves the use of plaster of Paris moulds. Such things as teacups, which require to be of a uniform thinness, are made by pressing thin sheets of clay into the moulds, which absorb the superficial moisture of the paste, and allow the articles to be removed without injury. Ewers, jugs, teapots, and articles of somewhat intricate shape are formed in moulds which are in several parts. Spouts, handles, etc., are moulded, and after¬ wards joined to the body of the vessel by liquid ‘slip.’ Com¬ ing now to that part of the factory where plate making is going on, we notice that the plan adopted combines both the processes of throwing and moulding. A mould turned to the shape of the upper surface of the plate is placed on the revolving disc of the potter’s wheel, and a thin sheet of paste is pressed on to it; then, while in movement, the potter places in position a tool representing a section of the plate, and this pares down and shapes the clay to its own outline. Their edges having been finished off, the plates, still on the moulds, are placed in a hot closet on shelves which slowly revolve, and by this ingenious arrangement the drying of the goods to the desired degree is well accomplished. Being formed, the articles, of whatever kind, must be ‘ fired,’ and they are accordingly packed in coarse earthenware vessels called saggers, and these are piled one on the other in the oven until it is quite full.

“The furnaces arc now lighted, and an intense heat kept up for about forty hours; the oven is then allowed to cool, and when the saggers are withdrawn they contain the ware in the ' state known as ‘ biscuit.’ At this stage we are introduced to the decorative processes of the manufacture. The patterns are printed on peculiarly soft and thin tissue-paper from copper¬ plates, and are transferred to the ware by applying the printed tissue-paper to its surface and rubbing it on. The biscuit being of a highly absorbent nature, readily receives the pattern, and

386

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the paper is got rid of by the application of water. Gilt dec¬ oration is largely used, and the patterns are printed on the ware in a kind of size, the gold alloy being afterwards dusted on. Before heating the gold is quite dark ; during that process it changes to a dirty yellow, and is only brought out in all its resplendency by the operation of burnishing with agate. The more elaborate patterns are hand-painted on the ware, and there is scope here for the display of the most artistic execution. Each color has to be separately applied, and the many heatings the ware has to undergo to bring out the tints expose it to such risk of injury that other manufacturers are disinclined, in con¬ sequence, to apply this variety of decoration to their goods. After the biscuit has received its ornamentation, it is dipped in a glaze, and the final heating it undergoes vitrifies the latter, and calls up the natural vividness of the colors forming the patterns.”

The tile makers had a fine collection. Several of the struc¬ tures enclosing the spaces of the exhibitors were constructed entirely of tiles bearing handsome paintings, and finished in the most perfect style of the art. The famous house of Minton & Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, had perhaps the most perfect col¬ lection in the group. The designs were fine, and the workman¬ ship of the highest class. Maw & Co., and Craven, Dunnill & Co., of Shropshire, also made a fine show of geometrical mosaic, encaustic, and majolica tiles, among which were a num¬ ber of fine reproductions of ancient works, as well as modern designs.

The collection of tiles was chiefly near the north side of the British section, at its eastern end. Returning from this to the front line, we noticed, near the collection of Elkington & Co., the exhibit of ornamental iron-work, made by Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Norwich. The most prominent object of this col¬ lection was the fine pavilion of iron-work filled with the wares of the firm. The South Kensington Museum has purchased duplicate portions of this building as specimens of the finest styles of ornamental iron-work of the nineteenth century. Just above this collection a superb crystal chandelier, sus-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

387

pended over a fine display of cut glassware, attracted our atten¬ tion. It was the handsomest in the building.

Passing northward, we reached the collection of furniture. A special feature of this department consisted of the handsome and comfortable-looking brass bedsteads, of which quite a num¬ ber were displayed.

Messrs. James Schoolbred & Co., of London, had one of the handsomest pavilions in the Exhibition. It was divided into a number of chambers furnished with exquisite taste in the Anglo- Indian style. These cozy apartments were exceedingly attrac¬ tive, and visitors were loud in their praise of their arrangement. This house also exhibited some fine furniture of the Jacobean and Queen Anne styles. A fine display of decorative furniture was also made by W. Scott Morton, of Edinburgh. The furni¬ ture exhibited included many beautiful specimens of interior decoration and adornment, and was a fair representation of a school from which our own decorators might learn much.

The collection of ornamental mantels, fire-places, and heating apparatus stood in the rear of the furniture. It was handsome, but in point of convenience and completeness was inferior to that displayed by our own country in the annex to the Main Building.

A conspicuous feature of the British collection was the mag¬ nificent tent, or booth, constructed of purple velvet hangings, and ornamented with a superb collection of specimens of em¬ broidery and needlework. An exquisitely worked scroll over the entrance told us that this was the pavilion of the “Royal School ot Art and Needlework.” This school is under the especial patronage of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, and the greater part of the embroideries displayed were the work of the royal family or of ladies of noble birth. A screen worked by the L rin cess Christian attracted much attention from visitors- Ihe hearty interest displayed by the Queen of England in our Exhibition, and the generous manner in which she has person¬ ally taken part in it, merit and should receive the cordial ac¬ knowledgment of our people.

Against the northern wall of the building were suspended two

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388

TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

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seamless pieces of oil-cloth, each about twenty-five by forty-five feet in size. They were from Kirkaldy, in Scotland.

Returning once more to the main aisle, we entered the depart¬ ment of cotton and woollen goods. The exhibit in these lines was immense and extremely varied. The articles were of the best quality, and were displayed in the most artistic manner. Linens also abounded here, and excited, as they well deserved, the praise of all visitors. A case of magnificent Irish poplins was exhibited by Pirn Brothers, of Dublin. They were among the most beautiful fabrics on exhibition in the main hall, and a crowd of visitors was always collected around them. The famous Balbriggan Hose Manufacturers made an interesting and complete exhibit near by. The display of laces, silks, ribbons and silk fabrics was also very fine. The department of textile fabrics included England, Scotland and Ireland, and fully sus¬ tained the claims of the British kingdom with regard to this branch of her manufactures. A conspicuous portion of this ex¬ hibit was the handsome display of satteens and cloths for tailors’ use, made by Ferguson Brothers, of the Holme Head Works, near Carlisle. These goods were of the most superior class, and were considered unequalled in the Exhibition. The well-known house of William F. Read, of Philadelphia, is the American representative of this firm. Hitchcock, Williams & Co., of London, displayed a case of handsome and complete toilettes for ladies, elegantly setoff on wax figures.

Farther north was the collection of jewelry. This was hand¬ some in many respects, but was not such a display as was hoped for from Great Britain. One or two cases were especially notice¬ able. James Aitchison, of Edinburgh, had a pretty exhibit of Scottish jewelry in gold and silver, Highland ornaments, and precious stones found in Scotland; and William Gibson, of Belfast, had a fine display of Irish bog-oak jewelry.

The exhibit of cutlery, tools, and hardware was large, and included London, Sheffield, and Birmingham. The articles offered were of the finest quality, and were tastefully arranged. In this department the Telegraph Construction and Maintain- ance Company exhibited a collection of specimens of the differ-

390

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ent submarine cables laid by them in various parts of the world. Messrs. James Smith & Sons, of Redditch, England, here exhibited a handsome case of needles; a display which fully sustained the high reputation their wares have acquired in the commercial world.

The display of scientific and philosophical instruments was extensive and unusually good. All the leading makers were represented, and the specimens on exhibition were among the very best in the building. Some fine watches and chronome¬ ters and a number of musical instruments were to be seen near by.

In the alcoves along the northern wall of the building the carpet makers displayed their finest products. Here were to be seen the most beautiful Axminster, Wilton, and Indian carpets and rugs that Great Britain ever sent to this country. The larger ones, woven in a seamless piece, were suspended against the wall, and could be examined readily by the lovers of these beautiful fabrics.

Afi ne collection of fire-arms was to be seen near by, together with apparatus for hunting and fishing, a collection deeply in¬ teresting to sportsmen.

At the western end of her section Great Britain grouped the exhibits of her publishers, and her educational display. The latter was not large, and did not do justice to the country which has done so much for the cause of knowledge. Her great universities were not represented at all, and her excellent school system was scarcely shown, a circumstance much to be regretted.

I he book-men had but a slight representation. Cassell, Fetter & Galpin, of London, showed a good collection of their illustrated works, and Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew A Co., of London, the proprietors of Punch and the British Encyclopaedia , had a handsome pavilion, at the entrance to which Mr. Punch stood., bowing a welcome to his visitors. The publications of this house were well displayed, and the lover of books did not fail to notice with especial pleasure the rich and exquisite editions of Shakspeare to be seen here.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

391

Immediately opposite, the London Illustrated News and the London Graphic united in an enclosure, along the sides of which were displayed specimens of their illustrations and fine cut- printing. The Graphic exhibited a number of original sketches and complete drawings of scenes and incidents in the late Franco-German war, and a series of blocks showing the dif- fent stages of the process of wood engraving. A small printing press worked by a gas-engine was used to strike off the illumin¬ ated circulars of this firm.

The display of stained glass windows was more complete and beautiful than has ever been made by England at any Interna¬ tional Exhibition. These exhibits were to be found chiefly in the windows of the gallery at the south end of the transept, where they showed to the best advantage.

One-fifth of the entire space of the Main Building was taken up by Great Britain and her colonies. Of this, Great Britain and India occupied one-half.

India.

The exhibit made by British India was under the control of the British Commissioners, and was chiefly from the India Museum in London. It was neither as extensive nor as fine as the exhibit made at Vienna. Specimens were exhibited, shoAV- ing everything the natives eat, Avear or use. The grains of India, the cotton, and other products were arranged in cases according to a regular classification, and were deserving of a careful study. Nat Ye dyes were also sIioavu, together Avith a quantity of silks, raAv, floss, spun, and Avoven, and the cocoon from which the silk is obtained. Some of the silks Avere beau¬ tifully embroidered, and some fine specimens of gold and silver cloth A\rere to be seen here. The collection of laces and shawls aaus very attractYe. A set of magnificently carved black fur¬ niture Avas included in the collection, and attracted much atten¬ tion. Jewelled Aveapons and native arms Avere among the showiest features of the display. A collection of native pottery and metal work, lacquered Avare, boxes made of porcupine quills and sandal Avood, some magnificent native fans inlaid

392

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

with ivory and precious stones, some singular drawings in mica, and a number of Hindoo antiquities were also to be found in this department. Some fine India carpets were displayed. Delhi sent some handsome embroidered work, and Bombay a rich collection of jewels. Along the sides of the space were photographs of scenes in India, and of the native races of that country. From the display made here one could gather a fair idea of the people of India and their habits, and contrast them with those of other lands. This, indeed, was supposed to be

CARVED EAST INDIAN FURNITURE, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

the main object of the intelligent visitor, and the various com¬ missions arranged their exhibits for the purpose of facilitating this study.

The Dominion of Canada.

Canada occupied almost as much space as the mother country. The exhibit was made under the direction of three Commis¬ sioners from the Dominion and one from each of the Provinces. The collection was made up of articles from the Provinces of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

393

Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Columbia. The Dominion contributed the sum of $100,000 to the expenses of the Exhibition, and the Provinces an equal sum. The goods were displayed in neat uniform walnut cases, but little expense having been gone to on this account.

The extent arid variety of the exhibition of Canadian manu¬ factures surprised even those who supposed themselves well versed in these matters. Cotton and woollen goods, hosiery, hoots and shoes, drugs and chemicals, sewing machines, hard¬ ware, saws, pianos, and wearing apparel of all kinds, were dis¬ played in profusion and of admirable qualities. The leading ship-builders on the coast sent models of the vessels they have constructed, and Quebec and Toronto sent fine specimens of furniture. The Canadian potters sent handsome specimens of stoneware, which they claim is equal to the best Staffordshire ware; and from Montreal there were finely wrought marble mantels, which the exhibitors asserted were equal in quality and workmanship to anything produced in Italy. A large display of furs was made, the Hudson Bay Company taking the lead in this respect.

A specialty was the exhibit of the geological department, in which the ores and petroleum of the Dominion were most prominent. A lump of plumbago, six feet by four in size, was exhibited. It is said to be the largest ever mined. New Brunswick contributed some fine specimens of red granite. A case of clothing of skins ornamented with bead-work, and articles of adornment of bead- work, made bv the Indians of Canada, attracted much attention.

.The Province of Ontario displayed with great pride and minuteness her educational system. The plan adopted was similar to that of the States of the American Union, and no pains were spared to make the showing complete. Models and drawings of the principal educational establishments were ex¬ hibited, together with the text-books used, and specimens of the pupils’ work. A handsome collection of philosophical ap¬ paratus and maps was embraced in the exhibit.

394

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Altogether Canada had good cause to be satisfied with her display, and the careful observer could learn much that was new to him of the progress of our northern neighbor.

The British Colonies.

Of the space allotted to the dependencies of Great Britain, Canada had three-sixths, the Australian colonies two-sixths and the remainder was divided among the African and American colonies.

New South Wales.

The Australian colonies exhibited many interesting objects. New South Wales, which lies in the southeastern portion of that continent, endeavored to show by her display the extent and variety of her resources. Fine photographs of Sidney, the capital, said to be the largest ever taken, constituted a promi¬ nent part of the exhibit, and showed to the visitor what a stately city has grown up in the far-off country which but a generation back was almost unknown.

The exhibit of wool was very large, and fairly represented the extent and importance of this branch of Australian industry. An extensive collection of mineral specimens, including copper, antimony, iron, gold and kaolin, was shown, among which was a pyramid formed of blocks of coal and samples of all the car¬ boniferous specimens discovered in the country. A number of lumps of tin ore, and blocks of refined tin, showed what New Zealand can do in the mining of this metal, and a lofty obelisk of gilt showed the amount of gold that was taken from the country from 1851 to 1874, which was 8,205,232,598 ounces, valued at $167,949,355.

Samples of silk and silk cocoons, and a number of specimens of the work of the natives of the country, were shown. The fine timber which forms so prominent a part of the exports of the colony was shown in a number of excellent specimens of sections of trees. A large block of kerosene shale was to be seen, from which the kerosene oil used in the colony is manu¬ factured.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

395

The whole exhibit was deeply interesting and instructive. It was arranged with great care and judgment, and was a fair showing of the resources and progress of the country it repre¬ sented.

Queensland.

The exhibit from Queensland was contained in an enclosed apartment, on the north side of the British space, immediately opposite the New South Wales section. It was in charge of Mr. Angus Mackay, of the Queenslander (the leading journal of the colony), a gentleman who has identified himself closely with the progress of this far-off country. It was in all respects one of the most interesting in the building, and was so admirably arranged that it could not fail to attract throngs of inquiring and appreciative visitors. Queensland occupies the northwestern part of Australia, and is a rapidly-growing and thriving colony. It originally formed a part of the colony of New South Wales, hut was separated from it and given an independent administra¬ tion some years ago.

The visitor’s attention was at once drawn to a tall obelisk covered with gilt, which showed the amount of gold exported from Queensland between 1868 and 1875. It was sixty-five tons forty-one pounds and six ounces, and was valued at $35,- 000,000. A fine collection of gold-bearing quartz was arranged around this obelisk. The collection of minerals was very com¬ plete, and embraced all that are found in the colony. There were specimens of tin, copper, arrowroot, woods, oils, silk, timber and antimony. The production of tin is increasing every year, and now exceeds that of gold. Indeed, the principal sup¬ ply of the tin used by the civilized world is now drawn from Queensland. Several lumps of copper ore were exhibited, weighing five tons in the aggregate, and twenty-two different kinds of wood were shown. The botanical collection was very rich. Some fine native sugars were exhibited, and the display of wool was large and of an excellent quality. A case of native implements and clothing, exhibiting the dress and habits of the native Australian, formed an interesting part of the collection. Black wall tablets were suspended around the enclosure showing

396

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

the mining, grazing, agricultural and geological statistics of the colony, and below these was an extensive array of paintings and photographs illustrative of the country and its inhabitants. The whole exhibit was so arranged that the colony and its resources could be understood almost at a glance.

Victoria.

The colony of Victoria occupies the southeastern corner of Australia, and covers an area of about 88,198 square miles. It has a population of about 820,000. The capital is Melbourne, one of the largest cities in Australia. It is better provided with railways than any of the Australian colonies, and its people are well educated, education being free, secular, and compulsory.

The exhibit of this colony embraced a display of her mineral resources, including fac-similes of enormous nuggets of gold found in her rich gold-fields; a classified collection of rocks, minerals and fossils, illustrative of the geology, mineralogy and mining resources of Victoria; and a collection of gems and precious stones, consisting of diamonds, blue sapphires, oriental emeralds, rubies, aqua marines, topazes, spinels, beryls, opals, garnets, tourmalines, etc. A number of specimens of chemical preparations from Australian products were shown in this section, and the display of home-made pottery is excellent. Specimens also were shown of the manufactures of the colony in cotton and woollen goods, and silk threads and raw silk pro¬ duced in Victoria. Samples of paper made from different barks were shown, also a collection of fine photographs. The Austra¬ lian climate is the most favorable in the world to photography, and all the specimens from that continent were very fine. The grains and other agricultural products, the wools, coffee and native wines, were also well displayed. A small exhibit was made of the educational system of the colony, and also of the work of the penal institutions. Around the walls of the en¬ closure were hung a number of photographs and paintings of places and scenery in Victoria.

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THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

South Australia.

This is one of the largest of the Australian colonies, and lies south of Queensland and west of New South Wales. It comprises an area of 914,730 square miles, about one-third the size of the United States, and has a population of 210,699. It is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. Its principal exports are wool, wheat and copper. The exhibit of the colony included specimens of gold quartz, copper ores, iron ores, bis¬ muth and malachite, olive oil, native wines, the native woods barks, grains, and other vegetable products, wools and raw silks. Articles made by the native Australians were also exhibited. Fine photographs of Adelaide, the capital, and various places in South Australia, were hung around the enclosure.

New Zealand.

The colony of New Zealand consists of the three islands, known as the North, South, and Stewart Islands, and the several neighboring small islands, all of which lie in the Pacific ocean, to the southeast of Australia. The total area is about 100,000 square miles; the population about 299,514. The exhibit of the colony was not very large,. but included specimens of the ores — such as copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron and coal — found in the islands. The principal feature of the exhibit, however, was the display of paintings and drawings represent¬ ing the country and its inhabitants ; the models of its public works and the large photographs of scenery and places in the colony. I here was also an interesting collection of Maori weapons and implements.

The Cape of Good Hope.

The colony of the Cape of Good Hope comprises an area of about 201,000 square miles, and has a population of 776,158, of which 187,439 are whites. The arrangements of the exhibit of the colony were exceptionally good. The display included some rich specimens of copper ore, black oxide of manganese, diamonds, saltpetre and coal; native articles of dress; native

SILVER-PLATED WARE EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

399

400

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

jewelry and weapons ; specimens of the wines and brandies made in the colony; leather, wool, mohair, agricultural pro¬ ducts, ivory, skins, and specimens of the birds and animals of the Cape. Here also were photographs and paintings of the scenery of the country.

The Gold Coast.

The exhibit of the Gold Coast colony was small, but well arranged. It embraced some tine specimens of gold dust and native ornaments of gold ; skins of the wild animals of the African coast ; native idols, clothing, weapons and other articles.

Jamaica.

The island of Jamaica fitted up a small pavilion, in which it displayed its favorite rums and sugars, its coffee, cotton, medicinal barks, hemp and native woods.

The Bermudas.

In the small pavilion appropriated to the Bermuda islands a handsome collection was gathered, consisting of shells, corals of the most exquisite forms, palm-leaf baskets, mats and fans, and native woods.

The Bahamas.

The Bahama islands displayed some beautiful specimens of shell work, large shells, native woods, tobacco, cotton beeswax, and tough fibres of the native trees of the islands.

Trinidad.

Trinidad’s display was small, and consisted mainly of speci¬ mens of the agricultural and mineral products of the colony, and a number of samples of the native manufactures.

British Guiana.

The exhibit of this colony consisted principally of sugars, rums and specimens of the reptiles found in the colony.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

401

Tasmania.

The collection of Tasmania was small, but interesting, and represented the native products, the mineral and the agricultural resources of the colony, with photographs and paintings of scenes and places in the island.

Taken as a whole, the British display was larger and better than that at Vienna, and the colonies made an exhibit which was gratifying and instructive in the highest degree.

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IX THE MAIN BUILDING.

France.

The space occupied by France lay on the north side of the building, immediately east of the central transept, extending from the main aisle to the north wall. It was about one-half as large as the space assigned to Great Britain. The section was unenclosed, and the cases were simple but perfectly constructed. They were invariably painted black, with ornamental lines of gilt, and with the names of the exhibitors above in gilt letters. This uniformity and simplicity were prescribed by M. de 26

SILVER-PLATED FRUIT STAND EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON, IN TIIE MAIN

402

BUILDING.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

403

Somerard, the Director-General of France, for all International Exhibitions. He established this regulation at the Paris Ex¬ position in 1867, and has enforced it ever since. It had the good result of preventing persons from losing sight of the beauty and excellence of the goods displayed in their admira¬ tion of the cases. The elegant simplicity of the French Depart¬ ment was very pleasing.

The principal entrance to the French section was at the inter¬ section of the main aisle with the central transept, opposite the music stand. Here, in a semi-circular space, was a collection of exquisite bronzes and articles in gilt and verd antique, exhibited by Marchand & Co., of Paris. The gem of the whole collec¬ tion was a mantel-piece of black marble fifteen feet high, ornamented with statues and high reliefs in gilt and verd an¬ tique bronze. It had no rival in the Exhibition. Back of the front line one found a rich and beautiful display of antique furniture, cabinets, etc., all of which were very attractive, and many of which were of great value as works of art.

Close by was the display of porcelain and pottery. This was the largest portion of the French exhibit, and by far the most attractive. There were four collections of porcelain proper, and six of faience and majolica. The porcelains were arranged along the central transept, and faced the English display in friendly defiance, being separated from it only by the broad walk. In this department France is absolutely peerless among the nations of Europe, and the rare beauty and extent of her display delighted all lovers of beautiful objects. The famous house of Barbizet & Son, of Paris, exhibited a number of their matchless reproductions of Palissy ware, each article being worthy of careful study. Another house exhibited only works in imitation of old faience. Jules Houry & Co., of Paris, dis¬ played a collection of exquisite china and faience, and some artistic furniture. Paul Blot, another well-known dealer, had an exhibit of the most delicate and beautiful glassware for use and ornament. Pelletier & Son, of St. Just on the Loire, showed some rich stained glasses for windows; and P. J. Brocard, of Paris, had a large and handsome display of chandeliers and mirrors, arranged with exceptional good taste.

404

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The front line along the main aisle was taken up principally with a display of cloths, cotton goods, silks, velvets, gloves, laces and wearing apparel. The goods displayed in this depart¬ ment were exceedingly beautiful, and the exhibit was very large. The silks and velvets were displayed in cases enclosing a court, in which the exhibitors provided cushioned seats, that the lady visitors might examine the beautiful fabrics at their ease. The variety of the display was astonishing. All the great manufacturers of Lyons and Paris were repre¬ sented, and each exhausted his ingenuity to make his ex¬ hibit as beautiful and as varied as possible. Here were silks, velvets and satins, ribbons and silk threads of every conceivable hue and texture. The eye was dazzled by the brilliancy of the collection, and at the same time one was charmed with the per¬ fect good taste of the arrangement.

The clothing department was also extensive and included wearing apparel of every description. Some of the costumes for ladies were superb, and were not excelled by any in the Exhibition. They were displayed upon wax figures, and were thus seen to the best advantage. Among these were several magnificent court dresses, which were the delight of lady visitors. The display of laces and lace fabrics was very fine, and was also quite extensive. The collective display of the lacemakers of the department of Calvados was one of the most complete in the French section, and in it were a number of superb lace shawls which received, as they deserved, general admiration.

Going back from the front line, near the western end of the French court, we found a handsome display of Aubusson tapes¬ tries, worked by hand, in which the weaver had introduced as many as three thousand shades of wool. These were hung prin¬ cipally around the outer walls of the pavilion of the French booksellers, and constituted a series of rich and beautiful ornaments. They were woven into fine pictures, which at a dis¬ tance resembled paintings, and the shadings were as delicate and as perfectly laid on as if the work had been done with a brush.

Raffl & Co., of Paris, made a showy display of statues for

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

405

churches, of painted plaster. The centre piece was a group representing the Adoration of the Infant Saviour by the Shep¬ herds and the Wise Men. There was a stable of boards, with real straw. The Holy Child lay in the manger and at either side knelt Mary and Joseph, while grouped around were the shepherds and the four kings. The figures were about two- thirds life-size, and were brilliantly painted. A crowd was always gathered about the space, and the group received as much notice, perhaps, as anything in the French collection.

Goupil & Co., of Paris, had a separate enclosure in which were displayed their famous art publications. Many of these engravings are familiar to the people of this country, having been extensively sold by the agents of the publishers in the United States. The collection was very fine, and showed the art of steel engraving in its most perfect form.

Opposite this enclosure was the pavilion of the Paris book publishers. Several of the great houses were represented. Ilachette & Co. showed a number of fine illustrated works, in¬ cluding Bida’s beautiful etchings of the Four Gospels. An interesting exhibit was also made of educational and scientific works. Hucher A Co., of Paris, exhibited a fine collection of woiks on architecture, and at the centre of the pavilion was a superb reproduction of an oil painting in colored lithograph v.

lo the north of the booksellers’ pavilion were a number of handsome carriages, made principally in Paris. They were elegant and costly vehicles, and were fitted up in the most sumptuous style. Among them were a steam velocipede and two velocipedes worked by dog-power. The latter were sin¬ gular-looking vehicles, provided with three immense v, Feels, one in front and two behind. Between the hind wheels was a com¬ fortable buggy seat for the convenience of the ri-der. The two hind wheels were made of light iron spoken, extending in a double rowr from the hub to rim. Between these rows wras an inner wheel or cage of stout wire-work, ir. which the dog was p aced. The animal thus worked a sort, of tread-mill, which turned the larger wheels and propelled the machine. This singular vehicle is known as the C^nofere, and is said to run

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 407

well on smooth surfaces. In the carriage department was also to be seen a handsome array of trunks, saddles and harness.

Just beyond the carriages was the exiiibit of cutlery. This was very fine, and the articles were beautifully displayed, but the exhibit was not equal to that of Great Britain. The chem¬ ists also made an attractive display, and beside them were the glassmakers, whose collection extended up to the central tran¬ sept and for some distance northward. Conspicuous among the articles exhibited were several immense sheets of plate glass, which towered towards the roof. They were said to be the largest specimens of plate glass in the world, and their trans¬ portation from the steamer to the Exhibition grounds was effected with extreme difficulty.

Near the western end the perfumers made a capital display of their wares, but did not dispense them to the public as lavishly as did the exhibitors in the same line in the American department.

The display of that large class of objects known on the con¬ tinent of Europe as Articles de Paris was extensive, and occupied a very considerable part of the French space. It covered a wide range of articles, and may be said to have included every object that can be used in the adornment of the person or of the house. The jewelry was a notable feature, and several rich exhibits were made, and were characterized by the peculiar loveliness and originality which belongs to the metropolis of European civilization. The list embraced bronzes, clocks of original and beautiful design, precious stones, fans that were the envy of all the fair visitors who looked upon them, articles in ivory, ebony, tortoise shell, crystal, and steel, mantel ornaments and a thou¬ sand other beautiful things which could be seen and enjoyed in this splendid collection, but which it would take a volume to describe.

The department of engineering and architecture included a series of finely-executed maps and plans of the Suez Canal, a fine model of the steamship “Pereire,” plying between New lork and Havre, and a number of maps and plans and finely- illustrated works and reports upon subjects belonging to this department.

408

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

The collection of scientific and philosophical instruments was excellent, and represented the best work of the best makers. The musical instruments were chiefly horns, flutes, violins and music-boxes, though a few pianos and parlor organs were in¬ cluded in the collection.

The offices of the French Commission were in the gallery to the east of the Roosevelt organ.

AQUARIUM, EXHIBITED BY RACINE HARDWARE COMPANY.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE MAIN BUILDING — CONCLUDED.

Germany — Location of the German Section — A Superb Display of Porcelain — Beautiful Vases — Plate Glass — Bronzes — The Silks — Display of the Elber- feld Manufacturers — The Ivory Pavilion — The Chemical Display — The Velvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church Decorations — Models of an Ocean Steamer — The Book Pavilion — The Austrian Court — Magnificent Bohemian Glass — The Meerschaum Pipes — Exquisite Carvings — Vienna Leather "Work — The Italian Court — Artistic Wood Carvings — Beautiful Jewelry — Glassware from Venice — Belgium — Magnificent Dis¬ play of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture — Fire-arms — A Belgian School and Gymnasium — The Lace Court — Beautiful Iron Work — Pictures in Tapestry — The Netherlands — A Grand Display of the Public Works of Holland — The Woollen Goods — Model Farms — A Dutch Eating-house — Rare and Beautiful Art Works — Educational Exhibit — The Artisans’ School — Switzerland in Miniature — The Watchmakers — Scientific Instru¬ ments — The Swiss School ' System — Rich Laces — The Wood Carvers — Sweden — The Peasant Groups — Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes — A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains — The Bessemer Steelmakers — Dis¬ play of the Swedish Army — Norway — Peasant Groups — The Laplanders — A Fine Collection — The Danish Court — Etruscan Imitations — Esquimaux Houses and Boats — The Spanish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure — Rich Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish In¬ dustry — The Egyptian Court — A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land of the Nile — The Past and the Present — A Page from the Arabian Nights — Rich Robes — Articles from Central Africa — Egypt’s Agricultural Re¬ sources — The Japanese Court — A Wonderful Display — Superb Bronzes — The Lacquered Ware — What the Island Empire Exhibits — The Chinese Court — A Beautiful and Curious Display — Exhibit of the Orange Free State — Another Sample of Dutch Energy — The Tunisian Court — Eastern Magnificence — Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico — The Brazilian Pavilion — A Superb Edifice — The Empire of Brazil Illus¬ trated — Exhibit of the other South American States — Display from the Sandwich Islands — The Russian Exhibit — Rich and Beautiful Objects from St. Petersburg and Moscow — The Portuguese Court — A Handsome Collec¬ tion — Special Portuguese Features — The Turkish Court — The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan — The Mineral Annex — The Carriage Annex.

409

410

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Germany.

IKE her neighbors, England and France, Germany left her space unenclosed. It lay on the west side of the central transept, and extended from the main aisle to the south wall of the building, covering a little more than one-half the space occupied by France. The dis-

COFFEE URN, PRESENTED RY REED & BARTON TO THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN.

play was very fine, and the cases in which it was contained were more varied than those of the other European nations.

The principal display, and the most beautiful single exhibit in the building, was made by the Royal Prussian Factory, of Berlin. It stood at the intersection of the main aisle with the central transept, and faced the splendid collection of Elkington

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

411

& Co., in the English section, the rich bronzes and porcelain of the French section, and the pavilion of the jewellers and silversmiths in the American department. The collection of these beautiful objects at this central point of the building rendered it by far the most attractive portion of the entire hall. The space of the Royal Prussian Factory was occupied by a large crescent-shaped case, covered with black velvet and orna¬ mented with gilt lines and bands. At each end of the case was a tall column of ebony and gold, surmounted by a Prussian eagle in gilt. On the shelves of the case, which rose one above the other, was collected a rare and beautiful display of por¬ celain. Vases, cups and saucers, plates, statuettes, busts, and other articles of the most exquisite shapes, ornamented with the most delicate and carefully executed paintings, were gathered here. Here were also framed paintings on Bat plates of por¬ celain, each of which was worthy of the most careful study. At the front line of the collection stood three massive vases, its masterpieces, which were not equalled in the Exhibition for richness of decoration or the artistic merit of the paintings upon them. The largest of these was the Germania vase, one side of which was decorated with a painting of “ Germania Culti¬ vating the Arts and Sciences,” the other with a painting of “ Borussia, the Shield and Protectress of the Empire.” The price of this vase was $5000. Near by was the Aurora vase, decorated with a fine copy of Guido’s Aurora, and valued at $4500. The third was the Otho vase, of dead olive green, with a painting of “ Otho in the Tomb of Charlemagne.” It was valued at $900. A handsome centre table of carved oak, with a porcelain top, on which was painted a copy of Raphael’s “Poetry,” was valued at $2200. One had to linger long here to enjoy and appreciate this beautiful display, each article of which was a study in itself. The Royal Factory was the only exhibitor of fine porcelains. The German exhibit was not, as a rule, made up of objects of beauty simply; it was a collection of all the important industries of the Fatherland, and included articles in daily use by the lower as well as the upper classes.

412

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Immediately west of the porcelain exhibit, along the front line, was a fine display of plate-glass, and beyond this was the collective exhibit of the German jewellers. It was contained in a handsome case, and included many objects of great value and beauty. It did not compete with the exhibit of either the United States, France, or England, but was well worthy of examination. The cameos and enamels were very good, and the oxidized silver caskets were very pretty.

Going west still, along the front line, we noticed a consider¬ able collection of bronzes, the principal object of which was a copy of the monument of Frederick the Great in Unter den Linden at Berlin. Here were shields and swords such as might have been used by some of the stout old German war¬ riors centuries ago, and a number of kindred pieces. This collection did not represent the best school of German art at the present day.

Still going west, along the front line, we came to the collec¬ tive display of the toy-makers of Nuremberg. They were of tin and wood, and were contained in a large and handsome case, but did not fairly represent the extent or variety of the industry which employs so many thousands of German hands. Magdeburg had also a case of toys exhibited through a Phila¬ delphia importer, who is singularly enough named Doll.

Beyond the toys, Gebbard & Co., of Elberfeld, made a fine display of rich silks and satins of all hues, and in the next line of cases Saxony displayed her hosiery, her yarns, and her gloves in thread, wool and kid.

Still farther west, on the front line, was the collective exhibit of cloths made by the manufacturers of the Rhine land, and beyond this Elberfeld made a collective exhibit of Italian cloth and tailors’ trimmings. The Elberfeld manufactu rers con¬ tributed a considerable part of the display of textile fabrics, and their goods were arranged in tall and large cases, well filled and tastefully arranged. A prominent feature of the Elberfeld col¬ lection was a case of handsome prints illustrative of a new pro¬ cess of dyeing goods.

Nuremberg had a space on the front line, just beyond Elber-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 413

feld, in which she showed a collection of fine linens and dam¬ asks. Close by, Saxony had a sim¬ ilar collection, and that country brought up the rear of the German line upon the main aisle with an at¬ tractive exhibit of laces and em¬ broidery, together with a number of illustrations of the process of lace making.

We passed now from the front line to the aisle immediately south of it, and beginning at its western end, worked our way eastward again.

We first noticed some specimens of woven wire goods from Dresden, close by which was a handsome dis¬ play of woollen articles from Berlin.

The next prominent object was a tall and elaborate ebony show-case ornamented with ivory — one of the most unique and attractive structures in the building. It contained a beautiful exhibit of ivory articles by Heinrich Meyer, of Hamburg, showing the different uses to which that substance is put. To the east of this was a handsome case contain¬ ing the collective display of the Bavarian makers of metal leaf and bronze colors. Gold and silver leaf were shown here in great variety, and the powders of these metals vere contained in a number of glass cotta, exhibited by gallo-

cups. WAY & GRAFF, IX THE MAIN

A pyramid of printing inks stood B0ILD1NG- at the eastern end of the aisle, and above and below it two of the Farinas, both hailing from the bad-smelling city of Cologne, exhibited their perfumes.

PSYCHE.’

FIGURE IN TERRA-

414

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Turning southward we found a number of cases along the central transept devoted to the collective exhibit of the German manufacturing chemists. The preparations displayed were ex¬ ceedingly interesting, and were among the best of their class in the Exhibition. The display was very large, and prominent in it was the case of fine Aniline dyes exhibited by a Berlin house. A large case of ultramarine from Nuremberg stood at the western end of the chemical exhibit, and attracted much at¬ tention.

Going west from the chemicals, we noticed a fine collection of lamps and lanterns from Leipzig, among which a number of Chinese lanterns made a good show. Beyond this was a tall pagoda constructed of velvet, gilt, and glass, containing a beautifully arranged display of brilliant-hued fabrics of cotton- velvet from Linden, in Hanover. At the lower part of the pagoda were a number of small drawers containing samples of the goods displayed above, which could be opened for the ex¬ amination of the samples. Opposite this pagoda was a beautiful collection of Berlin worsteds and wools of the most exquisite shades arranged in an attractive and artistic manner.

We now reached the western end of the German exhibit once more, and turning southward entered the department of musical instruments. The display of brass, reed, and stringed instru¬ ments was quite large. Adjoining it on the east was a con¬ siderable exhibit of German pianos. They were mostly in cases of ebony, some of which were richly carved. A number of the leading piano-makers of Germany were represented, but scarcely any effort was made to compete with America in this line. The square form of piano was conspicuously absent. It is not used now in Europe, and the cases in this collection were either upright or of the “ grand ” form. Two makers exhibited cabinet organs, and one a large pipe organ. Several orchestrions were also included in the collection.

Close by were the scientific and philosophical instruments, the leading makers of Germany being represented. In the rear of this, against the southern wall, was the collection of appli¬ ances illustrating the hospital system of the German army. It

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

415

included litters, ambulances, camp-beds, models of hospitals and of railway hospital trains, and a figure showing the dress and equipment of the brethren of the Geneva convention. There were all sorts of surgical appliances, and books of instruction and photographs of various surgical operations. The whole system of German military surgery and hospital management was well shown in this little corner which stood by itself.

Beyond the hospital department was a tower clock exhibited

by a firm from Hoyerswerda, in Upper Lansitz. The bell was

so arranged that it could be rung in the usual style, and was

lumdsomelv chased.

*/

Adjoining this was the collective display of the clock-makers of the Black Forest. It was large and attractive, and included musical clocks, and the small time-pieces which are a spe¬ cialty of this part of Germany.

Some of the clock cases were finely carved and very beautiful.

To the east of the piano de¬ partment, a Munich house ex¬ hibited a large collection of church ornaments and figures of the Madonna and the saints.

The collection i n cl u d ed a “ Christ on the Cross,” “a Christ B0WIj PRESENTEE by REER & barton in the Sepulchre,” and a con¬

TO THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN.

siderable number of “Virgins” and saints. Each figure was gay ly painted, and each was ticketed with its price in true business style. I he Madonnas were rather better than is usually found in work ot this class, and their expression was singularly sweet and winning. The collection also included a large altar in oak, with numerous niches containing figures and painted panels. It was a brilliant work, and was valued at $3000 gold.

Immediately south of this collection, and near the entrance to the “ Ladies’ room,” the Hamburgh Steamship Company exhibited two models of the “Frisia,” one of their largest and best steamers. One of these showed the vessel complete in every

416

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

detail ; the other is ^longitudinal section and showed the interior construction of the vessel from keel to deck. The two models were admirably executed, and showed perfectly the construction and equipment of a first-class ocean steamer.

Opposite these models was a handsome case containing a fine display of lead pencils, crayons, and colors by the well- known manufacturer, A. W. Faber, of Nuremberg. The next case was that of his great rival, Sehwanhausser, of Nuremberg, who also made an elaborate display.

We came now to the handsome pavilion containing the collec¬ tive exhibit of the German booksellers. It stood at the south side of the German section, in front of the Cafe Lelaud, and was black, with ornamental gilt lines and mouldings. The cases were arranged around the outer walls, and upon entering through either of the four portals the visitor found himself in the midst of a display of books to which the array on the outer side was but an introduction. The exhibit was very extensive and very complete, and was the only thing in the building that could rival the display of the American book trade. All the leading German publishers were represented, Leipaig and Berlin con¬ tributing the greater part of the collection. The collection was miscellaneous in its character. Some superb illustrated works were to be seen here, and a number of costly and valuable atlases. The collection was open to the inspection of visitors upon application to the official in charge.

The display of leather goods was large and excellent. Leip¬ zig sent some elegant furs ; Stuttgart many specimens of inlaid wood work, and some fine furniture in ebony and oak; and Dresden some handsome furniture from the establishment of the Royal Saxon Cabinet-maker.

Austria-Hungary.

The Austrian section lay along the main aisle, and adjoined that of the German empire on the west. Like the German section it was unenclosed. It was handsome in many respects, and much resembled the display from Germany, but could not, on the whole, be considered a fair showing of the great indus-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

417

tries of the Austrian empire. Hungary was scarcely repre¬ sented at all. The Hungarians were anxious at first to send a complete national representation of their country to the Exhibi¬ tion, but their enthusiasm was suddenly destroyed by the deci¬ sion of the government at Pestli not to make a separate national exhibit.

Commencing at the west en(l of the front line we noticed a fine display of cut and stained glass. There were other cases of fine glassware at other points along the front line, and these, as was proper, were arranged as conspicuously as possible. The glassware was mostly from Bohemia, and constituted one of the largest portions of the Austrian exhibit. It was arranged on broad counters with mirror tops, and made a brilliant and attractive show. It was of the finest and most delicate quality, and was beautifully ornamented. The colors were of the rarest hues, and were superior to anything of the kind to be seen in the building. A rich ruby tint overlaid with golden vines was one of the favorite and most beautiful colors ; another was a clear heavenly blue through which a ruddy light resembling the glow of the setting sun seemed to shine steadily. The con¬ trast between these rich hues and the clear crystalline glass which gleamed like a mass of diamonds was very striking.

The next display along the front line was of work in amber and meerschaum. Austria has no rival in this class of work. The amber specimens were principally mouth-pieces for pipe- stems, and the meerschaum work consisted chiefly of ornamental pipes, which were often very artistic and of great variety. They represented heads of famous personages, types of the various races and nationalities of Europe, and animals, birds and fishes in the simpler styles, while the more elaborate had bowls richly carved with hunting or historical scenes or comio representations of episodes in domestic life.

Each of the pi pcs was a handsome collection of porcelain. It was attractive, but could not compare with the neighboring exhibits in this line. Continuing on our way we noticed some handsome laces which attracted considerable attention.

This brought us to the German section, and we turned off to 27

418

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the southward and noticed the extensive display of gloves of kid and leather which came principally from Prague. Close by were the displays of the Vienna manufactures of articles in Russia leather. They consisted of albums, portemonnaies mirror-frames, caskets, diaries, and other articles for household adornment or personal use. This, as all travellers know, is a great Viennese industry. It was largely represented here, and the articles attracted general attention by their richness and beauty. Another specialty of Viennese industry is the manu¬ facture of dress buttons, and these were extensively and hand¬ somely shown here. The display of cloths was principally from Moravia, and was well worth examination, but did not fairly represent the great Moravian industry. The silk-weavers of Vienna had a large and handsome exhibit, tastefully arranged in rich cases of ebony and gold. The exhibit of jewelry was small, but contained some beautiful ornaments and some fine precious stones. A Vienna house showed some pretty orna¬ ments of mother-of-pearl, and one from Prague some splendid garnets. In the furniture department there were a number of iron and bent wood sets worthy of notice. The display of musical instruments was large and showy; and the scientific and philosophical instrument makers made a creditable exhibit. The carpets shown did not compare with either England, France, or the United States, but were very good.

A considerable section was devoted to a display of books, paper, lithographs, and photographs. The principal feature of this was the collective exhibit of engineering and architectural photographs, models, designs, and reports.

Italy.

The Italian section occupied the west end of the Main Build¬ ing, and lay north of the main aisle. The space was enclosed Avitii a light frame-work, with three tasteful arches fronting on the main aisle. Over the central arch rose a shield bearing the white cross of Savoy surmounted by a trophy of national flags, and above each of the other arches was a shield with the arms of the kingdom and a trophy of flags. A tall flag-staff rose

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

419

from each end of the entrance bearing a banner. The banner at the eastern end was inscribed with the proud legend, “ Italy United Forever;” that on the west bore the inscription, “To the Great Italian Navigator, Christopher Columbus.”

Entering the enclosure we noticed first a collection of fine bronzes, some of which were half life-size, and were reproduc¬ tions of ancient works of art. Beside them was a considerable display of furniture. Some of the pieces were heavy and elabo¬ rately carved. A prominent object was an Episcopal chair and desk carved in a masterly manner with the heads of cherubs, and scenes from the Scriptures. An elaborately carved bed, a bookcase, and mantel were also worthy of careful examination. Venice had a case of cherubs carved in wood, which were very pretty. Milan had a number of inlaid tables, ornamented with exquisite pictures in papier-mache. One of these represented the Milan Cathedral, and another St. Mark’s, at Venice.

The display of wood carvings was very fine. The gem of this collection was a mirror-frame, in dark, rich wood, with a troop of chubby children dancing around it.

The exhibit of jewelry was not large, but contained many handsome and valuable objects. Olivieri, of Venice, sent some fine corals, and Salvo & Sons, of Genoa, displayed a collection of ornaments in filigree and gold. Francatti & Santamaria, of Home, exhibited a case of rare and beautiful cameos and Floren¬ tine mosaics. Pio Siotto, of Rome, exhibited a case of cameos, showing the various stages of cameo-cutting, from the shell to the completed gem. In this collection were some of the finest cameos in the Italian exhibit.

Venice sent a number of exquisite specimens of her glass¬ ware, and also some beautiful mosaics and corals. A promi¬ nent feature of this collection consisted of the handsome mirrors of all sizes, which were in the best style of Venetian workman¬ ship. There was a pretty exhibit of pottery and majolica ware. It was not very large, but was very attractive. Alongside of it were a number of statues, statuettes and busts in terra-cotta and baked clay.

Milan, Modena, Turin, Rome, Palermo and Lucca, sent a

420

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fine collection of raw and spun silks and silk goods, and Tuscany sent a creditable display of her world-renowned straw goods.

A conspicuous object near the centre of the eastern side of the Italian section was a large bell made in Venice and delicately chased. It has been exhibited at all the recent International Exhibitions, and has always taken a medal. A good showing was made of musical instruments. Italy also sent a fair con¬ tribution of the plainer and more necessary articles of household use, showing that her genius is being directed towards the more prosaic as well as to the fine arts.

Along the northern end the photographers made their dis¬ play, exhibiting, among other pictures, a number of rich “ moon¬ light effects.” Here was a large map showing Garibaldi’s plan for improving the navigation of the Tiber and draining the marshes of the Campagna, and fronting this was a statue in plaster of the “ Liberator of Italy.”

Belgium.

The busiest country in Europe was well represented in the Exhibition. The Belgian section lay immediately west of the Brazilian court, and north of the main aisle. It was unenclosed, but was conspicuous from the elegance of the cases with which it was lined and the beauty and systematic arrangement of the goods displayed. Along the front line the glass-makers had the post of honor. A number of cases were filled with handsome specimens of plate and colored glass, and several immense oval and rectangular mirrors stood towering to the ceilingat the very front of the section. The glass exhibit was very fine, and was richly worth examination.

At the western end of the front line stood a large wooden pulpit elaborately and beautifully carved with scenes in the life ot our Saviour and figures of the saints. It was sur¬ mounted by a canopy, ornamented with angels sounding their trumpets. It was admirable for the art as well as the workman¬ ship displayed.

Back of the front line we entered a region devoted to cloths and woollen fabrics, of which a large and excellent exhibit

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

421

was made. Verviers sent her best products, and offered a sharp competition to both France and England in this depart¬ ment. The manufacturers of this plate made a collective exhibit. Close by were the ebony and gilt cases filled with snowv linens from Brussels. The skill and artistic taste of the Belgian wood-carvers was shown in a collection of carved furniture and a massive mantelpiece, and in some excel¬ lent statues of this material.

Although the most peaceful country of Europe, Belgium is largely engaged in the manu¬ facture of fire-arms, and con¬ sequently her display was ex¬ tensive and valuable, and those interested in military matters found ample opportunity for the gratification of their curi¬ osity. Not far from the arms exhibit, the city of Ghent made a curious display, consist ing of rags and waste papers assorted in rows of glass boxes, with this motto on the case : ColligiU fragmenta nepereant (“ Gather up the fragments, that nothing may be lost”).

Near the centre of her section Belgium displayed a model of one of her public schools. The building was about twenty feet in height, was constructed of native pine, and was divided into several apartments. Entering at the principal door, we found ourselves in a small hall provided with washing apparatus, towels, and a row of pegs for hats and coats. A door at the end of this hall admitted us to the school-room, which was furnished

TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED BT GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

422

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

with rows of desks and seats for the pupils, a platform and desk for the master, a tall stove, a clock, and a crucifix. Blackboards and all the apparatus used in the school were grouped about the room, and specimens of the text-books used and a schedule of the course pursued were exhibited. At the front end of the room a door led into the gymnasium, in which was a small model of this department. The school was admirably arranged, and gave one a clear and comprehensive understanding of the system of primary education in Belgium.

Close by the school-house were some marble mantels of beau¬ tiful workmanship. They were in both white and colored marble. We noticed here, also, a number of marble slabs, on which some curious landscapes and figures were etched with aqua-fortis.

There was a handsome pavilion devoted to the purpose of advertising the waters of the Spa. A fine display was made of articles of embossed leather, a number of paintings upon wood, jewelry, priests’ vestments of cloth of gold embroidered with silk, and fancy articles.

A small court was formed of the cases containing the laces of Brussels and Mechlin. The display was large and magnificent, and excelled anything of the kind in the building. The fabrics were of an infinite variety in form and texture, and ranged from the most delicate laces to curtains heavy with embroideries. Look where you would the eye rested upon some beautiful object in this court, and you could but wonder at the patience with which so many women had worked their lives into these fabrics.

An excellent display of books and scientific and philosophical apparatus was made, and musical instruments formed a small part of the exhibit of the “republican kingdom.”

The iron and steel exhibit was not entirely satisfactory. It consisted of a few car wheels, a small display of bar-iron, and principally of small sections of rail bars, steel ingots, and iron girders for bridges. It did not fairly represent the magnitude or variety of this great branch of Belgian industry, and gave us no idea of the great works produced by the Belgian manu¬ facturers. We noticed, however, two doors of iron wrought in vines and flowers, which were worthy to have been the work of the Florentine iron-workers of the middle ages.

O

OF THE .CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

423

An exhibit was made, close by the iron, of liquors and cor¬ dials manufactured in the kingdom.

At the upper end of the section were a number of beautiful tapestries from Malines, equal in beauty and workmanship to those we have noticed in our account of the French exhibit. One of them was a portrait of Rubens; another a portrait of Cousin in Arabian costume; and a third a full-length painting in the style of Louis XVI. Eight panels, grouped together, represented the eight gods of Olympus, with all their attributes.

The Netherlands.

The Dutch section lay on the north side of the main aisle, between the Brazilian and Mexican courts. It was one of the most ornamental in the building, and was enclosed with a light arched frame-work, painted in cream-color and gold, and hung with heavily draped curtains of maroon -colored velvet. There were three entrances in the front line and several at the sides. Over the central entrance was a trophy of the national colors and the arms of the kingdom in gold. The entrance on the east side of the central arch led to the exhibit of the colonies of Holland, and that on the west of the central arch to the depart¬ ment of public works. Holland made a larger and better ar¬ ranged display here than she did at Vienna, and her various industries and the energy and skill of her people were shown in the most favorable light.

One naturally turned first to the department of public works, not only because of the imposing display which it made, but because it is to the patient and skilful labor of her people in this department that Holland owes her existence among the nations of the earth. In this section a number of finelv exe- cuted plans, models and photographs were shown, from which one could learn how the work of reclaiming land from the ocean is carried on, and can gain a clear knowledge of the system by which the little kingdom is protected from the in¬ roads of the sea, a work which requires ceaseless vigilance and the most intelligent labor. Models were exhibited which showed at a glance the change that has been made in the surface

424

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of the kingdom, and from the study of these we could well un¬ derstand how it was possible for the desolate marshes of the JNortli Sea to become one of the busiest, richest and most intel¬ ligent countries of Europe. The energy and intelligence that could conquer the elements and make a home in the face of such obstacles is capable of anything. The docks, railroads, bridges and other public works of the kingdom were shown by a series of photographs, drawings and models. Indeed so complete was the display of these illustrations that a few hours spent in examination of them could not fail to make the visitor thoroughly

O J

acquainted with and give him a profound respect for the little kingdom and its sturdy people. Holland justly devoted con¬ siderable space to this department, for in no other way could she so thoroughly show her triumphs in the work of civili¬ zation.

Passing out of the department of public works into the general exhibit of the kingdom, we noticed near the entrance some beautiful specimens of inlaid furniture. One of these was a screen decorated with scenes from Faust, in papier-maeh6. Close by was a display of lacquered ware, as handsome and as well executed as anything in the Japanese exhibit.

Delft sent a fine collection of carpets woven each in a single piece, in imitation of the Smyrna carpets, and softer, thicker and richer in color than those famous fabrics. Alongside of these was a collection of fine blankets, some of which were nearly an inch in thickness, and all as soft and delicate as down. With them were displayed coverlets, thickly wadded and deli¬ cately quilted, which were the housewife’s delight. The display of woollen and cotton cloths, of mattings and nettings, was also exceptionally good. Jute goods formed a specialty of this collection.

Just back of this display was a queer hand fire-engine, set on little wheels and requiring sixteen men to work it. One could but smile at the contrast between this old-fashioned machine and the splendid “steamers” on exhibition in our own depart¬ ment in Machinery Hall.

The Dutch army exhibited samples of the fire-arms used by

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 425

it; and to make the display truly national a manufacturer sent a case of the long-stemmed pipe which is the inseparable com¬ panion of the Dutchman. Close by was a fine display of chem¬ icals; and near this we noticed a number of excellent specimens of wood-graining. A collection of tiles and oil-cloths was also shown, in which the different marbles and woods were perfectly imitated. The collections of glassware and of iron and tinware were good, and near them were several of the immense covered wicker bathing-chairs familiar to those who have visited the seashore resorts of Holland.

The agricultural system of the kingdom was displayed by the exhibition of a model farm in miniature. It was no doubt well adapted to the needs of the country, but showed few details that our own farmers will care to copy. A number of plaster casts of disjecta membra of cattle afflicted by the plague were also shown. A number of models of Dutch houses were exhibited, among which was the model of an eating-house, showing the whole interior arrangement. Another model showed the sys¬ tem of thatched roofs in use in the Dutch colonies.

A special pavilion was used for the exhibit of the Dutch pub¬ lishers. Here were to be seen a number of fine illustrated works, and the lovers of rare etchings found a treat for them in the collection displayed by the book trade of Amsterdam. Con¬ spicuous among the art works was the beautiful Memorial volume, published in commemoration of the war of Inde¬ pendence, in which the Dutch, with pen and pencil, do homage to the heroes who saved them from the destruction prepared for them by Spain.

The exhibit of school apparatus, text-books, desks, maps, etc., was admirable, and showed what good work Holland is doing in the cause of knowledge. The Artisan School, of Rotterdam, established in 1869, made an interesting showing of its work. It is designed to give theoretical and practical instruction in the useful arts, and turns out each year a class of skilled and educated workmen. It is doing its work quietly but thoroughly.

The colonial department was exceedingly interesting and

426

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

very complete. All the colonies were represented, and the pro¬ ducts of each were shown. The collection included grains woods, barks, fruits, oils, metals and other minerals in great abundance. The weapons and clothing of the native tribes were also shown, and included curious filigrees and some rich silks and embroideries and silver cloths. The principal display was from Java, and the cinchona trade of that colony was illus¬ trated profusely by means of photographs, specimens of bark, leaves, etc. Coffee formed a large part of the exhibit.

Against the northern wall of the building was a handsome pavilion of ash — one of the prettiest structures in the hall — con¬ taining the offices of the Royal Commission, the members of which had abundant reason to be satisfied with the appearance their country made in this grand assembly of the nations of the world.

Switzerland.

The Swiss section lay on the north side of the main aisle, between France and Belgium. It was unenclosed, and was one of the plainest in the building in ornamentation. It was not the less interesting for this absence of decoration, and received a fair share of the attention of visitors.

On the front line was arranged a large collection of watches, the most important article of the Swiss export trade. Nearly all the leading makers were represented, and back of these cases were displayed the tools by which the watches were made. A number of clocks, including a large electrical clock, formed a part of this exhibit. Musical boxes and mathematical, scientific and philosophical instruments came next, and the display of these was excellent and extensive. They were of the finest quality, the Swiss being as proficient in the manufacture of them as they are in the making of watches.

Back of this line was a large pavilion, the entrance to which was through an archway in the front. On one side of the arch Avas a splendid map of,, the geological survey of Switzerland, and on the other a fine geographical map, each richly worthy of study. The arch itself Avas composed of panels ornamented

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

427

with the arms of the various cantons, and above it stood the white cross of the republic. The pavilion was devoted to an exhibition of the educational system of Switzerland, which con¬ sisted of charts, models and apparatus used in the system of object-teaching. Drawings, text-books and specimens of the pupils’ work in the common schools were also shown. The Swiss publishers made their exhibit here, and in this pavilion were displayed tine photographs of scenery and of the cities and public works of Switzerland. These views, together with the maps at the entrance, gave the visitor a fair idea of the topogra¬ phy and scenery of the country.

One of the most notable features of the Swiss exhibit was the display of embroidered lace curtains from the canton of St. Gall. These curtains are made by hand ; the patterns are rich and artistic, the workmanship of the finest quality, and the com¬ pleted fabric constitutes a genuine work of art.

A large exhibit was made of coarse woollen goods for peasant wear, and some good silks and fine straw work were shown.

The wood-carvers, who arc so numerous in Switzerland and so famous for their skill, made a large and attractive display. Their wares exhibited a wonderful degree of patience as well as skill, and were as various as they were excellent, consisting of miniature chalets, churches, birds and beasts of many kinds, cuckoo clocks, tables, brackets, etc.

The office of the Swiss Commissioners was a pretty chalet, and stood against the northern wall of the building. Switzer¬ land did not make as large or as comprehensive a display here as she did at Vienna in 1873, but her exhibit was still deeply interesting.

Sweden.

The Swedish court was situated on the north side of the main aisle, to the west of the space occupied by the British colonies. It was enclosed along the sides, but the front was open and was marked merely by a series of tall, ornamental flag-staffs, bear¬ ing banners of blue with the Swedish cross in yellow. Fes¬ toons of blue and yellow' streamers v'ere suspended between

428

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the flag-staffs, and gave to the entrance a light and graceful appearance.

Six groups of figures were placed at the sides of the entrances to the court, illustrating some of the habits and the dress of the peasantry. There was one at each side of the front entrance on the main aisle. The group on the east consisted of four figures, and represented a young man coming to ask for a wife. The young man, a tall, fine-looking fellow, stood opposite the father, who was seated at a table mending a clock, and awaited his answer. The old man looked down in doubt and smoked, and

EASTERN ENTRANCE TO THE SWEDISH COURT.

the mother, who was evidently favorable to the suit, stood with her hand on the father’s shoulder, as if trying to persuade him to consent. The girl meanwhile stood between the mother and the lover, with an expression which seemed to say that she had made up her mind, and the old man “may as well give in.” At the west side was a group representing a hunting scene. A large elk had just been brought down by the rifle of a hunter and lay bleeding on the ground, while the members of the hunter’s family were standing by enjoying his' triumph and watching the death-struggle of the animal.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

429

At the entrance on the east side of the court were two groups. The one on the south side of the doorway represented the christening of a child. The baby was swaddled in the most uncomfortable manner, and was ready for the solemn act. Three women, one of whom was the mother, were grouped about it, and the father sat across a chair, with his pipe in hand, looking at the child with paternal pride. At the north side of the door was a sadder group. The little one was dead, and lay white and still in its little cradle, with the tiny black coffin which was to receive it in readiness on the floor.

“the DEATII OF THE ELK ” — SWEDISH GROUP IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

The mother l>ent over it in grief, and the father, clad in a sheepskin coat, stood looking on sorrowfully. At the opposite side of the room the good pastor, who had been endeavoring to comfort the afflicted parents, sat with his Bible in one hand and his arm around the remaining child of the family.

At the entrance on the west side of the court there were two additional groups. The one on the north side represented a Laplander, with his sledge drawn by a reindeer. He was just starting out from home, and his wife stood by the sledge re¬ ceiving his orders. Both figures were dressed in skins, and the

430

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

sledge was a genuine article from “the frozen North.” At the south side of the door the group consisted of two figures — a husband and wife seated at opposite sides of a table. The man was reading from the Bible, and the woman was listening rev¬ erently. The figures in all the groups were life-size, and were clad in the national dress of the classes they represented. The faces preserved the characteristics of each class.

i/VV-l

PORCELAIN STOVE, FROM SWEDEN.

SWEDISH PORCELAIN VASES.

The Swedish exhibit was one of the most complete and taste¬ fully arranged in the Exhibition. The show-cases were hand¬ somer than was the rule with the European nations, and the articles were displayed to the best advantage.

At the entrance stood a rich display of beautiful porcelain. The articles were delicate and the tints exquisite. Floral deco-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

431

rations were much used in these, and with more than ordinary taste. The exhibit of pottery and glassware was also attrac¬ tive. In this collection were several models in Parian marble of the fountains in the principal square of Stockholm, which attracted much attention.

Furs and leather goods formed a considerable and interesting part of the display.

One of the most prom¬ inent features of the Swe¬ dish collection was the exhibit of Bessemer steel, in which the principal part was taken by the Sandvik & Fagaster works. The articles ex¬ hibited covered a wide range. The largest was a piston-rod fifteen feet in length, for a five-ton steam hammer, and the smallest a delicately-pol¬ ished hand-mirror for a lady’s toi lette-table. Steel files, saws, tools of every description, and locomo¬ tive tires made up the collection. The work¬ manship in all these ar¬ ticles was masterly. Scis¬ sors, knives, swords, Swedish porcelain vases.

skates, and steel articles

of the finer class were also shown in profusion. The remark¬ able bending power of the Bessemer steel under a great strain was shown by a railway axle five inches in diameter, double cold, which was bent under a fifteen ton hammer.

Match-making is a prominent industry in Sweden, and was represented by an extensive display of safety matches from

432

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Johnkoping. These matches would not ignite except when struck upon a peculiarly prepared surface.

The educational exhibit was well arranged, and a number of illustrated works were shown as specimens of Swedish printing. A fine map of the geological survey of the kingdom and a large topographical map were included in this display.

The woollen manufactures of the kingdom made a fair ex¬ hibit, and the show of silks was especially good.

On the south side of the main aisle, diagonally opposite her principal exhibit, Sweden had an additional space between the Japanese and Danish sections in which she displayed her mil¬ itary equipment. Here were several wax-figures showing the costume of her men-at-arms in the time of the great Gustavus, and the uniforms of the officers of several branches of her ser¬ vice at the present time. Here were exhibited samples of the cannon and small arms used in the Swedish army, and the equipments of the. artillery and hospital services. In the rear of the military exhibit she displayed specimens of the work of the pupils of her technical schools, and illustrated in a happy manner the admirable operations of these establishments.

Norway.

The Norwegian court was situated on the north side of the main aisle between the Swedish and Italian sections. The space was enclosed by a handsome framework of native pine ornamented with red lines. Over the entrance from the main aisle was the name “ Norway,” and a trophy formed of the national arms and colors. The cases contained in this enclos¬ ure were uniform, and were constructed of light woods hand¬ somely decorated.

At the front, immediately within the enclosure, were three handsome cases containing a fine display of jewelry and silver¬ ware. Here were some beautiful specimens of filigree-work from Christiana, which would not have shamed Venice itself.

Immediately back of these cases were two groups of figures similar to those in the Swedish court. On the cast side was a group of Laplanders in their dresses of furs, comprising a father

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

433

and mother with an infant and young child. The infant was stowed away in a leather case or cradle which was suspended from the mother’s neck, and the older child was clad in a holi¬ day suit of white bearskin. On the west side was a group con¬ sisting of a bride and groom in their wedding costumes.

Back of these figures was a small but beautiful collection of glassware from Christiana. Adjoining it Norway exhibited several home-made pianos, and then came an exhibit of cloths, both cotton and woollen, cordage, threads and skins. There was also a case of fine shoes, another of silverware, another of ancient coins and medals, and an imposing display of cod-liver oil. Specimens of ancient armor and weapons formed a most interesting exhibit, and contrasted strikingly with the hand¬ somely-carved modern furniture which stood near them. The iron manufacturers made a large and interesting exhibit, show¬ ing both the ores and the manufactured iron in various forms. A large case of silver ingots stood near by, and opposite were several queer little Norwegian carriages, each with a perch behind in which the postilion sits, and sometimes stands, to drive — the postilion being often a rosy -cheeked Norwegian lass. Here was shown a sledge made in the mountain districts in 1625, and still in excellent condition.

A model of a Norwegian school was shown, with books and apparatus illustrating the mode and course of tuition, and a map of the geological survey of the kingdom was close by.

Denmark.

The Danish section lay on the south side of the main aisle, immediately west of the Turkish court, and was enclosed by a triple court. The entrance to the first court consisted of a triumphal arch richly decorated. On each side of the entrance was the word “Denmark,” surmounted by a golden crown and a trophy of colors. Over the arch a shield with the national arms was set in the midst of a trophy of colors. The pavilions were draped with warm red curtains, which gave to them a rich effect.

The front or northern court was devoted to a display of 28

434

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Etruscan imitations in terra-cotta by P. Ipsen’s widow, of Copenhagen. These were exquisite works, and were generally admired. Here also was a fine collection of silverware by a Copenhagen silversmith. The principal object was a large vase of solid silver valued at $4290 gold and the duty. The vase was one of the most beautiful in the building. In the centre was a statue of Fame, at the feet of which were grouped the Arts. The base was devoted to a series of groups representing the triumph of Neptune.

In the central court some handsome furniture made of the wood of a pear tree was exhibited. Here was shown a collection of Esquimaux clothing, and in the southern court was a model of an Esquimaux house and an Esquimaux boat, all from Greenland. The exhibit included specimens of the woollen manufactures of Denmark, a collection of furs and skins, chem¬ icals, geographical charts, and native Danish woods.

Spain.

The Spanish section extended from the main aisle to the south wall of the building, and adjoined the Egyptian court on the east. It was enclosed by an elaborately ornamented wall fin¬ ished in imitation of granite, with two tall archways on each side. In this wall were set lines of show-cases, in which were displayed an extensive collection of the minerals of the kingdom. The facade which stood upon the main aisle was one of the most, imposing structures in the building. A triple arch painted in imitation of porphyry supported a heavy entablature which was decorated with shields emblazoned with the arms of all the Spanish provinces, with the arms of the kingdom over the cen¬ tral arch. Above the royal arms was a painting representing Spain drawing back a curtain and displaying the rising sun of the New World. Standards and trophies of the national colors completed the ornamentation of the top of the structure. The arches were hung with rich curtains of velvet. At each side of the central portal was a show-case, and over each was a portrait. That on the east side was Isabella the Catholic, whose generosity enabled Columbus to make his voyage of discovery ; and that

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

435

on the opposite was Columbus himself. The word “ Espana ” was blazoned across the entablature in gilt capitals. The sides of the fa§ade were also decorated with portraits. On the inner or southern side were portraits of Cortez and Ponce de Leon, at the east end was a portrait of De Soto, and at the west end one of Pizarro.

In the show-cases at the sides of the central portal were rich specimens of silver and gold work, and ornamental work in

ENTRANCE TO THE SPANISH COURT.

iron and steel, with fragments of armor and photographs of the government museums of ancient armor. In the show-cases built in tiie walls of the court were specimens of the mineral ores of the kingdom, silver, lead, copper, iron and coal, and samples of Spanish marbles, all admirably arranged.

The exhibit within the court was not a commercial one. There was scarcely an article shown that has a ready market in this country. The Spanish kingdom took a deep interest in the Centennial- Exhibition, and made an unusual effort to show its resources and wealth in the most pleasing and varied forms.

436

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

One could hardly believe, in looking at the long lines of well- filled eases of all kinds of manufactures, that the Spanish people deserve their traditional reputation for indolence. It would seem that they must be, after all, a very busy and ingenious nation to produce so many and such attractive objects.

The woollen, cotton and silk fabrics displayed here were at¬ tractive as a rule, and many of them very elegant. A sump¬ tuous exhibit was made of tapestries, velvets, brocades, laces, shawls, scarfs and light dress goods. They were distinct from those of either France or Belgium, and the elegance and beauty which characterized them were peculiarly their own. A con¬ siderable display was made of glassware and pottery of excellent qualities, and the painted porcelain tiles in this group were no¬ ticeably well executed. Chemicals were also exhibited in great abundance and variety ; and marbles, building stones, and large blocks of coal showed that this branch of the wealth of the kingdom is still vigorous after so many centuries have dawned upon it. There were a number of specimens of arms, works in metal and inlaid work, the principal display being made by the province of Catalonia, the people of which are the most enter¬ prising of the inhabitants of the peninsula. Hats, shoes, fine woollen blankets, articles of wearing apparel and carpets were also shown. The entire exhibit was interesting in the highest degree, and, after examining it, the best-read visitor had to amend his conceptions of “ sunny Spain,” and accord to her a more prominent place than he had hitherto assigned her among the industrial nations of the world.

Egypt ■

The Egyptian court stood south of the main aisle and to the east of the Danish section. It was enclosed by a high wooden structure resembling an ancient temple of the land of the Nile, and the facade was massive and attractive. It was painted in imitation of stone, and resembled the portal of a temple. Two massive pillars supported the entrance, and their capitals were imitations of the lotus flower. Over the entrance was the globe with the encircling wings, the ancient Egyptian symbol of eter-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 437

nity, and on either side of the entrance crouched a solemn-eyed sphynx. The coloring was subdued, but fine. Upon the sides

of the entrance were inscribed the words: “Egypt — Soodan _

the oldest people of the world sends its morning greeting to the youngest nation.”

Entering the court you seemed to have left the outside world behind you, and to have entered a region of romance. Old memories of your boyish dreams of the Arabian Nights came

ENTRANCE TO THE EGYPTIAN COURT.

over you, and you were tempted to look around to see if the good Caliph Hi iroun Alrascliid was not watching in disguise the movements of the people who thronged his realm, which had strangely strayed across the seas. For the time you could leave the great Exhibition out of your thoughts. You were in the East — in the land of Isis and Osiris, and you could revel in the treasures spread out before you.

As you entered, your noticed on your right a small model of the great Pyramid of Gizeh, and opposite this was a plaster head of Rameses II., who is declared by all the great masters of Egyp-

438

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tian science and history to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus, the new king which knew not Joseph. Around the walls of the court were hung plain aud colored photographs and drawings of places and scenery in Egypt.

On the east side of the court was a case containing magnifi¬ cent saddles and furniture for horses. These were formerly used by the pashas of Egypt, and are now the property of the Khedive. They are used only upon occasions of the greatest ceremony. Their hangings were of crimson velvet, covered with heavy embroideries of gold. The harness and trappings were pure bullion, and were heavy and costly. Some of the saddle blankets were woven of silk. The display was gorgeous, and gave one a fair idea of the magnificence of an Eastern ruler.

A fine exhibit was made of oriental and drawing-room furni¬ ture, a prominent object of which was a cabinet of ebony beauti- futly inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl, the designs being in imitation of those in the ancient mosques. It was valued at $5500, and was for sale. J he display of ornaments for the household and person was very rich, and included a large quati- i tity of jewelry, precious stones, work in iron and copper, both

y ^ y articles, dress adornments, fans, walking-canes, sun shades, and pipes of every description, many of wh ich were ornamented with jewels.

lu o large cases contained a collection of stuffs woven of silk and gold and silver thread. JLhese were of the most gorgeous and biilliant character, and it is impossible to convey in words an accurate idea ot them. Some of the smaller articles were woith as much as $2000 each, and one rich robe was a master¬ piece both in workmanship and design. In the same case were suspended two hanging lamps of glass, beautifully decorated with colors worked into the glass. They are hundreds of years old, and the art of making them has been forgotten for centu- ties. I hey were valued at $5000, and constituted a rare and beautiful feature of the exhibit.

Between these cases lay stretched at full length a large croco¬ dile of the Nile.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

439

Close by were a number of dromedary saddles ; and near these a number of specimens of red pottery ware. There were cases of beautiful and curious Arabic books and manuscripts, some of them bound in covers of velvet, embroidered with gold thread. Articles of ivory, horn, and metal for household use, were shown, and a number of native musical instruments. One of the rear courts contained a fine exhibit of Egypt’s chemical products. A good display of porcelain and table ware of solid gold was made.

We next noticed an exhibit of silk and silken fabrics, an in¬ dustry which is carried on upon a large scale in Egypt. A prominent feature was a display of cocoons, arranged in neat patterns according to tints. They were attached to an upright branch, and in the centre was a large bunch of mulberry leaves hung with clusters of grapes formed of the small glassy cocoons.

The rugs and carpets of Egyptian manufacture formed an interesting part of the exhibit, and compared well with those of Turkey.

The Khedive made a collective exhibit of over two thousand samples of native cotton, representing the crops of eight years. Egypt has since 18G0 become largely engaged in the culture of cotton, and the samples thus displayed were of the highest im¬ portance to us, as they were the announcement that we have a determined rival in this branch of our own industry. Each sample was ticketed with the name of the buyer, the place of sale, and the price in Egypt and in England.

A collection of photographs exhibited the Egyptian system of public works, bridges, railroads, etc., and was of great interest and value.

The sugar, leather, gums, barks, nuts, wheat and other grains and the grasses of Egypt were shown by numerous well-ar¬ ranged samples.

A large collection was shown of the rude arms and armor, the rough wooden sandals, the hats woven of reeds, the noisy tom¬ toms, and a barbaric canopy for the chief or monarch of the tribes of Soudan in Central Africa.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

441

The educational system pursued in the schools established by the Khedive was shown by a collection of Arabic text-books and mechanical instruments executed by the pupils of the Poly¬ technic School at Cairo.

Altogether the Egyptian display was a bewildering blending of the ancient and modern civilizations of that wonderful land taking you from a period four thousand years before Christ to the present day, and showing you side by side a bust of the Pharaoh of Moses and a portrait of Ismail Pacha.

Japan.

The Japanese section was on the south side of the main aisle, east of the Chinese court, and immediately opposite the Swedish section. It was enclosed with a light bamboo framework, and was ornamented with a profuse display of Japanese flags. It was about three times as large as the Egyptian space, and was fdled in every part with a rich and valuable display, the variety and beauty of which were one of the great surprises of the Ex¬ hibition.

Just within the entrance from the main aisle was a display of superb bronzes and of porcelain ware. A number of bronze vases were included in this collection, which were the wonder and admiration of all visitors. They were of beautiful shapes, and were ornamented with such a profusion of engraving and chasing — the conceptions of which were so droll and intricate — that a photograph would be necessary to give an accurate idea of them. The work was unique and cannot be reproduced by the most skilful artificer in either Europe or America. The cheaper vases arc cast, but the more elaborate ones arc worked out with the hand. One of the largest, vases was valued at $2000, and is said to have required an amount of work in its manufacture equal to twenty-two hundred and fifty days steady labor of a single man The variety of shape and ornamentation of the vases was very great and very remarkable. The art is peculiar to Japan, and has flourished there for several centuries. It is carried on in sixteen different places in the empire.

The porcelains of the Japanese department were fully equal

442

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

to the bronzes. This is an old art, and attained perfection in Japan long before it was known in Europe. The Japanese designate their works of this kind by the names of the cities in which they were manufactured, or by the peculiarities of manu¬ facture or decoration. The display of porcelains in this single

department surpassed in beauty of forms and orna¬ mentation the combined exhibit of every other na¬ tion in the building. One had to see the collection here to realize this, but few will doubt the state¬ ment, having once made the comparison for them¬ selves. At tlie front line was a pair of superb vases about ten feet high and valued at $2500. The ground was a delicate blue and white, and the ornamentation consisted of golden dragons and the daintiest landscapes. There were a number of articles in green, or scar¬ let and gold, of the class known as kaga ware, which is as brilliant as ass. The banko ware is also very beautiful, its peculiarity being that the colors are worked through to the inner surface. It would be impossible to mention all the varieties of porcelain to be seen here. "We can only speak in a general way of its wonderful beauty and brilliancy. A case of porcelain figures from Tokio attracted much attention. I hey were caricatures of the manners of the

JAPANESE BRONZE VASE, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

Bohemian g

BRONZE VASE, EXHIBITED IX TIIE JAPANESE SECTIOX, MAIN BUILDING.

443

444

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

various classes of Japanese society, and were exceedingly droll and at the same time thoroughly artistic.

lhe display of lacquered ware was immense, and one of the marvels of the Exhibition. The manufacture of this ware is a specialty in Japan and has attained perfection. The articles displayed here ranged from the tiniest trays, which could be bought for about fifty cents, to large and costly cabinets. The gem of the collection was a cabinet said to be two hundred and fifty years old, which was as exquisitely beautiful and as free from signs of wear as on the day it came from its maker’s hands. It was valued at $5000. Contrasting it with the other beautiful wares by which it was surrounded, one could see that it was superior to them. The official in charge of the exhibit stated that the art is now on its decline in his country, and that the ancient masterpieces cannot be renewed. There were some curious vases made of elephant’s tusks ornamented with lac¬ quered work, and some other fine work in ivory.

lhe inlaid work was very fine, and a large collection of cabinets, work-boxes, and European furniture ornamented in this manner was shown. These articles were not as expensive as the lacquered wares, but equalled them in beauty and delicacy of finish. The Japanese have successfully imitated, and some claim that they have surpassed, the papier-machd of the French. A considerable display was made of richly carved furniture, wood carving being an art in which the Japanese excel.

Going southward we came now to the display of screens, which was large and interesting. These were of silk on light fiames, and were painted and embroidered with scenes in the daily life of the people. The outlines of the figures and the landscapes were painted, and the costumes, faces, animals, and houses, etc., were worked out in relief with embroidery. One could find in these screens abundant means for a study of Japanese life and manners. The Japanese gentleman takes gieat pride in his collection of screens, which embody the best pietoiial art of his country, and regards them as the European or American does his gallery of paintings. The designs of the screens were often quaint and amusing.

i

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

445

A fine collection of rich silks and embroideries was shown, one exhibit from Yokohama being superb. Cotton and wool¬ len goods were exhibited of an admirable quality. Samples of

EMBROIDERED SCREEN, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

matting, which is largely manufactured in Japan, were also to be seen. Specimens of the papers made in the empire, the leathers, the inks, and the coloring materials of Japan, were shown, as

446

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

were also samples of the woods, grains, and grasses of the country. The mineral products were also shown by numerous specimens, and the native animals and birds were treated iu the same way.

Near the south wall was a large case representing a bazaar containing a number of painted plaster images, illustrating the different costumes of all classes of the population of the em¬ pire. It was one of the most instructive portions of the whole exhibit.

Immediately behind it was an enclosure in which the Imperial Government exhibited its educational system. Here were models of the desks and school apparatus used, the work of the pupils, the text-books, philosophical instruments, and photographs and colored sketches of the principal schools. Compositions by the pupils in English, French, German and Japanese were shown, and one was made fairly acquainted with the progress made by the empire in its effort to introduce the learning and civilization of Europe.

The visitor who made even a hasty inspection of the display, of which we have given but a mere outline, could but amend his ideas of Japan. We have been accustomed to regard that country as uncivilized, or half-civilized at the best, but we found here abundant evidences that it outshines the most cultivated nations of Europe in arts which are their pride and glory, and which are regarded as among the proudest tokens of their high civilization.

China.

The Chinese section was not quite half as large as that of Japan, and lay immediately west of it on the south side of the main aisle, extending back to the south wall of the building. It was enclosed by a pavilion, the entrance to which was a copy of the portal of a celestial pagoda, gaudily painted and orna¬ mented with hideous curled-up dragons, which, though ugly, were well carved. Over the entrance was a line in Chinese, said to mean “The Chinese Empire.” The pavilion was con¬ structed of various kinds of hard wood that grow in China, and was in itself an exhibit.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

447

Every nart of the enclosure was of the gaudiest character, and here and there rose tall pagodas and towers ornamented with the most brilliant colors. All the show-cases were in the Chi¬ nese style of architecture, and were as gay and odd-looking as the pavilion itself. The display gathered within the enclosure was rich, valuable, and exceedingly interesting. At the front entrance was a collection of fine vases of exquisite China ware, and opposite these a row of screens of the finest silk, covered

• ORNAMENTAL ENTRANCE TO THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN RUILDING*

with designs in embroidery, and having richly-carved frames. Close by these began the display of inlaid tables and stands and other articles of household use, which ran through the whole exhibit. They were as handsome and as well executed as any¬ thing of the kind in the Japanese section, which is saying a great deal.

Just within the enclosure was a tall show-case in the form of a pagoda, in which were displayed some superb silks, gold cloth

448

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and embroideries. The silks were of the most delicate shades of color, and of the finest quality.

There was a large exhibit of carved furniture, all in the Chi¬ nese style. The carvings were both artistic in design and well executed. Two elaborate bedsteads were exhibited, which were very handsome, and showed that John Chinaman has an eye to solid comfort in the midst of all his love of gaudy colors and gingerbread ornaments.

The display of porcelain and pottery was large and handsome,

CHINESE PAGODA, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

and fully sustained the reputation of the celestials for skill in this branch of their industry. The lacquered wares shown were also very beautiful, but were not equal to those in the Japanese collection'. There was a case of exquisitely-carved articles in ivory, many of which have been purchased by the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. The bronzes, many of which were old and curious, made up an extensive and inter¬ esting collection, and there was also an exhibit of rare old Chi¬ nese coins.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION-.

449

A tall pagoda or joss-house, in imitation of such buildings in China, formed a conspicuous part of the display. Near it were some fine porcelain tiles ornamented with queer Chinese figures. Cotton and hemp cloths, and cotton prints, stockings, Chinese shoes, hats, articles of clothing, fancy leather work, trunks, and toilet boxes, and samples of native paper, musical instruments, minerals, specimens of native woods, wines, grains, flour, honey, wax, cotton, hemp, wool, and hair made up a large and inter¬ esting exhibit.

At the rear of the enclosure was a gaudy little structure of carved and gilded wood-work, with panels of scarlet silk, on which were painted scenes from Chinese life. It was devoted to the offices of the Chinese Commission.

A number of almond-eyed, pig-tailed celestials, in their native costumes, were scattered through the enclosure, and you might for a moment imagine that you had put the sea between you and the Exhibition and had suddenly landed in some large Chinese bazaar.

The Orange Free Stale.

The Orange Free State is a Dutch republic situated in the southeastern part of Africa, and adjoins the English colony of the Cape of Good Hope on the northeast. It covers an area of over 70,000 square miles, and is a thriving and energetic little state. Its section in the Exhibition hall lay back of the Peru¬ vian court, in the southwestern corner of the building. It was enclosed by a handsome pavilion painted in imitation of black walnut, and decorated with the national colors of white and yellow, and red, white and blue streamers.

The exhibit was entirely governmental, and was handsomely and compactly arranged, rendering the little court one of the brightest and most pleasing nooks of the “ great show.” The design was to show the resources, products and natural wealth of the country. Specimens of minerals, grains, leather and skins, and samples of mohair, native woods, specimens ot coal, and samples of wool made up the principal part of the exhibit. Cases of stuffed birds of rare and beautiful plumage, and col- 29

TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

451

lections of insects were placed at various points in the court, and a number of superb ostrich plumes were exhibited. An interesting feature was a case of the cream tartar fruit. There were also to be seen specimens of ivory, including two enor¬ mous elephant tusks, and a collection of pipes and other articles of native manufacture.

Tunis.

The Tunisian court stood in the roar of the Danish and Turkish sections, on the south side of the building. It was small, but was brilliantly ornamented, the principal structure being a large show-case at the rear end of the court on which the goods were arranged. The exhibit was largely the prop¬ erty of the Bey of Tunis. His Highness exhibited some pretty gilt furniture, a collection of fine woollen blankets and shawls, woven silks, jewelry, national costumes, native arms richly ornamented, some superb decorated saddles, resembling those of the Egyptian collection. In the Exhibition grounds he also exhibited two Arab tents, illustrating the domestic life and customs of the Arab sheiks and Bedawin. The Bey also sent a number of antique relics dug from the ruins of old Carthage> which is situated in his dominions.

Mexico.

The space assigned to the Mexican republic lay on the north side of the main aisle, and adjoined that of the United States on the west. It was enclosed by a handsomely ornamented pavilion of light wood, painted in a soft cream color, and de¬ signed in the Aztec style of architecture. The main entrance to this pavilion was opposite the easternmost of the soda foun¬ tains in the main aisle, and was a handsome arch draped with the arms of the republic in gilt set in the midst of a trophy formed of the national colors.

The Mexican exhibit was not as large as had been hoped, and scarcely showed the extent or variety of the natural re¬ sources and manufactures of the republic, but was still inter-

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

453

esting, ancl merited a careful examination. A very considerable part of the display consisted of Mexican historical remains of the most interesting character. They gave us a partial view of the civilization of the Aztec race, that curious people whose history is at once so perplexing and so sad.

The mineral exhibit was very large and very good, and showed the wealth of the leading mines of the country. A large specimen, weighing 1300 pounds, and composed of cpiartz and bromide of silver, was a prominent object in this collection, and large lumps of lead ore, iron ore, specimens of coal, native marble, a sample of a new mineral called libinstone, and speci¬ mens of the matter thrown up by the volcano of Ceboruco during a recent eruption, and specimens of native woods were tastefully arranged, and constituted an instructive display. Samples of buckskin clothing ornamented with gold and silver embroidery, such as the Mexican cavaliers wear, were shown, and each suit was valued at $1000. There was a considerable exhibit of ready-made clothing, dressed and undressed leather, kid gloves, straw hats, woollen and cotton cloths, and papers ; and some porcelain was shown which marked the beginning made by Mexico in this beautiful art. There were also some pretty silks in the collection. A full display was made of the medicinal plants of Mexico, and of the fibres of all the varieties of the a<mave. The native wines and cordials were also well

O

represented. A great variety of ancient and modern national costumes was shown, including those of the Indians and mixed races. A number of educational and scientific works illustrated the efforts being made to diffuse knowledge among the Mexican people.

Brazil.

The Brazilian court was situated on the north side of the main aisle, between the Dutch and Belgian sections. It was enclosed by one of the most brilliant and noticeable structures in the building. It was a pavilion built in the Moorish style, and consisted of a colonnade of wooden pillars, with brightly orna¬ mented capitals and arches, supporting a superstructure of wood painted in various bright colors. This colonnade surrounded

GROUP OF VASES, EXHIBITED IX TIIE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

454

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

455

the entire Brazilian section, and on three sides was nineteen feet high. Between the pillars were wooden screens six feet high painted in panels, the effect of which was very fine. The facade consisted of clusters of pillars supporting the superstruc¬ ture, as on the sides, but the columns were closer together and were decorated with gay colors and with glass tiles of a novel and attractive kind. These tiles had various rich designs, and

ENTRANCE TO THE BRAZILIAN COURT.

were used to form the names of the different pro\incos on the frieze extending around the structure. Over the principal en¬ trance the word “ Brazil ’’ was placed in colored glass tiles. I he central arch rose to a height of nearly forty feet, but the audios on the east and west of it were uniform in height with those along the sides of the pavilion. 1 he pavilion was painted in the gayest colors, the principal being the national colors, giccn and yellow, and red and blue. Brazilian flags and streamers were draped along the front and streamed from the prominent points of the structure.

456

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The show-cases within the pavilion were of plate-glass orna¬ mented with ivory and gold, and were very handsome. They were lined with a dark maroon-colored cloth, which added to the richness of their appearance. No less than $30,000 was ex¬ pended by Brazil in the construction of her pavilion.

At the entrance stood a very large show-case placed on a square space paved with marble. It contained a beautiful dis¬ play of artificial flowers made of the gay and brilliant plumage of the birds of Brazil, and near it was a collection of butterflies and brilliant insects.

Around the court were displayed photographs showing the geological formation and the scenery of the empire, and a series of topographical maps. The public works were exhibited in a number of finely-executed charts and plans.

Several eases of books and other specimens of the printer’s art were to be seen here, showing what Brazil has done in this department, and the rise of her national literature was shown in the works of a number of her native authors, printed and bound in Brazil.

The native products of the empire were largely represented, and among them coffee held the chief place, being the great staple of the country. Bice, cocoa, mandioc, ginger, yams, sarsaparilla, and many other tropical products were shown in great abundance. The native woods, in which Brazil is wealthy almost beyond computation, were also largely shown, and among them we found the castor tree, rosewood, Brazil-wood, caout¬ chouc, cedars, logwood and mahogany.

An excellent display of furniture was also made, and the specimens were both wooden and wicker.

The rising manufactures of the empire were shown in the fine exhibit of woollen and cotton cloths, dress goods, laces, em¬ broideries, silks, and straw and wool hats. A considerable dis¬ play was also made of chemical manufactures. The display of porcelain and glassware was small. Leather, hoots and shoes, saddles, and skins, formed a considerable part of the collection.

There were also a number of antiquities ; and the Indian

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

457

tribes were represented by hammocks and other articles peculiar to themselves and their ancestors for centuries.

Altogether the Brazilian exhibit was handsome and deeply interesting, and was worthy of the leading nation of the south¬ ern half of the American continent.

Argentine Confederation.

The section assigned to the Argentine Confederation was on the south side of the main aisle and next to its western end. It was enclosed, and at the front stood a handsome circular pavil¬ ion. The exhibit was designed to represent the commercial, agricultural and mineral wealth of the republic. The articles were tastefully arranged, and were attractive and worthy of a careful study.

The mineral exhibit included the ores of gold, silver, lead? copper, and iron, galena, kaolin, sulphate of lime, quartz, mar¬ bles, coal, building stones, gypsum, clays for the manufacture of crockery, tiles, and bricks, graphite, soapstones, and other varieties. Specimens of the principal metals were also shown. There was a large collection of chemical manufactures, and a small one of glassware, porcelain and pottery. The department of textile fabrics included cotton and woollen goods, mats woven bv state prisoners, fabrics made by Indians from native plants, clothing, laces, and embroideries. Silk spun in cocoons was also exhibited in considerable quantities. Wool hats, and boots, shoes and other leather goods, and samples of leather and skins, made up a large part of the collection. The bows, arrows, clubs and lances of the various Indian tribes, slings used by the hunters to catch cattle and alpaca on the “plains,” and lassos used by the hunters of Buenos Ayres were also shown. A num¬ ber of figures of Argentine peasants formed an interesting part of the exhibit.

The display here was greater than any made by the Argen¬ tine republic at any previous World’s Fair, and was in the highest degree creditable to both the government and the people of that country.

458

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Chili ;

The Chilian section stood at the western end of the Main Building, on the south side of the main aisle. At the front which faced the main aisle, was a circular pavilion, gayly painted around the sides of which were arranged show-cases containing an extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the republic. The animals of the country were represented by stuffed hides of the cougar, jaguar, llama, guanaco, and monkeys. There was also an exceedingly valuable and interesting display of old pottery and domestic utensils, agricultural implements, and weapons of war used bv the Indian tribes.

Specimens of Chilian silks, raw and manufactured, were shown, and also some fine worsted work. A classified exhibit was made of the vegetable products, the native wines, and the leather of Chili.

Peru.

The Peruvian court was enclosed by a neat and tasteful pa¬ vilion decorated with the arms of the republic and the national colors, and stood at the western end of the building, immedi¬ ately in the rear of the Chilian and Argentine sections. The entrance was from the west.

Around the sides of the pavilion the mineral wealth of the republic was faintly shown by a number of specimens. Gold, silver and precious stones were included in the collection. Quicksilver, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, saltpetre, and salt were exhibited in a variety of forms.

The principal manufactures shown were leather, soap, and sugar. The native wines and liquors were also extensively displayed. Cotton, cocoa, coffee, cinnamon, pimento, pepper, tobacco, Peruvian bark, indigo, sarsaparilla, vanilla, caout¬ chouc and a variety of drugs and dve-stuffs were shown.

There was a large display of ancient pottery, the work of the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru, showing that they were far ad¬ vanced in the arts and customs of civilization ; and by the side of these was an exhibit of the dresses and weapons of the Indian tribe.

460

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Hawaii.

The kingdom of Hawaii, better known as the Sandwich Islands, had a handsome pavilion, with two arched entrances situated against the south wall of the building immediately back of the Tunisian court.

The exhibit included several specimens of native sugar,

coffee, and native woods. The fibres of a number of trees _

strong and tough — were also shown, and a considerable quantity of straw work made up the display. There were a number of specimens of lava thrown out by the volcano of Kilauea, the largest now in action in the world. Manufactured articles from the native woods, and calabashes used by the natives to hold their food, were among the articles exhibited. A line collection of specimens of lava, mosses, and ferns was shown, and was made by Mr. Hitchcock, the special commissioner, during a residence of fourteen years in the islands. Tiiere were cases of beautiful native birds, and a rich display of pink and white corals, shells, and seaweed. Queen Emma exhibited a case of fans and feat her- work, native millinery, and historical curiosi¬ ties. Photographs of scenes in the islands were displayed about the enclosure.

Russia.

The Russian space was situated on the south side of the main aisle, between the Spanish and Austrian sections, and extended back to the south wall of the building. It was unenclosed, and but little effort had been made to ornament it. A handsome shield emblazoned with the imperial arms, and set in the midst of a trophy of Russian and American colors, was affixed to the pillar at the south side of the aisle. Along the front line was a low of lofty octagonal and square cases of dark oak and plate- glass, filled with rare and beautiful articles.

At the western end of the front line, Sazikoff, of Moscow, had two handsome cases containing a magnificent display of gold and silver articles for table service, personal use, and household ornament. They were richly carved, and some of them were enamelled in a masterly manner. There were a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

461

number of statuettes of solid silver, prominent among which was one of Peter the Great. The gem of the whole collection was a superb work in repousse, representing the “Adoration of the Magi.” It was one of the most perfect specimens of this school of art in the Exhibition.

MALACHITE MANTEL AND ORNAMENTS, EXIIIRITED IN THE RUSSIAN SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

Near the east end of the front lino, P. OuehinnikofT, of Mos¬ cow and St. Petersburg, made an equally handsome display of richly chased articles in gold and silver, and enamels on gold and silver. Prominent in the collection was a fine altar-piece, representing the Saviour with the Gospel in his hand. The work was done upon a gold surface, and the portrait of the Saviour was in enamel of various colors. I he effect of the

4G2

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

whole was very rich and beautiful. A superb tankard made of a single piece of silver, with decorations in gilt, was shown. At the top was a small copy of the statue of Peter the Great and around the sides of the vessel was a superb representation iu high relief of the entry of Peter into Moscow after the battle of Pultawa. The tankard was valued at $3000. \ massive salver of silver with ornamentations in gilt, and a centre-piece carved with a representation of the Kremlin was valued at $2000.

At the east end of the line, Felix Chopin, of St. Petersburg, displayed a collection of fine bronzes in the best style of the art. They represented scenes from the life of the Russian peasantry, and were much admired. A conspicuous object of this collec¬ tion was an immense candelabra of gilt and porcelain, fully fif¬ teen feet high, capable of holding one hundred candles, and with vases fin* flowers around the base. Opposite it was a gilt clock of peculiar design, about four feet high. The hours encircled a large globe of silver and moved around it, and an angel in the act of flying pointed to the hour with one hand and towards heaven with the other.

Along the eastern border of the Russian section, Messrs. Hoessrich & Woerffel, of St. Petersburg, had an extensive and valuable display of articles in malachite and lapis lazuli, ihese were of an infinite variety, consisting of cabinets, mantels, tables, statuettes, clocks, caskets, candelabra, and some beautiful jewelry and small articles for personal use. One fine centre- table in gilt and malachite was valued at $2400, and a large mass of malachite in the rough was held at $4800.

Just back of the front line was a rich and large display of silks and velvets magnificently embroidered with gold, and cloth of gold with decorations of silver worked into it. These fabrics were superb, and were equal to anything in the Egyptian or Turkish exhibits.

Back of these was a large exhibit of furs, equal in quality and beauty to anything in the building ; and stuffed specimens of fur-bearing animals were shown in connection with this display. There was a good exhibit of cotton and linen goods, and of hats and military caps.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

463

In the centre of the section the Russian- American Rubber Company, of St. Petersburg, had a fine octagonal pavilion of ebony and plate-glass, containing a handsome collection of their goods. Opposite, on the west side of the court, a tailoring firm showed a case of uniforms of the different branches of the Rus¬ sian army.

The exhibit of mathematical and philosophical instruments was small but very interesting, and was located near the south¬ west corner of the court. Immediately to the east of it was a case of ornamental cast-iron work. The collection consisted of a number of statuettes, busts, vases, etc., the principal object being a copy of the statue of Peter the Great at St. Petersburg. There was a softness about the work which was very pleasing, and it greatly resembled the darkest antique bronze. It was much lighter in weight than bronze, and much less expensive.

The paper makers had a small exhibit, and close by was an extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the Russian empire. At the south end of the court was a case of inlaid caskets, boxes, waiters, etc., the work upon which is exceedingly beautiful. In the next case a bookbinder showed specimens of his work. The books were merchants’ account-books, and showed the Russian system of bookkeeping. At the southeast corner of the court was a fine carved oaken billiard table, one of the handsomest in the Exhibition. There was an excellent though small exhibit of cutlery, and several excellent pianos formed a part of the Russian exhibit. A number of carved oaken cabinets stood along the eastern line, where also might be seen a case of rich embroideries, worked on colored cloths with gold and silver threads.

There was a small exhibit of perfumes and soaps, and a few pieces of porcelain and majolica- ware completed the display.

Russia was one of the last of the European powers to take part in the Exhibition, and her space was not in complete order until near the last of June. Her display was at once unique and beautiful, and received much praise from visitors.

464

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Portugal.

Like the Russian the Portuguese exhibit was not in order until the latter part of June. The section assigned to Portugal was on the south side of the hall, and immediately in the rear of the Turkish and Egyptian courts. It was about as large as the Egyptian section, and was enclosed with a line of handsome show-cases of wood, stained in imitation of black walnut, with entrances at the north, cast, and west ends.

Along the southern wall the Portuguese department of public works exhibited a collection of topographical and geological maps and charts of the kingdom, with drawings of the principal harbors. In this section of the space was the display of glass-

PROGRESS VASE, EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON.

ware, pottery, and porcelain, which, though not large, was very good. Some fine dyes and specimens of woollen fabrics dyed in them were also shown.

The cases which formed the east and west sides of the enclos¬ ure were filled with cotton and woollen goods, generally of a coarse texture. The blankets shown here were very good.

A good display was made of silk fabrics of various kinds, and a case was also shown of cocoons and raw silk. Some of the silks were beautifully embroidered. A number of excellent specimens of wood-carving were shown, and a series of photo-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

465

graphs of places in Portugal showed some admirable work in this line.

A case containing flowers, baskets, ships, and other objects made of the fibre of the fig-tree, from the island of St. Michael, in the Azores, attracted great attention. The material was ex¬ quisitely beautiful and the work very fine. There were a num¬ ber of statuettes in colored plaster, representing different types of Portuguese brigands and peasants. At the northern end of the section was a collection of tinware, showing the fine quality of tlie native tin of Portugal, and here was to be seen the finest porcelain and glassware of this exhibit.

Turkey.

The space assigned to the Turkish empire lay on the south side of the main aisle, and was immediately west of the Egyp¬ tian court. It was unenclosed, and no effort was made to orna¬ ment it. The show-cases were of simple black, and, in conse¬ quence of this and of the quantities of carpets and rugs suspended from the roof, the Turkish court had rather a gloomy appear¬ ance. Owing to the unfortunate condition of the finances of the Turkish government this court was the last of all in the Main Building to be gotten in order.

The display made was small. Carpets and rugs of an excel¬ lent quality formed the principal portion. But few objects of household use were exhibited, and of these some low tables in¬ laid witli pearl, and some exquisite coffee-cups of porcelain, formed the principal part. The wool raised in the mountainous provinces of the empire was also shown, and a considerable dis¬ play of sponges was made. Jewelry, personal ornaments, articles in olive wood and mother-of-pearl, such as crosses and rosaries, from Palestine, pipes, fire-arms, swords and other wea¬ pons made up the display. It was generally remarked that the preponderance of articles from the Holy Land was so great that tiie visitor might well think Turkey had abandoned Mohammed and become a Christian country. Everything in the court was for sale.

30

466

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

The Mineral Annex.

The space in the main hall being filled, a couple of long, narrow, wooden buildings were erected on the south side of the Main Building. In these structures was shown a large and in¬ teresting collection of the minerals of the United States, promi¬ nent in which were a number of immense blocks of coal taken from the mines of Pennsylvania and some of the Western States.

The Chinese section being over-crowded, the Commissioners of that country obtained additional space in the Mineral Annex, and in this building exhibited a number of life-sized figures, showing the costumes of the various classes of the people of China, and models of their boats and junks, and their vehicles for land travel. A very curious and instructive exhibit was found in the complete collection of the medicines known to the Chinese “healing art.” Over one thousand specimens were exhibited, the majority of which consisted of such strange ob¬ jects as Spanish flies, red arsenic, dried centipedes, roaches and sea horses, powdered pinch bugs, betel nuts, which are chewed like tobacco, dried snakes and snake skins, desiccated lizards, and opium. Some of the pills exhibited were coated with white wax, and had a diameter of over one inch. Specimens of rice, embracing over thirty-five varieties, and samples of different kinds of native food, were also shown.

The Carriage Annex.

The annex to the Main Building, devoted to the display of carriages and other articles, was situated on the north side of the Avenue of the Republic, just north of Memorial Hall. It was built of corrugated iron and glass, and was 346 feet long and 231 feet deep. The greater part of the space was taken up by American exhibitors.

The display of carriages in the American department was very fine, and included vehicles of all classes, and several old- fashioned Concord stages. Wheels, hubs, spokes, harness, car¬ riage hardware and fixtures, springs, etc., were displayed here,

TIIE CARRIAGE BUILDING

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

468

V

and made a handsome showing. The collection of carriages for children was also very pretty.

A conspicuous feature of this exhibit was the old-fashioned travelling carriage used by George Washington. It was mounted on high, clumsy springs, and the floor of the carriage stood fully five feet from the ground. It had a high seat for the coachman and the usual stand for the footmen behind. Four fine gray horses of wood were harnessed to it, and it was by common consent regarded as one of the sights of the Ex¬ hibition.

A number of railroad cars were exhibited in this building. The Pullman Palace Car Company showed one of their hand¬ somest parlor cars, and a superb hotel car, to both of which visitors were admitted. The latter showed the entire arrange¬ ment for providing passengers with meals cooked to order while the train is in motion. A boudoir and library car, built for the St. Paul and Rio Janeiro Railway of Brazil, was a model of beautiful workmanship and comfortable arrangement. It was a narrow gauge car, and smaller than the Pullman coaches by which it stood. Several other fine cars for ordinary use were exhibited, and showed what the various railway lines of the country might do for the comfort of their passengers. Several magnificent street railway cars stood by the side of the larger coaches, and were beautiful specimens of workmanship.

A large part of the American department was devoted to an exhibition of stoves and heating apparatus of various kinds, tin and ironware, and house-furnishing goods. These made up a pretty and attractive display, and drew many visitors.

In the English department were several fine drags of the most elaborate style, and a number of broughams, coupes and a species of one-horse barouche. The English vehicles were all substantially made and wrere elegant and tasteful. Canada ex¬ hibited her fine sleighs, which were much admired.

Italy sent two specimens of a curious little closed carriage.

The display was very fine, and the carriage annex was one of the most interesting halls in the Exhibition.

It was large and airy, and the articles exhibited in it were dis-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

469

played to the best advantage. The beautiful work upon the wooden bodies of the carriages was especially noticeable for its beauty and its skilful joining.

One of the pleasantest features of the hall was the view from the north entrance. You looked down into the wooded depths of Lansdowne valley, beyond which were the towers of Ag¬ ricultural Hall and the pretty buildings on its slopes. There was generally a breeze stirring here, and you could seat your¬ self on the benches which the thoughtfulness of the Commission had provided, and enjoy as rural and as enchanting a view as the eye ever rested upon.

HTLYTTR-PTjATET) TEA URN, EXHIBITED BY REED & BARTON.

CHAPTER XIV.

MACHINERY IIALL.

Description of the Building— The Interior— Conveniences for Visitors— Pre- cautions Against Fire— The Corliss Engine— Distribution of Power— The American Display— Curious and Interesting Machines-The Steam-Engines —The First Steam-Engine in America— The Blast Furnace— The Sewing . rad lines— A Handsome Display— The Suspension Bridge Exhibit— A Monster Cotton Press— Weaving Machines— Making Watches by Machinery -Carpet Weaving-The Water Motore-The Locomotives-fhe Railway x In bit The Vacuum Pan— The Tobacco Factory — Making India Rubber bhoes Making Candies by Machinery-The Massachusetts Marine-Among the Printing Machines-The Old Franklin Press-Printing the New York Herald The Ice Yacht— American Machine Shops— Nail and Tack Making -The Hydraulic Annex-The Tank-The Cascade-The Hydraulic and L owing Machines— The British Section— The Road Steamers— Iron Armor I late— Weaving Machines— Railway Models— The Walter Press— The Sugar Mill— The Canadian Exhibit— The German Section— The Krunp Guns -The French Section-Silk Weaving- Lithographing- Belgian Machinery The Well-Borer-The Swedish Section and Exhibits-Tlie

Russian Guns-The Brazilian Section-A Handsome and Characteristic Display.

tx

&

I , i -A.CHINERA HALL was designed for the exhibition | ; of machinery in motion, and was the second of the Exhibition buildings with regard to size. It stood immediately west of the Main Building, at a distance of five hundred and forty-two feet from it, and. its southern wall was two hundred and seventy-four feet fron/the north side of Elm avenue. . The length of the building was from east to west, and its north front was on the same line as that of the Main Exhibition Building, thus presenting a frontage of thirty-eight hundred and twenty-four feet from the east to the west ends of the Exhibition buildings upon the principal avenue within the grounds.

470

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

471

The machinery building consisted of the main hall, fourteen hundred and two feet long by three hundred and sixty feet wide, and an annex on the south side of two hundred and eight by two hundred and ten feet. The entire area covered by the building and the annex was 558,440 square feet, or about 12.82 acres. Including the upper floors the exhibition space was about fourteen acres.

The principal portion of the building was one story in height, with the main cornice upon the outside about forty feet from the ground. The roof was seventy feet from the floor of the avenues, and forty feet from the floor of the aisles. The main entrances at the east and west were finished with handsome facades, consisting of a square tower at each side rising to a height of seventy-eight feet, with a tasteful entrance between them. The central entrance and the towers were each provided with light ornamental galleries, and over the central gallery a large eagle was placed, with a clock immediately beneath it. A, similar projection with a similar facade stood at the ends of the transept upon the north and south sides of the building, giving to it a fine and picturesque effect; and in order to further relieve the monotony which would have resulted from the long unbroken lines of the exterior, other projections were intro¬ duced upon the north and south sides of the building, with tasteful facades. A chime of thirteen bells, representing the thirteen original States, was hung in the northeast tower of the building. They weighed twenty-one thousand pounds, the largest weighing over three thousand pounds, and the smallest three hundred and fifty pounds. They cost $12,000, and were cast by Henry McShane & Brother, of Baltimore.

The building was painted in a light and pleasing blue, with ornamentations in other colors. As its length was eighteen times its height it had necessarily a low and “squat” effect, but the general appearance was pleasing, and the structure was so admirably adapted to the purposes it was designed to serve that criticism was disarmed. While there was nothing mean or shabby about it, it was plain and simple, but little effort having been made at ornament. The building was in perfect good taste

472

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

throughout, and while it was not as handsome or as imposing as its gigantic neighbor, the Main Exhibition Building, it was still attractive and pleasing, and the gazer was profoundly im¬ pressed with its expression of vast ness.

The eastern doors opened upon the grand plaza at the main entrance to the grounds, and formed the principal approach from the street cars, the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot and the Main Exhibition Building. The western doors led to the Total Abstinence Fountain and to George’s Hill and the building clustered about its feet.

The arrangement of the ground-plan was very simple. It showed two main avenues, each ninety feet in width and thirteen hundred and sixty feet long, with a central aisle between them and an aisle on either side. Each aisle was the length of the avenues, and was sixty feet in width, thus making the aggregate width of the avenues and aisles three hundred and sixty feet. At the centre of the building was a transept ninety feet wide, which at the south side was prolonged beyond the main build¬ ing to the southern end of the annex. At a distance of thirty- six feet from the main hall a series of aisles extended on either side of the transept for a distance of two hundred and eight feet to the southward, forming with it the annex for hydraulic ma¬ chines. These aisles were sixty feet in width. The promenades in the avenues were fifteen feet wide; those in the transept twenty-five feet wide, and those in the aisles ten feet wide. All other walks extending across the building were ten feet wide, and led at either end to exit doors.

llie foundations of the building were piers of solid masonry. “Ihe superstructure consisted of solid timber columns support¬ ing roof trusses, constructed with straight wooden principals and wrought-iron ties and struts. As a general rule, the columns were placed lengthwise of the building, at the uniform distance apart of sixteen feet. The columns were forty feet high to the heel-block of the ninety feet span roof trusses over the avenues, and they supported the heel of the sixty feet spans over the aisles at the height of twenty feet. The outer walls were built of masonry to a height of five feet, and above that were com-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

473

posed of glazed sash placed between the columns. Portions of the sash were movable for ventilation. Louvre ventilators were introduced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the aisles. The building was lit entirely by side light, and stood lengthwise nearly east and west.”

Machinery Hall was the first completed of the Exhibition structures. The contract for its erection was made on the 27th of January, 1875, and the work was immediately begun. It was completed on the 1st of October, 1875, and was turned over to the Board of Finance about the close of the year. The cost of the building was $542,300. The engineers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, and the contractor, Philip Quigley, of Wilmington, Delaware. The wrought and cast-iron work used in the building was furnished by Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware.

The building was fitted up with especial care for the comfort and convenience of visitors. Water-closets were placed at the east and west ends, with attendants. Rolling-chair stations were located at the main entrances, and telegraph offices were established at prominent points. Stands for the sale of the official catalogue were placed in the central aisle, and letter¬ boxes were scattered throughout the building. The fire service was perfect, alarm stations being placed at regular intervals, each with its proper number, and Babcock extinguishers were scat¬ tered over the building ready for instant use. At the north end of the transept was a restaurant, which furnished a good dinner for the moderate sum of fifty cents. Adjoining the restaurant was a confectionery, and by the side of this the pop-corn man had a tasteful stand, from which he did a thriving business in this peculiarly American eatable. Soda fountains were placed at several points in the building, and were under the same man¬ agement as those in the other halls.

The interior decorations were simple, the roof and pillars being painted in Fight colors, the object being to render the in¬ terior as light as possible.

From the gallery one looked down upon a busy scene. The great engine in the centre drove several miles of shafting and

¥*

MACIII&ERY HALL — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

1402 feet in length and 3C0 feet in width.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

475

belting, and the hall resounded with the hum and click of the machinery in motion.

No fires or furnaces were allowed in the hall. The boilers of the great Corliss engine were placed in a separate building on the south side of the hall, and steam was introduced into the hall by a service of pipes.

The motive power for all the machinery in motion in this vast hall was a double-acting duplex vertical engine, erected by Mr. George H. Corliss, of Providence, Eh ode Island, its in¬ ventor. It stood in the centre of the hall, and was built upon a platform fifty-six feet in diameter, and three and one-half feet above the floor of the hall. The engine rose to a height of forty feet above the platform, and was the most conspicuous object in the hall. “ It had cylinders of forty-four inches in diameter and ten feet stroke, the peculiar variable cut-off arrangement being actuated by the governor, as common in the Corliss engines. Between the vertical engines was a fly-wheel of fifty-six tons weight, thirty feet in diameter and twenty-four inch face ; it made thirty-six revolutions per minute, the rate being kept equal by means of the governor cut-off, which immediately re¬ sponded to any change in duty, owing to the throwing off or on of machines either singly or embraced in a whole section of the building. The tubular boilers were twenty in number, in a separate building, and each represented a nominal power of seventy horses, the work of the engine at sixty pounds pressure being about fourteen hundred horse-power. The fly-wheel had cogs on its periphery, which matched with cogs on a pinion which rotated a line of underground shafting, and this by means of mitre-gearing rotated other underground shafts, so that mo¬ tion was communicated to eight points in the ground-plan at the transept, at which were pulleys from which belts rose through thefloor and thence passed around primary pulleys on the eight principal lines of shafting, which reached from the transept to the extremities of the east and west ends of the building. The sunk shafting, its mitre-gears, pillow-blocks and pulleys, weighed two hundred tons.” The work on the engine was completed on the 10th of April, the day promised by its inven-

476

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tor, and the entire cost of its construction — §200,000 — was borne by Mr. George H. Corl iss.

Eight main lines of shafting were provided for the machinery in the avenues and aisles, the larger portion being speeded to one hundred and twenty revolutions per minute, and one line to two hundred and forty revolutions per minute, principally

THE CORLISS ENGINE, IN MACHINERY HALL.

/

for the wood-working machines, which occupied the larger part of the west end of the southern aisle. With the subsidiary lines, the length of shafting was estimated at 10,400 feet, each main line of 650 feet transmitting 180 horse-power to the various machines connected with it.

The exhibit displayed in Machinery Hall was classified by the Centennial Commission as follows :

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

477

Department V. — Machinery.

500 — 509. . . .Machines, Tools, etc., of Mining, Chemistry, etc.

510 — 519 - Machines and Tools for working Metal, Wood and Stone.

620 — 529. . . .Machines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving, etc.

530 — 539. . . .Machines, etc., used in Sewing, making Clothing, etc.

540 — 549. . . .Machines for Printing, making Books, Paper Working, etc.

550—559. . . .Motors, Power Generators, etc.

560 — 569. . . .Hydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus.

570 — 579. . . .Railway Plant, Rolling Stock, etc.

580 — 589. . . .Machinery used in preparing Agricultural Products.

590 — 599. . . . Aerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation.

Machinery and Apparatus especially adapted to the require¬ ments of the Exhibition.

The United States.

The space occupied by the United States covered about three- fourths of the area of Machinery Hall, and extended from the west¬ ern end entirely across the hall to a point nearly half way between the transept and the eastern doors. Being at home, the American exhibitors were naturally the first to have their machinery in readiness. The machinery displayed covered a wide range, ex¬ tending from the most delicate machines for the manufacture of watches to the most powerful trip-hammers and rolling-mills.

Me began our inspection at the west end of the building, and starting from the western end of the south aisle, pursued our way eastward along this aisle.

On the south side we noticed an extensive collection of gas meters and kindred machines. These were very handsome and complete in every detail, and the visitor could but wonder that such pretty and attractive things should be such an unending source of trouble to every householder. The whole system of registering the consumption of gas was shown, but we were not treated to an exhibit of the method of making a meter register more gas than is burned. That is a secret which the gas com¬ panies do not care to make public.

A large collection of machines for making illuminating gas from naphtha was shown beyond the gas meters, the largest exhibit being made by the Springfield Gas Machine Company, of Massachusetts, whose machines are admitted to be the best and safest in use.

478

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Beyond the gas machines the Hagner Drug Milling Com¬ pany, of Philadelphia, exhibited a pair of double-run flaxseed chasing mills, which attracted considerable attention by their size and excellent workmanship. To the east of this was a large frame model of an anthracite coal-breaker, showing the process of crushing coal and separating the different sizes for the market.

A fine display of steam -drills came next, and below these

COMBINATION WOOD- WORKER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

was a blast-furnace, with plans showing its operation. A capi¬ tal display was made of steam-engines, stationary and portable. The Atlantic Mills, of Philadelphia, showed some powerful machinery, and below these the scroll-saw men were at work with their machines cutting out scroll work in wood. Some of these saws were driven by steam, and some by foot-power. A handsome specimen of their work was a “ Centennial clock,” the frame of which was made of wood sawed in this way.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

479

We now reached the transept, and turned back to examine the display along the north side of the aisle. We were attracted at once by the exhibit of barrel, hoop and stave-making ma¬ chinery in operation. These machines cut out the staves and

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weimer’s suspended hot-beast stove, exhibited in machinery iiaee.

hoops and set up the barrels and headed them in an exceedingly short space of time.

Close by was an automatic shingle-maker, which could turn out 25,000 shingles in a day; and next to it was a “Dovetail-

480

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ing, Carving, Moulding and Panelling Machine,” exhibited by the Battle Creek Machinery Company, which was one of the curiosities of the Exhibition. Beyond these machines William Cramp & Son, of Philadelphia, exhibited two fine marine engines. In the next space J. W. Griffiths, of New York, exhibited a machine for bending wood, and showed by its oper¬ ation the process of bending stout wooden beams for ships’ frames, or for arches.

We were at the west end once more, and passed into the south avenue. As we moved down this avenue we confined our inspection to its south side, and noticed first a large road steam-engine of American make. It was the invention of George W. Fitts, of Philadelphia, and compared favorably with the English steamers at the/ other end of the hall. Adjoining this space was one occupied by William Andrews, of Williams¬ port, Pennsylvania, who exhibited a number of circular and straight saws of the best workmanship. Here was to he seen the first saw-maker’s anvil ever brought to the United States. It was brought from Loudon in 1819, by an uncle of its present owner, who had used it in the old country, and has been in steady use for over seventy years in this family. It looks as if it was good for seventy years more of work.

We now reached an extensive collection of saws, moulding- machines and steam-engines, noticeable among the latter being the splendid automatic cut-off and throttling steam-engines of the Buckeye Company, of Salem, Ohio. In the midst of this group Cornell University displayed some of the results of her department of mechanical engineering in the work of her students and in a fine collection of machinery. Here were a foot-lathe, magneto-electrical machine, measuring machine and steam-engine, all of which were handsome pieces of work¬ manship.

Having reached the end of the avenue, which was here closed in by the space assigned to an exhibitor, we noticed on the north side a section of the first steam-engine ever introduced into the United States. This venerable relic was exhibited by Messrs. D. M. Meeker & Son, of Newark, New Jersey. IIs

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

481

history is so interesting that we give it here as related by Mr. Justice Bradley, of the Supreme Court of the United States, in a letter to Mr. D. M. Meeker :

“ Washington, September 20th, 1875.

“ David M. Meeker, Esq. :

“ Dear Sir : The steam-engine of which you possess a relic was, as you suppose, the first ever erected on this continent. It was imported from England in the year 1753 by Colonel John Schuyler, for the purpose of pumping water from his copper

THE RUNQUIST OSCILLATING GOVERNOR, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

mine opposite Belleville, near Newark, New Jersey. The mine was rich in ore, but had been worked as deep as hand and horse-power could clear it of water. Colonel Schuyler, having heard of the success with which steam-engines (then called fire- engines) were used in the mines of Cornwall, determined to have one in his mine. He accordingly requested his London corre¬ spondents to procure an engine, and to send out with it an engi¬ neer capable of putting it up and in operation. This was done in the year named, and Josiah Hornblower, a young man, 31

482

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

then in his twenty-fifth year, was sent out to superintend it. The voyage was a long and perilous one. Mr. Hornblower expected to return as soon as the engine was in successful opera¬ tion. But the proprietor induced him to remain, and in the course of a couple of years he married Miss Kingsland, whose father owned a large plantation adjoining that of Colonel Schuyler. The late Chief- Justice Hornblower was the youngest of a large family of children which resulted from this marriage. Mr. Ilornblower’s father, whose name was Joseph, had been

FURNACE CIIARGER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY IIALL.

engaged in the business of constructing engines in Cornwall from their first introduction in the mines there, about 1740; and had been an engineer and engine-builder from the first use of steam-engines in the arts, about 1720. The engines con¬ structed by him and his sons were the kind known as New¬ comen’s engines, or Cornish engines. That brought to America by Josiah was of this description. Watt had not then invented his separate condenser, nor the use of high pressure. But it is

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

483

generally conceded that, for pumping purposes, the Cornish engine has still no superior.

“ After 1760 the Schuyler mine was worked for several years by Mr. Hornblower himself. The approach of the war, in 1775, caused the operations to cease. Work was resumed, however, in 1792, and was carried on for several years by successive parties. It finally ceased altogether early in this century, and the old engine was broken up and the materials disposed of. The boiler, a large copper cylinder, standing upright, eight or ten feet high, and as much in diameter, with a flat bottom and a dome-shaped top,. was carried to Phila¬ delphia. The relic in your possession was a portion of the cylinder, and was purchased by some person in Newark.

“ In 1864 I met an old man named John Van Emburgh, then a hundred years old, who had worked on the engine when it was in operation in 1792. He described it very minutely and, I doubt not, accurately. It is from his description that I happened to know the kind of engine it was; although, from the date of its construction and the use to which it was put, there could have been but little doubt on the subject.

“ What changes have been wrought in one hundred and twenty-two years ! What mighty power has been created on this continent, in that time, by the multiplication and improve¬ ment of the steam-engine ! We may well look upon this relic with a sort of superstitious veneration, and, looking forward as well as backward, wonder what another century will bring forth ! Respectfully, your obedient servant,

“Joseph P. Bradley.”

Leaving the south avenue at its western end, we passed around into the central aisle and continued our inspection on the south side of that aisle. We passed a number of vertical and other steam-engines, and paused to examine the immense high speed blowing engine erected by the V eimer Machine Works, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania. This fine engine had a capacity of 5000 cubic feet per minute at ten pounds pressure. The same company also exhibited a section of an apparatus for charging a blast furnace.

484

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Below this was a display of fire-engines, three of which were handsome steamers, and a case of firemen’s hats, overhauls, etc Beyond the engines a fine hook and ladder carriage was placed Several old-fashioned hand-engines were included in the display and looked odd, indeed, beside the glittering steamers. Passing on we came to the display of chemical fire-extinguishers, the largest and handsomest exhibit being made by the Babcock Fire-Extinguisher Company, whose machines were used in the Exhibition buildings.

Farther on, I. P. Morris & Co., of the Port Richmond Iron Works, Philadelphia, exhibited a large and complete blast fur¬ nace which towered to the roof, high above all the surrounding objects. Near the intersection of the aisle with the transept, E. M. Boynton, of New York, had a handsome pavilion of black walnut, velvet and ornamented with specimens of his saws. It was one of the most conspicuous objects in the hall, and was admirably suited to the display of the articles it contained.

Turning westward again, and crossing to the north side of the aisle, we noticed a handsome display of paintings and models of the steamers of the American Line, from Philadel¬ phia to i averpool, made by the steamship company.

lhe north side of the central aisle, from the transept west¬ ward, was taken up almost entirely by the exhibit of the sew¬ ing machine manufacturers. All the sewing machines of the country were represented here, and the display made by them was one of the most attractive features of the Exhibition. The spaces occupied by the various manufacturers stood side by side, and were fitted up in the handsomest style. Rich native woods and costly hangings were used in the construction of the enclosures and pavilions of the various manufacturers, and neither expense nor taste was spared to render these as brilliant and imposing as possible. Each firm exhibited its best ma¬ chines, finished in the handsomest style, and displayed con¬ spicuously samples of fine needlework done by its operators.

1 he machines were operated by a number of young ladies, and were shown to all who were disposed to examine them. The

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

485

handsomest displays were made by the Wilson, Weed, Wilcox & Gibbs, Howe, Domestic and Home Companies. The Howe pavilion contained a portrait of Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, and the pavilion of the Home Machine was the richest and most beautiful structure in Machinery Hall.

To the west of the sewing machines were the knitting ma¬ chines, the workings of which attracted much attention ; and beyond these was a handsome model of a steam tug, with an exhibit of improved screw propellers for steam vessels, and we entered once more the space devoted to steam-engines. Among

THE SEWING MACHINE SECTION, MACHINERY HALL.

these we noticed a machine for ditching and draining, exhibited by Randolph Brothers, of New Jersey. Several sizes of this machine for horse and steam power are made. The largest size will dig eight cubic yards per minute in clay soil, or as much as a single man can dig in a day. A two-horse machine, weighing 1600 pounds, will do the work of forty men. The next space was occupied by Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilming¬ ton, Delaware, with a large display of machinery of various

486

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

kinds; and just beyond N. W. Twiss & Co., of New Haven, exhibited a number of beautiful vertical engines. The yacht engine exhibited here was one of the prettiest and most com¬ plete machines in the building.

We were now at the west end of the aisle, and paased around to the north avenue, at the western end of which, on the south side, Messrs. Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore, had a large display of machines of various kinds. Eastward of this exhibit, on the same side of the avenue, the steam-engines stretched away for a considerable distance. Beyond these the American Iron Works, of Pittsburgh, made an extensive display of wheels, shafting, pulleys, bar, sheet, plate iron and T rails.

Immediately to the south of this exhibit a loom was at work weaving suspenders for the National Suspender Company, of New York. You could have a pair woven with your name while you waited for them.

Below the American Iron Works was one of the handsomest displays in the hall. It was the exhibit of the John A. Roeb- ling’s Sons Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, manufacturers of wire rope and suspension bridge cables. Here were shown sections of the cables of the suspension bridges over the Niagara at Niagara Falls, and those over the Ohio at Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, which were made by this firm. Handsome draw¬ ings of these bridges were displayed. A splendid plan of the suspension bridge now in course of construction over the East river, at New York, formed one of the most conspicuous objects of the collection, and beneath it was a section of the cable for this bridge, now being made by this firm. It was composed of six thousand, No. 7, galvanized steel wires. The ultimate strength of this cable is 22,300,000 pounds. A model of a large merchant ship, rigged with wire rope, was exhibited, and samples of the wire ropes and other articles made by the com¬ pany were to be seen also.

Beyond this space was an enormous direct-acting steam and hydraulic cotton press, from the Taylor Iron Works, of Charles¬ ton, S. C. It was constructed entirely without pumps, and had but a single valve. It is the most powerful cotton press in the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

487

world, and among its other feats is said to have recompressed a bale of cotton into two-thirds of its original size.

We now entered a region of looms and cotton machinery, and paused to notice the process of making and winding spool cotton as shown by the Willimantic and Hopedale Companies, of Con¬ necticut and Rhode Island. Beyond these machines a large power-loom was weaving corsets for the United States Corset Company. A lady operated the machine, and a number of her sex were generally interested lookers-on. Next door a larger-

VIEW OF THE LOOMS, MACHINERY HALL.

sized loom was weaving jute cloth. Both of these machines were the Lyall Positive Motion Loom, the accuracy and rapidity of the work of which are wonderful.

In the next stand on the. east the Pyramid Pin Company, of New Haven, Connecticut, had a machine, in charge of a little girl, at work sticking pins in papers. This machine was capa¬ ble of sticking 180,000 pins per day in this way.

Next below was one of the most interesting exhibits in the hall. The American Watch Company, of Waltham, Massachu¬ setts, had a work-shop, in which a number of their most ex-

488

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

perienced and skilful workers were engaged in the manufacture of watches by machinery. Every part of the process was illus¬ trated by the work done here. The machines used were of the most delicate and perfect character, and the operations were marked by an accuracy and skill which elicited the warm praise of the interested spectators who surrounded the workshop. The Waltham watches have long been regarded as the best of Amer¬ ican manufacture, and the universal testimony of all who have used them is that they are unexcelled by any in the world.

Adjoining the shop of the Waltham Company was a curious machine for engraving patterns for embroidery and laces.

The transept was here reached, and we turned back west¬ ward again. On the right, opposite the Waltham shop, the Nonotuck Silk Company, of Florence, Massachusetts, showed the process of labelling spools, and winding machine twist and sewing silk for the market. In the next space beyond William Wood & Co., of Philadelphia, had a loom at work weaving cotton cloths ; and above this the Monitor Carpet Mills, of Philadelphia, had a power-loom at work weaving carpets with¬ out the use of a shuttle. Two power-looms were engaged beyond this one weaving Brussels carpets. The Falls of Schuyl¬ kill Carpet Mills operated one of these looms, and thus illus¬ trated the process by which the beautiful carpets displayed by them in the Main Building were woven. Going westward we passed several looms engaged in weaving cloth, and a number of wool-carding machines, and noticed a fine Murkland power- loom at work weaving ingrain carpets for Messrs. John Bromley & Sons, Philadelphia. The rapidity with which this loom does its work is surprising. With a competent operator it will run off thirty-five yards of carpeting in a working day. Beyond this was the Garnett machine, which takes the waste of woollen factories and works it up into fibre again, washing it clean at the same time.

An interesting display was made of meters for registering the consumption of water; and the exhibit of steam-gauges was botli large and handsomely arranged. Here was seen a little registering apparatus which recorded every revolution of the

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

489

Corliss engine at the distant centre of the hall. Near the door was a hydraulic ram of novel construction, exhibited by the Dexter Spring Company of Pennsylvania. It furnishes its own power and is a perfect automatic pump.

From the western end of tiie avenue we had been traversing we passed into a small aisle to the north of it. The first notable exhibit was that of the Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Com¬ pany, of Dayton, Ohio. They exhibited a boiler for use in lime¬ stone countries, which removes the deposit of lime from the water and prevents it from encrusting the interior surface of the boiler. Beyond this space was the Backus Water Motor, which

THE BALDWIN NARROW GAUGE LOCOMOTIVE USED BY TIIE WEST END RAILWAY IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

would seem to be the long-desired motive power for running sowing machines. Beyond this was a most interesting exhibit of asbestos, a mineral which has the peculiar property of being a non-conductor of heat. Farther on the Westinghouse Air¬ brake, and Henderson’s Hydraulic Brake for railroad cars made large and interesting displays of the merits of their respective machines. At the lower end of the aisle, on the south side, was a tall machine for drying paper-collar stock, and below this machines for drying cotton and worsted dyed goods.

We now reached the transept once more, and entered upon the section devoted to the display of locomotives, which was

490

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

appearance than is usual, and represented faithfully the superior appearance as well as construction of the American locomotive.

Leaving the locomotives behind, we passed to the north aisle, where we noticed a large display of machinery for mills by J. 1. Noye and Son, of Buffalo, New York, beyond which was an immense hoisting engine for mines, and a display of mining machinery, including a powerful Cornish pumping engine made by the Dickinson Manufacturing Company, of Scranton, Penn¬ sylvania.

Both sides of the aisle were now occupied by the display of

one of the most prominent as well as one of the most attractive features of the exhibition. About ten locomotives built by the Baldwin Works, the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad Com¬ panies, and other well-known manufacturers, made up the collection, in which the latest improvements and the highest skill in this branch of the mechanic arts were shown. A nar¬ row gauge locomotive and one for mining purposes were included in the collection. The finishing of these splendid machines was handsome but substantial. They were no finer in

AIR-COOLER AND PURIFIER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

492

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the scale makers. All the principal manufacturers were repre¬ sented, and this department was' one of the largest and hand¬ somest in the hall. The various styles of scales were shown— platform scales, those for counters, letter scales, and balances. Every article was finished in the handsomest and showiest man¬ ner, and with a generous disregard of expense. A number of the makers showed platform scales adjusted to the standards of the principal nations of Europe.

Then followed, on both sides of the aisle, a collection of car- wheels, trucks, springs, railroad iron and rails, switches, seats for cars, and other railroad material, in the midst of which the Wharton Patent Switch made an interesting showing of its workings. It is claimed for this switch that it is automatic in its movements, and that where it is used accidents are impossible.

On the left hand side, above the Wharton Switch, the Baxter Steam Engine Company made a handsome exhibit of their famous engines; and on the opposite side of the aisle was a handsome arch made of lap- welded wrought-iron tubes, orna¬ mented with the names of the States, and exhibited by the National Tube Company as specimens of their workmanship.

On the north side of the aisle, at the western end of the building, was a huge vacuum pan for clarifying sugar, exhibited by the Colwell Iron Works, of New York. It towered to a height of thirty-five feet above the floor of the hall, and the vacuum pan had a diameter of ten feet. There were two plat¬ forms or stories one above the other. On the ground-floor was a powerful horizontal engine working an air-pump to make the vacuum in the pan. The air-pipe connecting with the top was some eighteen inches in diameter, of iron, and had several drums. Underneath the pan was a large circular valve to run off the product of evaporation. There were also connected with this drying pan, sugar boxes to receive the sugar and moulds for moulding the sugar loafs. The whole apparatus was of the most complete description, and was a fair sample of the vacuum pans used in the largest sugar refineries in Cuba or Louisiana.

We passed around into the north aisle and started eastward

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

493

again, noticing first, on the right, or south side of the aisle, a large collection of washing, wringing, and mangling machines of every kind and description, to run by hand or by steam-power. On the opposite side of the aisle a large machine for printing wall paper was shown by Messrs. Howell & Brothers, of Phila¬ delphia, the largest manufacturers of wall paper in the United States. Diagonally opposite this machine a number of glass- blowers were at work making fancy articles of glass by means of the blow-pipe. The left hand side of the aisle was taken up for a considerable distance by machinery for making paper in operation, and on the other side a cracker-making machine was at work. Below the last were several machines cno’au'ed in the manufacture of fine candy bon-bons, and beyond these, on both sides of the aisle, we noticed machines for butchers, bakers, and flour mills.

Opposite these, on the north side of the aisle, was a small nnylelofanold Virginia tobacco factory. All the operations of manufacturing chewing tobacco were shown here, with the exception of the flavoring process. Four negro men were at work twisting the rolls from the leaves, and these rolls were pressed into the plugs of commerce while the visitors looked on. The negroes, as they worked, sang the songs and hymns which are familiar to those who have visited the tobacco factories of the South. The establishment was the exhibit of Messrs. Archer & Brownell, of Richmond, Virginia.

Below the tobacco factory was a pretty display of small mills for grinding coffee and spices, below which the butchering machinery greeted us again; and still farther east, on the north side, the process of making India rubber shoes was illustrated by machinery at work. The various stages of the process of working up the soft mass of rubber and moulding it into shoes is exceedingly interesting, and the visitor could order a pair of shoes here and have them made under his own observation while he waited for them.

The south side of the aisle, opposite the tobacco and India rubber works, was occupied by an exhibit of French burr mill¬ stones and wheat-cleaning machines. Below these was a large

494

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

centrifugal sugar draining and drying machine in operation, exhibited by H. W. & R. Lafferty, of Gloucester, New Jersey.

Diagonally opposite, on the north side of the aisle, below the rubber works, Messrs. Whitman & Son, the well-known Phila¬ delphia confectioners, made a practical exhibit of their process of preparing their bon-bons and fine candies. These were made and sold here daily.

At the intersection of the aisle with the transept was a restau¬ rant, which appeared to be doing a thriving business, and which offered good hot dinners for fifty cents. Immediately in front of the locomotives, and before the door of the restaurant, was the stand of the pop-corn man, already referred to in another part of this chapter.

We crossed the transept, and continued on our way down the north aisle. On the east side of the transept and extending eastward along the north aisle for some distance was the ex¬ hibit of the Massachusetts Marine, prepared by the Commis¬ sioners of that State. It occupied a large stand handsomely draped with flags and streamers, and consisted of models of all the various kinds of sailing and steam vessels, both old and new style, owned in the ports of Massachusetts. Here was a fishing schooner, with her crew holding the lines which were thrown overboard, a graceful yacht, a clipper ship, man-of-war, and whaler, each one complete in its wav. The collection included models of keels, fixtures of various kinds for vessels, steering gear, diving armor, and life-saving apparatus. The articles were arranged with great taste, and the collection con¬ stituted one of the most conspicuous displays in Machinery Hall.

On the opposite side of the aisle the type-writer, an ingenious machine for printing letters or manuscripts instead of writing them with the pen, was at work, and beyond it the system of setting up music type was shown.

Passing on we entered the department of printing machinery. Here were presses of all kinds and of every make, from the little hand press designed for amateurs, to the great Bullock machines which strike off 20,000 copies of the New York Herald in an hour. The presses stood on both sides of the aisle, and extended over to the north avenue.

iEplpw

Improved Stop Cylinder Press, exhibited in Machinery Hall. These Presses were built by Cottrell & Babcock, for the National Publishing Company. They print fine illustrations better than any other Presses, and were used in printing this wo**.

496

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

In a prominent space near the northern wall we noticed a splendid six roller stop cylinder press, a roller-drum press, and a perfecting press for illustrating cut work, all made and ex¬ hibited by Messrs. Cottrell & Babcock, of New York. These presses attracted great attention, and were pronounced by com¬ petent judges the best of their kind in the world. The perfect distribution of the ink, the registering apparatus, which does its work with a mathematical exactness, and the uniformity and beauty of its impressions, constitute it the most perfect printing

DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING MACHINERY, IN MACHINERY HAM..

machine for fine book work ever made. The publishers of this book have long used it in the printing of their finest illustrated works, and have found it superior to any press they have ever used, ihe drum cylinder press was provided with Charles Eneu Johnson’s automatic paper feeding machine, which dis¬ penses with the services of a feeder for the press.

Y e were now at the end of the American department, and passed into the north avenue to complete our examination of (lie printing machinery. We noticed two large presses at the eastern end of that avenue made by the Bullock Printing Press

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

497

Company. They were in daily operation, and every afternoon a number of copies of the New York Herald were struck off from stereotype plates sent over from New York in the morning. The papers were distributed among the visitors. These presses have a capacity of 20,000 impressions per hour.

Paper cutting machines stood on the north side of the avenue, and in this department were book binders’ machinery, presses for steel and copper plate and lithographic printing, and ma¬ chinery for stereotyping and electrotyping and for type founding.

On the north side of the aisle

*AtUfJCH* .5 N to.

BENJAMIN FRANK BIN’S PRINTING PRESS.

Messrs. R. Hoe & Co., of New York, showed several of their improved presses, one of which was engaged in printing the fine illustrations contained in “ Pic¬ turesque America,” thus giving a practical demonstration of its excellence; and at the western end of their space was the venerable hand press at which Benjamin Franklin worked as a journey¬ man printer during his first visit to London. The Web Perfect¬ ing Printing Machine, exhibited by Messrs. Hoe & Co., is one of the most perfect presses in use. It was daily engaged in printing and folding an edition of the Philadelphia Times.

On the south side of the avenue opposite these presses was a fine ice yacht, a peculiarly American institution, and above it an American double life-boat with its equipments, beyond which was a collection of boats and shells, and a half-size model of the famous Monitor life-raft, which, it will be remembered, made a successful voyage across the Atlantic a few years ago, and has since been adopted by the navy of the United States. Beyond this was a full-sized steam yacht, exhibited by Baird & Huston, of Philadelphia, showing an improvement in the arrangement of the propeller. Opposite the New York Safety Engine Company exhibited a fine upright engine.

32

hoe’s improved web perfecting printing machine, exhibited in machinery hah.

} 'fir ;;1W‘

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

499

At the head of the north avenue, and along the transept, John Roach & Sons, the famous shipbuilders of New York and Chester, Pennsylvania, exhibited a handsome collection of models of the noted iron steamships they have built for the Pacific Mail Company and other shippers, and models of the ironclads “Puritan” and “Miantonomoh,” built by them for the United States. They exhibited also a sample of armor plating, and other work for iron vessels.

THE ICE-YACHT, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALE.

Passing along the transept into the central aisle, we noticed a number of models of vessels, life-saving apparatus, rafts, etc., and turning into the central aisle paused to notice the glass- cutters and engravers at work at the head of the aisle, orna¬ menting glassware by engraving designs upon it by means of small grindstones worked by the foot.

To the eastward of this stand we entered a region of machin¬ ery of various kinds for weaving cotton, woollen and silk cloths. On the left hand side of the aisle the Phoenix Manu¬ facturing Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, had a Jacquard

500

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

loom at work weaving Centennial badges in silk, with the arms of the United States and a portrait of Washington woven on the face. These were beautiful pieces of work, and lar^e numbers of them were purchased by visitors as souvenirs of the Exhibition.

Opposite the loom A. F. Prentice & Co., of Worcester, Mas¬ sachusetts, exhibited a fine collection of machinists’ tools, with a number of presses, dies, and other machines for working iu metal. On the left hand side of the aisle the Danforth Machine Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, exhibited three fine ma¬ chines for spinning silk thread. All the stages of the manu-

ARCHIMEDEAN BRICK MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

facture of this article, from the raw silk to the complete thread, were shown here.

Below this W. E. & E. D. Lockwood, of Philadelphia, made an interesting exhibit of a self-feeding machine for the manu¬ facture of paper envelopes. The machine is almost entirely automatic, and cuts, folds, gums and counts 120 envelopes per minute. By the side of this machine was another for printing envelopes, which prints 60,000 per day. A third machine was engaged in making paper collars.

On the next space below, the process of making paper boxes

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

501

by machinery was shown, and farther on was a brick-making machine, which works the clay, moulds the bricks and turns them out ready for baking. The machine takes the clay direct from the bank, tempers it in water, moulds it into bricks of uniform size, with sharp angles and smooth surfaces, the bricks being stiff enough to wheel and stack in the sheds immediately without sun-drying. The largest size of this machine is capable of producing from 25,000 to 40,000 full-sized bricks in ten hours. The machine was exhibited by Chambers, Bro. & Co., of Philadelphia, and always drew a crowd about it to witness its operations.

At the end of the aisle William Sellers & Co., of Philadel-

TIIE SELLERS HYDROSTATIC WHEEL-PRESS, IX MACHINERY HALL.

phia, made an extensive exhibit of powerful machinery for certain lines of work. They had a complete machine shop, which could at any moment be started upon the most difficult and the heaviest work. Among the articles included in their collection was the laro-est machine tool in the hall. It was a planing machine of eighty-one tons weight, having a bed weighing fifteen tons and a traverse of forty-four feet.

In the next space Pratt & Whitney, of Hartford, Connecti¬ cut, exhibited a number of machinists’ tools, somewhat similar to, but of a smaller class than, those of Sellers & Co. Some of these tools were remarkable adaptations to certain classes of work, and exhibited the highest skill in their designs and con-

502

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

struction. Messrs. Ferris & Miles, of Philadelphia, also made an extensive and interesting exhibit of machines and machine tools, of which we give a number of illustrations.

We were now at the end of the American department, and passed over to the south avenue, and worked our way westward alon<* it. On the right was the machine shop of Sellers & Co., and on the left an extensive exhibit of valves and steam pipe connections, steam fittings of various kinds, and nuts, bolts and screws.

Immediately on the west of the Sel lei's machinery, the Mid¬ vale Steel Works, of (Xicetown) Philadelphia, made a splendid display of specimens of steel, including large axles and shafts of finely forged metal, and twisted and cold chilled bars. An axle was shown which was tested at the United States navy yard at Washington, D. C., and which required a strain of 122,300 pounds to the square inch to snap it.

Diagonally opposite, on the south side of the avenue, the Pittsburgh foundry showed some fine rollers of chilled iron for rolling brass, with a broken section of a roller, showing the depth of crystallization.

Above this, on the south side of the avenue, was a tall Tuscan column, built of thirty-eight different kinds of •grindstones used in the mechanic arts, surmounted by a bronze eagle. It was the exhibit of J. E. Mitchell, of Philadelphia.

Diagonally opposite a wood-turner was at work with a lathe, turning out handsome ornamental wooden boxes, and in the next space on the west, Hoopes & Townsend, of Philadelphia, had a handsome and unique pavilion ornamented with a large display of bolts, screws, and nuts. On the opposite side of the aisle was another stand with glassblowers at work making fancy articles for sale, and next above this a soda fountain. Oppo¬ site the soda fountain was a striking display of files of various kinds and sizes in a handsome show-case, and immediately opposite this exhibit was one of Otis & Co/s finest elevators with the lifting machinery.

Having reached the transept again we turned into the south aisle, and noticed on the right, within a few feet of the transept,

EXHIBIT OF STEEL FILES, IN MACHIXEKY HALL.

504

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

a corkmaking machine at work, cutting out corks of various sizes from the bark. Here was a section of the bark of a cork tree, said to be the largest in the world.

On the opposite side of the aisle Steinway & Sons, of New

York, showed metal frames lor pianos, the mechanism of that in¬ strument, and specimens of the machinery used in its manufacture.

Both sides of the aisle were now taken up with a collection of machinery of various k i n d s. On the north side of the aisle the Pennsylvania Tack Works, of Norristown, had six of their ma¬ chines at work cutting tacks out of thin strips of metal. The machines used were “Weaver’s patent,” which make 400 tack's per minute, and over 2500 different kinds and sizes. In the next space below, the Duncan- non Iron Company, of Philadelphia, showed the process of making nails by a machine operated by a nail cutter. Immedi¬ ately back of this was an automatic nail cutter, which does not require the services of a man to turn the metal plate as in the ordinary machine. The remainder of the aisle was taken up with ma-

UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE, MACHINERY HALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

505

chinery for charging soda fountains, and a handsome display of soda fountains, mainly by Charles Lippincott & Co., of Phila¬ delphia.

Having now finished our inspection of the American depart¬ ment in the main hall, we went back to the Corliss engine, and examined

The Hydraulic Annex,

which was a prolongation of the south transept, as we have stated elsewhere.

Immediately south of the Corliss engine was a collection of brass and nickel plate stop-cocks, and another of machin¬ ists’ vises and tools. On the west side of the main aisle of the annex was an exhibit of files in a handsome case. The

principal object of this collection was a large file-blade of polished steel suspended in the case. It was orna¬ mented with a series of fine etchings, represent¬ ing the workshops of McCaffrey & Bro., of Philadelphia, by whom the exhibit was made.

On the other side of the file was etched view of Philadelphia The etchings were by C. F. Pluemacher.

On the right hand of the aisle, just beyond the files, the Silsby Manufacturing Company, of Seneca Falls, New York, displayed several handsome steam fire-engines, and horse and

a fine “ aquometer” pump, exhibited in machin¬ ery HALL.

506

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

hand hose-carriages, and close by the same company had one of their famous rotary steam-pumps.

The central portion of the annex was occupied by a sunken tank, 106 feet long by 60 feet wide, which was filled with water to a depth of about ten feet. At the south end of this tank was a smaller tank raised about forty feet from the floor of the hall, from which a steady sheet of water poured in a cascade down into the pool below. The water was raised by two rotary pumps, driven by a steam-engine of 150 horse-power, which raised 30,000 gallons of water per minute to the upper tank. The pumps and engine were made by Robert Wetherill & Co., of Chester, Pennsylvania. The fall had a weir depth of about four inches and a width of thirty-six feet. The effect was very fine, and the cascade formed one of the principal attractions of the hall.

The pumps and hydraulic machines were grouped around the lower tank, and discharged steady streams of water into it. Here were hydraulic rams, presses, steam and hand pumps, pumps for mines, sugar refineries, and other special uses, tur¬ bine water-wheels and blowing machines and ventilating appa¬ ratus. Great Britain and several foreign nations participated in the exhibit, their machines being located on the east side of the annex.

With the Hydraulic Annex, we concluded our inspection of the American department, and turned our attention next to the exhibits of the foreign nations.

Great Britain and Ireland.

The space assigned to Great Britain and Ireland covered about one-third of the area occupied by the foreign exhibits. Banners of red with letters of white suspended from the roof marked .the British section. We began our tour through it in the southern aisle, at its eastern end, just above the German section.

On the south side of the aisle were two of the famous traction engines made by Aveling & Porter, of Rochester, England. They attracted much attention, and have no superiors in the

EXHIBIT OF PUMPS IN MACHINERY HALL, BY W. & B. DOUGLAS.

507

508

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

world. Across the aisle Messrs. Howard & Bo Hough exhibited some fine cotton machinery, including a large carding machine.

JUHlH'fJULA

alcott’s turbine wheel, exhibited in machinery hall.

In the next space was a display of submarine armor and diving apparatus, made by Siebe & Gorman, of London.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

509

We crossed now to the south avenue, on the south side of which several steam-hammers were displayed by B. & S. Mas¬ sey, of Manchester. This firm exhibited also steam-stamps, and circular-saws for cutting hot iron and steel. A section of nine- inch iron armor plate was also exhibited, in which were several deeply-indented shot holes, which showed the severity of the test to which it was subjected. On the opposite side of the avenue was another section of iron plate, 21 £ inches in thick¬ ness, which was polished on one face. The outer edge showed the manner of building up plate upon plate to gain the required thickness. Armor of this kind is doubtless designed for land batteries and forts rather than for vessels. We have no rolling- mill plants in this country capable of making such heavy plating, and this was therefore without a rival.

On the south side of the avenue we passed a group of machinery for weaving cotton cloths, and came upon two im¬ mense steam-cranes made by Appleby Brothers, London. These did good service after their arrival at the hall, their ex¬ hibitor having generously allowed them to be used in lifting and placing heavy articles in position.

Opposite the cranes, Thomas Gadd, of Manchester, had a fine machine for printing calicoes, which prints eight colors at once, and an engine for running it; and below this, Clarke, Stanfield & Co., of London, showed a pretty model of a floating dry- dock, with a steamship drawn up on one, to illustrate its workings.

We were at the eastern end of the British section once more, and passed northward into the central aisle, and turned westward again. On the north side of the aisle Messrs. Newton & Wil¬ son, of London, made a large display of their sewing machines, many of which were operated by the hand instead of the foot, a style very popular in England. The machines were handsome, and were displayed in an attractive manner. On the opposite side of the aisle, a Jacquard loom was weaving badges of silk, and above the loom was another exhibit of sewing machines, these being the “Kimball & Morton machine.” They were made in Glasgow, and are famous in the united kingdom as the

510

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

machine that broke up the combination monopoly, and compelled the trade to lower the price of sewing machines. Immediately on the west of these machines, the well-known cotton spinners, J. & P. Coats, of Paisley, Scotland, had machines at work wind¬ ing and spooling cotton thread, which found a ready sale to visitors to the hall.

At the west end of the British section in this aisle we noticed a large table on which Messrs. Brierly Sons & Reynolds, of London, had a beautiful model of a railway junction, by means of which they illustrated the English system of managing rail-

STEAM-PUMP, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALE.

way switches’and signalling the movements of trains. A simi¬ lar exhibit was made immediately north of this one by Messrs. Saxby & Farmer, of London, who also showed photographs and drawings of the workings of the switch system of the great depots of London. These two exhibits were among the most interesting objects in Machinery Hall. They showed the prac¬ tical workings of the “ block system ” of running trains, which has been adopted by a number of our leading railroad lines, and embodied some valuable features which our roads generally might adopt with advantage to the public.

SODA FOUNTAIN, EXHIBITED BY C. LIPPINCOTT <fc CO., MACHINERY HALE.

511

512

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Adjoining Saxby & Farmer’s model, the Inman Steamship Company exhibited a full-rigged model of their fine steamer, the City of Berlin. To the east of the railway model, Mr. John Walter, of the London Times, exhibited the printing press which bears his name. It was a fine machine and a worthy rival of the great American presses. It printed a daily edition of the New York Times, and attracted much attention from visitors.

On the east of the Walter Press, Messrs. Mirlees, Tait & Watson, of Glasgow, made an extensive display of machinery in motion, consisting of a sugar mill, and a valveless engine, working an air-pump for a vacuum pan, and driving centrifugal machines. This was one of the largest exhibits in the hall, and the machinery was all of the largest class.

Though the English display of machinery did not fairly represent the capacity of Great Britain for dealing successfully with the heaviest as well as the most delicate branches of the mechanic arts, it was still deeply interesting, and was in many particulars unequalled by anything in the hall.

Canada.

Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia made a collective exhibit under one general title, as above. They had planing and moulding machines, two kinds of turbine wheels, horizontal and radial boring mills from Dundas, stationary, vertical, hori¬ zontal, and portable steam-engines, and seamless lead trap machines from Montreal ; car-wheels, soda-water apparatus, and marbles, from Toronto; and railway signals from Belle¬ ville, in Canada. Nova Scotia sent quartz-crushers from Halifax ; and New Brunswick, vertical steam-engines and cir¬ cular saws from St. John’s. Lathes, drills, brick-making machinery, a steam fire-engine, sewing machines, from Canada, canoes, and boats of various kinds, made up the remainder of the exhibit, which was very interesting, and fully sustained the views we have expressed with reference to the enterprise and skilfulness of our northern neighbors, in our account of the Canadian display in the Main Building.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

513

The Canadian section was at the eastern end of Machinery Hall, and in the centre of the building.

Germany.

The German section occupied the southeast corner of Machinery Hall, and was about one-half as large as that as¬ signed to Great Britain. The German display was neither very large nor very varied, and did not give the visitor a fair idea of the resources of Germany, or the progress made by her in mechanics.

Upon entering the southeastern doors of Machinery Hall, the visitor’s attention was at once drawn to two immense breech¬ loading siege guns that were mounted on carriages of a peculiar construction. These were the famous 1200-pounder breech¬ loading Krupp guns, from the foundry of that maker, at Eisen. These guns have been adopted by the German government for the fortifications of the empire and for siege purposes. They were wTelI tested during the Franco-German war a few years ago in the sieges of Strasburgh, Metz, and Paris, and are con¬ sidered among the most formidable and effective weapons in the world. A number of smaller rifled steel guns of the same maker, for field uses, were grouped about the base of the mon¬ sters which frowned down from their lofty position upon the peaceful assemblage about them.

On the north of the Krupp guns was a tall column of exhib¬ its from the iron mine from ’which the metal for these guns is drawn. Ihe base of the column was of crude iron ore, and the shaft of the smelted ore. It was a conspicuous object in this part of the hall. To the north of it was a fine collection of copper and iron wire piled in pyramidal form.

On the south side of the space occupied by the Krupp guns a large machine was at work making full-sized bricks of a fine quality. It was exhibited by C. Schlickeysen, of Berlin.

Prussia made a fine exhibit of sulphur and copper ores, and on the south of this were a number of railroad car wheels, a railroad switch, and machinery for railroad cars. Along the

south aisle several gas-engines of a peculiar construction w’ere in 33

514

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

operation, showing how a steady motive power is derived from the explosive force of ordinary burning gas. They were ex¬ hibited by the Gas Motor Factory, of Deutz. At the eastern end of the German section a collection of steam gauges from Hamburg and Magdeburg was shown. The German sewing machine manufacturers made a collective displav, and-Aix-la Chapel le showed her needles in handsome style. There were printing presses from Leipzig, steam-engines from Bremerliavcn, and machinery of various kinds from Hamburg and Berlin in the remainder of the collection.

France.

The French section occupied the northeastern corner of Machinery Hall, and was equal in size to that of Germany.

At the eastern end of the north avenue of the building, A. Guinet & Co., of Lyons, had a loom, for the illustration of the process of weaving silk ; and beyond the loom E. Secretan, of Paris, had an exceptionally elaborate pavilion, constructed of brass and copper, in which he exhibited specimens of his work in those metals. To the north of this pavilion, the French chocolate and bon-bon makers were at work, making and sell¬ ing their finest confections; and the same firm, Beyer Brothers, of Paris, had a set of machines turning out their fine soaps, which found a ready market.

On the north side of the aisle, near the east door, F. Arbey, of Paris, exhibited a collection of wood-working machinery, and to the west of this Morane, of Paris, exhibited some admir¬ able machinery for making stearine candles.

In the north aisle, near the western end of the French sec¬ tion, P. Alauzet & Co., of Paris, had a series of lithographic printing machines. One of these was a railway printing ma¬ chine, the bed of which was carried on wheels, which ran on tracks. Around the sides of their space were displayed speci¬ mens of their lithographic printing.

The remainder of the French exhibit consisted of a variety of machines. A fine apparatus for making beet-root sugar was shown by Beyer Brothers, of Paris. A Charleville house ex-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

515

hibited portable forges ; Sascole, of Paris, had an interesting machine for making illuminating gas; I). Segat, of Paris, ex¬ hibited a machine for sewing straw hats; E. Comely, of Paris, a machine for embroidering; E. Carr6, also of Paris, a machine for making ice; and Leon Edoux, of Paris, a special system for mountain railways. The machines of the French exhibit were

FOUR-CYLINDER SOAP-MAKING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN THE FRENCH SECTION, MACHINERY HALL.

made with a neatness and displayed a completeness of workman¬ ship that challenged the admiration of all who examined them.

Belgium.

1 he Belgian exhibit was small, but very complete, and occu¬ pied a space about one-third as large as that of Great Britain. It was situated on the north side of the hall, immediately west of the French section.

One of the largest single machines in the hall was a Belgian well-borer, exhibited by Joseph Chaudron, of Brussels. It was

516

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

an enormous leg of iron, with a foot having a row of chisels on the side, used to stamp holes into the ground. “ It weighs 20,000 pounds, and, being rotated six inches after each stroke, makes a circular hole ten feet across. Claws and valved buckets lift up stones and mud respectively, for the creature delights in water ; and when a hole is made a certain depth another still larger shaft, with a foot fifteen inches long, and weighing 30,000 pounds and having chisels to match, is stamped up and down to enlarge the hole, which is then cased with cast-iron pipe.”

Louvain sent a fine exhibit of railway car-wheels and axles; Mariemont, railway stock of various kinds ; Verviers, wool- cleaning and carding machines and looms; and Brussels, em¬ broidering and sewing machines. Auguste De Tomboy, of Marcinelle, near Charleroi, exhibited the model of a trip¬ hammer and one of steam shears, and close by was a collection of machinery for making bolts. Emile Van Flaecht, of Haeren, near Brussels, showed some beautiful models of fat-rendering works, with samples of stearine and oleine.

One of the finest of the Belgian exhibits was that of P. Van clcr Kcrchove, of Ghent, and consisted of a beautiful horizontal Corliss engine, built for the Belgian mint, at Brussel'-, and a smaller one with Rider valves.

Verviers sent beautiful machines for working in wrool ; and Celestine Martin, of the same city, had a ring and traveller spinner. Brussels, Namur and La Louviere sent multitubular filters, rotary pumps and punching machines.

From the above description it will be seen that but a few of the great Belgian manufacturers took part in the display iu Machinery Hall, a circumstance much to be regretted, as there is no country in Europe which could offer such a varied, in¬ teresting and valuable mechanical exhibition as the “ Republi¬ can kingdom.”

Sweden.

The Swedish space was less than a third as large as that of Belgium, and lay along the north side of the north aisle, im¬ mediately opposite the Belgian space. The tall stoves of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 517

country formed conspicuous portions of the exhibit. The ma¬ chines for working in wood and metal were among the very best in the half and there were quite a number of them. Norway had some fine machinery for the same purpose, her collection being shown with that of Sweden. There were several trip¬ hammers in this section, and machines for making bricks of peat; also two stationary horizontal, and one vertical steam- engine. Sewing machines, a fire-engine, railway axles and springs, and fire-escaping apparatus were exhibited. A small narrow gauge locomotive, called the “ Ny hammer,” stood at the western end of the Swedish space, and was a singular-look¬ ing machine. This locomotive was afterwards put in operation on the narrow gauge road in the Exhibition grounds, and showed its powers by running steadily until the close of the Exhibition.

Russia.

Russia did not make much of a display in Machinery Hall. She had two sections, one of which was situated on the north side of the north aisle, on the west of the Swedish space, where she displayed some fine brass mortars and naval guns; and another between the central aisle and northern avenue, and between the American and British sections, in which some interesting machinery was shown.

Brazil.

The Brazilian section lay between the north avenue and north aisle, to the west of the Belgian space. It contained one of the most complete displays made by any of the foreign nations in this hall. One of the most conspicuous objects of the collection was a stationary engine of very peculiar construc¬ tion, which can be constructed for either high pressure or low pressure, and is said to be very simple and easy to keep in order. There were also several models of marine engines.

“ There were three models of men-of-war, representing dif¬ ferent styles. One of these was to represent a ship carrying a square battery amidships, being almost as wide ns the vessel Itself, and pierced for four guns, one on each face. The second

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

519

carried amidships a turret that was flat on the sides and cir¬ cular on tiie ends, at one of which was the porthole for the single gun it carried. The third model was for a gunboat of ordinary construction. The models in elevation showing the lines of the vessels were some fourteen in number, and were representations of vessels of various sizes, from a large sloop- of-war to an ordinary sized gunboat. They were all well made and would bear inspection.

“ The machine shop at the arsenal of Marinha, at Bahia, was here beautifully represented by a miniature model, in which were represented the engines and boilers and all the different pieces of machinery. There were three boilers and two engines, and a complete line of shafting, with couplings, counter-shafting and hangers, all complete. Here we could see, all arranged in methodical order, planes, upright drills, boring machines and several lathes. Small as these latter were, and all were made to scale, they showed every part as perfect as in the larger machines. Besides the engines and boilers and the shafting there were twenty-one different machines represented, and also the rail tracks with the two turn-tables and two trucks. There were also two models of stone dry docks, being made to scale from those at Santa Cruz and the Imperial dry dock. These were also complete, and gave a very good idea of those im¬ portant government works. A very handsome model of a stone casemate, with gun and carriage, was also a very promi¬ nent piece in this section. It was very accurate and com¬ plete to the most minute details, every part of the carriage and the training tackle being shown, as well as the rifling in the guns.

“A pin-making machine was shown, completed, and a series of the different pieces were also shown, both complete and in sec¬ tion, so as to give a perfect idea of the entire construction. It was worked by hand, and made the ordinary solid-headed pin, and was apparently very simple and effective in construction. It was not a large machine, being not over two feet in length and a foot in width, and so constructed as to be placed upon any table. A couple of the machines used in the

520

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Imperial mint were also shown, one of which was for stamping the coin.

“ The army and navy of Brazil were represented by full suits of the uniforms of the several grades of the service, and also a large case full of the various small arms, rifles, carbines, swords and pistols. One of the latter was a silver and gold- plated revolver of very handsome make. A very handsome model of a brass field-piece, all limbered up with caisson and everything complete, was a fine piece of workmanship. There were here also three bronze mortars of the sizes used in the ser¬ vice. They were mounted on their carriages, or beds, all ready for service. One field-piece of bronze was mounted and in position. It was about the size of one of our twelve-pounders. There was a larger one dismounted, and also a specimen of a howitzer. These pieces were very highly finished in every part. A couple of small camp-chests of leather, and also of ammunition-buckets of the same material, were shown.

“ Quite a number of brass pumps were here on exhibit, as well as two or three stationary fire-engines. The specimens of brass cocks were some of them rather unique in shape to us, but they were all of fine workmanship. We found also some specimens of shafting hangers and pulleys, a gear wheel and propeller, and also some specimens of carpenter tools, the planes having a sort of horn in the rear of the handle. A ease of coins showed the different kinds of money used in the empire, and gave the gold, silver and copper coins of the several denom¬ inations.”

A small space across the north aisle was devoted to a show¬ ing of the silk culture of Brazil, which is as yet in its infancy. The habits of the silk worm were exhibited in a most interesting manner, and a loom for spinning silk thread was in operation.

On the south side of Machinery Hall, and west of the Hydraulic Annex, were three substantially built structures, smaller than, but similar in outward appearance to, the prin¬ cipal edifice. These were the Annexes for the display of boilers and quartz-crushing machinery, which could be seen in opera¬ tion hofV2.

CHAPTER IV.

AGRICULTURAL HALL*

Description of the Building — Interior Arrangements — Classification of the Exhibit— The American Department— Agricultural Machinery— The Plows —Harvesting Machines— Threshing Machines— The Cider Mill— The Native Wines of America— The Starch Makers— The Windmill— The Natural History Collection— The California Buffet— The Aquaria— The Tobacco Exhibit A Fine Display — Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union— Daniel W’ebster’s Plow— The Cape Ann Fisheries— “ Old Abe”— The British Court— A Small Display— Agri¬ cultural Products of Canada— Canadian Machinery— The French Exhibit— A Fine Display of French Wines — Germany’s Contribution — The Wines of the Rhine Land— Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary— Exhibit of Russian Products Italian Wines and Oils — Bologna Sausages — The Spanish Court— A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain— The Portu¬ guese Collection Holland’s Exhibit — The Norway Fisheries — Swedish Exhibit— The Japanese Court— The Tea and Silk Culture— The Brazilian Court— The Cotton Pavilion— A Remarkable Collection— The Brazilian Silk Culture Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic — The Liberian Court The Pomological Annex — The Wagon Annex.

fHE Agricultural Building stood on the third of the spurs or ridges which broke the Exhibition enclosure, and MV was situated to the north of the Belmont valley, and on C'Gr eastern side of Belmont avenue. It was the third in size of the Exhibition buildings, and was constructed principally of wood and glass. The exterior was painted a dark brown, and the roof was a dark green broken only by the sky¬ lights which were placed at numerous points in it.

The building consisted of a nave 820 feet in length and 100 feet in width, extending from north to south. This nave was crossed by three transepts running east and west, each 540 feet long. The central transept was 100 feet in width, the side transepts 80 feet in width. At the point of intersection of the

621

522

T1IE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

nave and central transept a handsome cupola rose from the roof, surmounted by a weather vane. The nave and transepts were composed of Howe truss-arches of a Gothic form. The height of the nave and central transept from the floor to the point of the arch was seventy-five feet; the two end transepts were seventy feet in height to the point of the arch.

The four courts enclosed between the nave and the transepts, and the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the nave and end transepts for two of their sides, were roofed over and constituted integral portions of the hall as it stood. At

AORTCrXTTJRA'L KARL.

each end of the nave and of the transepts were placed handsome ornamental entrances, at each side of which rose a pointed turret. These turrets, the central cupola, and the pointed roofs gave a picturesqueness to the buildinsr, which was, on the whole, a happy blending of architectural skill and taste with adapta¬ bility to the purpose for which it was designed. Scon from the spur on which the Horticultural Hall was located, the effect was very fine and imposing.

The interior of the hall was simply decorated, the roof, arches and columns being covered with a plain coating of whitewash, which color added much to the air of spaciousness which was a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

523

characteristic of the hall. The view was broken at intervals by the bases of the Howe truss-arches and slender columns of wood. Overhead was a bewildering network of trusses and beams.

The ground-plan of the building, including the courts and corner spaces, was a parallelogram of 820 by 540 feet, covering an area of about ten acres.

-1 he hall was lighted with gas, reflectors for tins purpose being suspended from the roof, and was supplied with water. Boilers situated in a frame building to the east of the hall sup¬ plied steam for the engines which turned the agricultural ma¬ chinery. Water-closets were located at the east and west ends of the building, and a complete fire-service was provided. The building, being of wood and more inflammable than the other great structures, an ingenious arrangement was effected by which a lire could be at once smothered by the action of car¬ bonic acid gas. The contract for the erection of the building was made on the 20th of July, 1875, and the work was begun in the following September, and finished about tlie middle of April, 1876. The cost of the building was $260,000. The architect was James H. Windrim, of Philadelphia; the con¬ tactor, 1 Inlip Quigley, of Wilmington, Delaware; and the builders, Bell Brothers, of Philadelphia.

Stock-yards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, etc., were provided in the vicinity of the Exhibition grounds.

The following was the classification of the exhibits made in this building by the Centennial Commission :

Department VI. — Agriculture.

600—609. . 610—619. 620—629 . . 630—639 .

Arboriculture and Forest Products. Pomology.

Agricultural Products.

Land Animals.

640-6-19. 650—662 . 665—669 . 670-679. 680-689. 690—699.

Marine Animals, Fish Culture, and Apparatus. Animal and Vegetable Products.

Textile Substances of Vegetable or Animal Origin. Machines, Implements, and Processes of Manufacture. Agricultural Engineering and Administration.

Tillage and General Management.

524

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The display collected within this hall was the largest and most complete ever attempted at any of the World’s Fairs, and was by many considered the most striking and original feature of the whole Exhibition. Other International Expositions have made great displays of machinery, manufactures, and art col¬ lections, but none have ever given such an exhibition of the sources from which the world draws its food. To the visitor who had gone through the other great buildings, the Agricul¬ tural Hall was a delightful surprise, and he could walk for hours through it, finding something new and interesting at every turn.

The American department occupied about two-thirds of the entire space of the hall, and embraced an extensive and varied collection. We turn our attention to it at first.

The United States.

We entered the building at the north door of the nave, and turning to the left made our first inspection in the northeastern quarter of the hall, which was devoted exclusively to a display of agricultural machinery and farming implements.

Near the north door Messrs. Alexander Speer & Sons, of the Pittsburgh Plow Works, made a handsome display of their famous plows, each of which was brought to the highest stage of perfect workmanship and artistic finish. In the midst of this collection of splendid implements was a worn, faded-looking plow, the frame and share of which were wood, the latter being shod with sheet-iron. It was made sixtv years acm, and was the result of a contest of skill between three manufacturers. It was made at a small shop in Pittsburgh, which has since grown into the well-known Pittsburgh Plow Works. The exhibit of the Messrs. Speer thus showed at a glance the great progress that has been made in this branch of our industry during tlie present century.

On the opposite side of the court Messrs. B. F. Ames & Sons showed some handsome plows of an improved pattern, also some fine cultivators.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

525

Passing the plows we entered the line of wheat-cleaning machinery, fans, etc., which brought us to the eastern end of the building. Here was a handsome exhibit of spades, shovels rakes, hoes, etc., made by George Griffiths & Sons, of Philadel¬ phia, and Oliver Ames & Sons, of North Easton, Massachusetts. In the midst of the collection of Messrs. Griffiths & Sons was an old rusty and half-eaten spade, dug up by the late Rev. Dr. Brainerd from the line of the intrenchments of the American army at Valley Forge during the Revolution. This mute instrument, which did its humble part in the work of establish¬ ing the freedom of the republic, not inappropriately came now to share in the crowning glory of the era which it helped to inaugurate, though the patriot hands which wielded it have long since mouldered to forgotten dust.

V e turned into the court to the north of the first transept, and returned towards the nave. We passed through a row of drills, horse-rakes and threshing machines, and noticed Foust’s fine machine for taking up hay and loading it on the wagon in the harvest field. It will take up a ton of hay and load it on the wagon in five minutes, and take it as clean as by the hand fork. It was exhibited by the makers, Messrs. Stratton & Cub lorn, of Meadville, Pennsylvania.

In the midst of this collection the Oliver Chilled-Plow Com- pany, of South Bend, Indiana, made a beautiful display of their plows. One of these was the handsomest in the building. The metal parts were nickel-plated, and the frame was of rosewood, beautifully carved with agricultural symbols.

^ e were now at the nave again, and turned into the northeast transept and followed it eastward. Here the Higganum Plow Company, of Connecticut, had a fine display of plows, in the midst of which was a venerable plow made in Connecticut in the year 1756. rIhe contrast between this and the splendid plows exlwbited by this company was even more striking than

that referred to in our account of the exhibit of the Pittsburgh Plow Works.

About half way down the transept was a handsome soda foun¬ tain. On the north side of this fountain Messrs. Hurst A

526

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Bradley, of Chicago, exhibited a number of fine gang plows and on the south side Messrs. Collins & Co., of New York and Hartford, Connecticut, made a similar display. The plows of these firms are in the best style of American workmanship, and were among the finest articles exhibited in the building

On the south side of the transept we noticed a collection of threshing machines and portable steam-engines for operating them. Opposite these the Wayne Agricultural Company, of Richmond, Indiana, exhibited the famous Planet Reaper.

A collection of butchers’ and meat-packers’ machinery occu¬ pied the eastern end of the transept, and passing through this

MACHINERY SECTION, AGRICULTURAL, HALL.

we reached the eastern door, and turned off to the right into the court immediately south of the northeast transept.

A little way down, on the left, was a large space devoted to the display of the Buckeye Mower and Reaper and the Sweep- stakes Thresher. These machines are among the best known in the Union, and those exhibited here were finished in elegant style. On the opposite side of the court the Halladay Standard Windmill made a fine appearance; and in a space immediately back of this Westinghouse & Co., of Schenectady, New 5 ork, exhibited one of their splendid steam-threshers, which attracted

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

527

much attention. Some distance farther on, on the right of the court, was a beautiful model of the Union Corn Planter, ex¬ hibited by Selby & Co., of Peoria, Illinois.

We were at the nave again, and turned off into the next court on the south and went eastward again. On the north side of the court was one of the most interesting machines in the Exhibition, namely, “Slosser’s Self-Loading Excavator.” Under the management of a single man, who is also the driver of the team, this machine digs up the ground, takes up a load of earth and deposits it at any desired place. It does its work with a rapidity that is astonishing, and has been used on some of the most important public works in the country. It was ex¬ hibited by Peter J. Stryker, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. A short distance farther on, on the same side of the court, the Johnston Harvester Company, of Brockport, New York, had a large space elegantly fitted up, in which they made a large and handsome display of reapers and mowers. One of these ma¬ chines was so arranged that it could be used either as a mower or as a reaper at the pleasure of the operator. A little farther on, on the south side of the court, the famous McCormick Reaping and Mowing Machines occupied a large space and made a handsome display. The merits of this, the pioneer reaper of America, are so well known that they need no de¬ scription here. A most ingenious and valuable improvement to this machine is the automatic binder, by which bundles of grain are taken up from the cradle of the machine, bound, and distributee; at regular distances. The remainder of the court, on both sides, was taken up with harvesting machines of vari¬ ous kinds, prominent among which was the Adams & French Harvester, which also has a binding and dropping attachment. By a carrier attached to the binder’s stand, the bundles of grain arc carried on the machine until enough of them are gathered to make a shock; then they are dumped together. This saves the labor of one man. The machine was exhibited by the Adams & French Harvester Company, of Cedar Falls, Iowa. In the same space the Sandwich Manufacturing Company, of Illinois, exhibited a number of the famous Adams Power Corn- Sheller, one of the largest of its kind in the Exhibition.

528

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

We were now at the east door, where a horizontal engine was at work supplying power to the line of shafting which turned the agricultural machinery in this quarter of the building. "We passed by it and entered the next court on the south. This court, like the preceding one, was filled with harvesting ma¬ chines of various kinds. In the midst of these a fine display of grain-drills of improved construction was made by the Far¬ mers’ Friend Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio. The Buckeye Agricultural Works, of Springfield, Ohio, also made a fine exhibit of this class of machines, and of cultivators and sulky plows.

Being at the nave again, we passed to the central transept and went east, noticing on the left the handsome exhibit of horse-rakes made by J. H. Thomas & Sons, of Springfield, Ohio. Passing through a collection of reapers and rakes, we came to a handsome pavilion of black velvet, ornamented with pitchforks, hoes, rakes, scythes, cutting-knives, etc., made by the Auburn Manufacturing Company, of Auburn, New York. It was one of the handsomest exhibits in the building, and the articles mentioned were displayed in a very original and taste¬ ful manner.

Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the transept, Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly, of Springfield, Ohio, exhibited a magnificent specimen of their Light Champion Mower and Reaper. The metal parts of the machine wrere nickel-plated, and the frame was of rosewood. It was the most beautiful piece of work of this kind in the hall, and of course attracted much attention.

Harvesting machinery occupied the transept to the eastern end, where the Rochester (New York) Agricultural Yorks showed a large Hubbard Mower harnessed to two fine wooden horses. This was one of the notable displays of the hall, and deserved the praise it received.

Immediately south of this machine the Walter A. Y ood Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, of Hoosick I alls, New York, exhibited one of the handsomest and most satisfac¬ tory harvesting machines in the hall. Attached to it was

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

529

Locke’s Self-Binder. This binder is operated bv the driver of the machine, and does its work with a wonderful exactness and rapidity. It can be easily detached and a binder’s table sub¬ stituted for it in case of accident to it. It is a genuine triumph of American ingenuity.

We were now at the east wall again, and passed into the court on the south of the central transept. At the eastern door of this court was a vertical engine for running the machines in the southeastern section of the building.

On the south side of this court, at its eastern end, Messrs. Boomer & Boschert, of Rochester, New York, had an immense cider-mill in operation. The apples were ground by a grating machine which had a capacity of five hundred bushels an hour. It is claimed for this press, which is the most powerful of its kind in the world, that it extracts more of the juice of the apples than any other. The whole process of cider-making was shown here. Beyond the cider-mill, on the south side of the court, was a display of portable steam-engines, and farm saws for steam or horse-power ; and to the west of these was a col¬ lection of meat-chopping machinery. On the opposite side of the court the Howe Manufacturing Company showed a collec¬ tion of scales suitable for farm uses. On the south side of the aisle, opposite the scales, was an exhibit of ice-cream freezers, churns and wooden ware; and fronting these, on the north side of the aisle, was a collection of lawn mowers of various patterns. These made up a pretty display, and brought us to the nave once more.

Y e turned into the next court on the south and went east again. On the north side of the court Robert Wood & Co., of Philadelphia, made a handsome exhibit of a model stable of three stalls, and a quantity of ornamental iron-work for farm and stable use. Above the stable was a collection of machinery lor making ice-cream by steam-power, churns, butter tubs and other wooden ware ; and on the south side of the court, imme¬ diately opposite, was a display of threshing machines.

A farm saw-mill was shown by Harbert & Raymond, of Philadelphia, on the north side of the aisle; and above this

530

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

P. K. Dedrick & Co., of Albany, New York, exhibited their improved press for baling hay, straw, broom-corn, hemp, cotton, wool and hair. It could be operated by either hand, horse, or steam-power.

At the eastern end of the court was a fine iron stable, with a jiatent flooring, exhibited by James L. Jackson, of New York. It was complete in every detail, and had stalls for four horses. Immediately opposite, on the south side of the court, was a col¬ lection of the largest and finest power threshing machines and horse-powers in the hall. They were exhibited by J. I. Case,

MAMMOTH CALIFORNIA GRAPE VINE, IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

of Racine, Wisconsin, and the Pitts Agricultural Works, of‘ Buffalo, New York.

Having reached the east wall again, we passed into the next court on the south. On the south side of this court were the Canadian and Liberian exhibits, the north side of the court being the limit of the American department in this quarter of the building. It was an unbroken line of threshing machines for steam and horse-power, and of portable engines. Passing by these, we found ourselves in the nave once more.

We turned northward now and passed up the nave towards the north door. For a while our inspection was confined to the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

531

east side, as the opposite side was taken up with several foreign departments. We entered at once upon the exhibit of the native wines of the United States. These were handsomely displayed in bottles, each wine-grower having his own booth or stall, some of which were finely fitted up. Here were the wines of California, Ohio, Missouri and central New York, con¬ sisting of champagne, still and sparkling wines, port and claret. The excellence of these wines is generally admitted, and they are rapidly acquiring a footing equal to the best foreign wines. The making of wine is yet in its infancy ic this country, but from what has been already achieved thert -seems to be little doubt that it will before many years rank c.mong our most important and extensive industries. The exhibit here was most encouraging.

At the intersection of the nave and the central transept stood a handsome bronze fountain, which threw its waters almost to the roof. Che dQsign was attractive, and the fountain very much superior to the large one in the Main Exhibition Building.

On the east side of the nave, opposite the fountain, the Weikel & Smith Company, of Philadelphia, showed a complete model of their extensive works, in Front street, Philadelphia, and a collection of mustards, spices, blacking, etc., manufactured by them. This was one of the handsomest exhibits in the hall, and was much admired.

North of the fountain the American department extended along both sides of the nave. The western side was occupied by the exhibits of the starch-makers. The Glen Cove Com¬ pany had a beautiful Moorish pavilion with an imitation stained glass roof and tile-work at the base, one of the handsomest structures in the building, in which were displayed in a most attractive manner specimens of their starch, and illustrations of the process of manufacture. Above this, Andrew Erkenbrecher, of Cincinnati, had a tall and handsome case of black walnut and plate-glass. He exhibited samples of his perfumed starch, the only preparation of the kind in the world. A fine display was made by T. Kingsford & Son, manufacturers of the famous Oswego (New York) starch. Both the Glen Cove and Oswego

532

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Companies exhibited starch for the laundry and corn-starch for table-use.

Above the starch-makers was a display of extracts of hops and malt, and a line of canned goods, all tastefully shown. On the opposite side of the nave was an exhibit of cologne spirits and whiskeys in glass and wood.

A handsome soda fountain stood in the middle of the nave at this point. On the west, or left-hand side of it, the American Condensed Milk Company made a tasteful exhibit. Adjoining this C. J. Fell & Brother, of Philadelphia, made a fine exhibit

ORNAMENTAL, PAVILION IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

of spices, gelatine and self-raising flour. The show-cases of this firm were of black walnut and plate-glass, and were among the richest in the hall. On the opposite side of the nave was the stand of the Rumford Chemical Works, of Providence, Rhode Island, where the baking powders of the company were displayed, and hot biscuit prepared with them were daily baked and dispensed to the visitors.

Diagonally opposite, on the west side of the nave, the Port¬ land (Maine) Packing Company exhibited an extensive assort¬ ment of their famous canned meats, fish, shell-fish, fowls and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

533

soups. This is one of the largest establishments in the Union and conducts twenty factories in New England and the British provinces. It turns out about two and a half million cans annually, and its goods are well known in all parts of the world.

In the next space above, Atmore & Son, of Philadelphia, had a handsomely fitted up stand, with velvet cushioned seats, in which they displayed their mince meats and English plum pudding. The stand was surmounted by a large stutfed cow.

On the opposite side of the nave the bakers made one of the handsomest exhibits in the hall. Their crackers, cakes, bread, biscuit and other products were displayed in ornamental cases, and were often arranged in tasteful and sometimes artistic designs. Prominent in this section was the exhibit of crackers by Adam Exton & Co., of Trenton, New Jersey, which was large and handsome.

A large windmill stood in the nave at this point. It was built in the old style, was about thirty feet in height, and its sails reached nearly to the roof of the hall. It bore the date 1776, and w as complete in all its arrangements. It a sufficient force of wind could have been obtained in the hall, it could have been put to work at any moment. It was exhibited by George V. Meeker & Co., of New A ork, who displayed here and on the west side of the nave, immediately opposite the mill, samples of their self-raising flour, buckwheat, farina and cracked wheat.

Along the eastern side of the nave was a large exhibit of stuffed animals and birds. Some of these were American, others were natives of foreign countries. The principal display was made by Professor Henry A. Ward, of Rochester University, one of the best known and most skilful scientists in the Union. He had here a large Bactrian camel, a giraffe thirteen feet high, and a number of casts of celebrated fossils. The collection was the best of its kind in the Exhibition, and was deeply interest¬ ing to the masses as well as to the student in natural history.

North of the windmill, on the east side of the nave, the con¬ fectioners made a handsome display of their wares. The princi¬ pal exhibits were by Stephen E. Whitman &Son, of Philadelphia,

534

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of Independence and the principal events of our history. North ot YV hitman's cases Walter Baker & Co., of Dorchester, Massachusetts, made a tasteful and attractive display oi their

and Henry Maillard, of New York. Schale & Co., of New York made a unique display of a tall pyramid of candy, with figures of the same material, illustrating the signing of the Declaration

EXHIBIT OF CONFECTIONERY IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

535

chocolates and cocoa and broma preparations. On the opposite side of the nave the macaroni and oatmeal makers exhibited their goods.

We were now at the north door, and, turning to the left, entered the northwest section of the building. Here was a hand¬ some little room, enclosed with a tasteful wooden screen in white and gilt, known as the Call 1 forma Restaurant, where an oppor¬ tunity could be had of becoming acquainted with one of the best varieties of California wine, the sale of which was the specialty of this establishment.

AV e passed along the first court on the north, pausing to notice the handsome display of the mustard and spice grinders. Farther on Smith, Earle & Co., of New York, and George A. Alden & Co., of Boston, had a large space in which they exhibited crude India rubber and elastic gums, with specimens of the trees from which they are obtained. An exhibit of fer¬ tilizers occupied the opposite or north side of the court, extend¬ ing to the western end of the buiklincr.

Along the western wall wras a row of aquaria containing the food fishes of our rivers, lakes and the sea. It was deserving of careful study. Sea water was brought daily from the ocean for the marine fishes.

, We Passed t0 the next court on the south. The Norwegian fishery exhibit occupied the south side of this court for a short distance, and beyond it, on the same side, was a display of bird cages. Fertilizers occupied the northern side for a considerable space, and were followed by samples of the native woods of the United States, among which was a collection of forty-eight specimens of different kinds of wood found growing in a space of an acre and a half in New Jersey, not far from Philadelphia.

Y t now entered the section devoted to the tobacco exhibit. It was very large, and occupied a considerable portion of this section of the hall, extending over to and beyond the northwest transept. The various manufacturers exerted all their inge¬ nuity to render this section as attractive as possible. It was entirety unique, and many of the exhibits were displayed with

536 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

originality as well as taste. The collection embraced the virgin leaf, manufactured tobacco of every kind for chewing and smoking, and snuff. We noticed especially the fine display of plug tobacco and twists made by L. Lottier, of Richmond Virginia ; and not far from this the handsome pavilion in which George \\r. Gail & Ax, of Baltimore, exhibited their

famous fine-cut tobaccos and snuffs. C. A. Jackson & Co., of Petersburg, exhibited a pavilion built of plug tobacco, close by. On the north side of the northwest transept E. Holbrook, of Louisville, made an exceptionally fine display of manufactured tobaccos, the virgin leaf and the growing plants. Immediately

THE AQUARIA, AGRICULTURAL IIALL.

opposite, Frishmuth & Brother, of Philadelphia, had a hand¬ somely fitted-up space filled with manufactured tobacco. Ad¬ joining this space was the exhibit of P. IT. Mavo & Brother, of Richmond, \ irginia, in which the various stages of the pro¬ cess of manufacturing chewing tobacco were shown. This space was adorned with festoons of tobacco twists. West of this was the handsome exhibit of P. Lorrillard cfc Co., of New ^ ork, consisting of their famous brands of fine-cut. tobacco and snuffs. In the next space, on the west, was a lofty case of ebony with gilt mountings, in which Kerbs & Spicss, of New ^ ork, showed a collection of fine ciVars.

* Passing the tobacco exhibit, and continuing along the court,

'-Ti

HF^iscow., U.»fw „ '"1

l ^lOOl C^UAn,,;

d-Undreth^11(

t/AV IHCFM-fiMYnr/7

EANDRETIl’S GARDEN SEED EXHIBIT

IN AGRICULTURAL IIALD.

538

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

we entered the exhibit of flour, which was well arranged and attractive. It occupied the remainder of the court to the nave.

We entered the northwest transept from the nave. The eastern part of it was occupied on both sides by a display of pickles, preserves and canned goods of various kinds. From these

INTERIOR OF AGRICULTURAL HALL.

we passed through the tobacco exhibit again, and beyond it, on the north side of the transept, noticed a decayed tree covered with Southern moss. This is the natural state of the growing moss, which was here exhibited by the Delta Moss Company, of New Orleans, who also showed several bales of the cured moss, which is now being extensively used in the place of curled

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

539

hair for upholstering purposes. The supply of this article in the swamps of the South is unlimited, and it is much cheaper and quite as elastic as hair.

At the west end of the transept was an apparatus for the artificial hatching of chickens, which attracted much attention from those interested in the raising of fowls.

From the western end of the transept we turned into the next court on the south. On the left hand side was the exhibit of horse shoes, with a model of the machine for making them, and opposite this was a large evaporator for drying fruits for market. By the side of this was an immense steam road-roller from the Pioneer Iron Works, of Brooklyn, New York.

On the right hand side of the court, beyond the steam roller, the State of Oregon made a collective exhibit of her agricul¬ tural products. A large part of the display was made up of specimens of the native woods of the State, which are amono- the finest in the world. The grains and other products of the State were well shown, and a specialty was dried fruits, of which large quantities arc produced in Oregon and shipped to all parts of the world. I he most remarkable product in the exhibit was a specimen of dried cider. The water is evaporated from the cider, and the solid residue is then rolled around a wooden roller and is ready for transportation. It is dissolved in water when ready for use, and makes excellent cider. Bricks of solidified apple butter were also shown. Beyond Oregon, Wis¬ consin and Illinois made collective exhibits of their agricul¬ tural products, the chief feature of their displays being speci¬ mens of the splendid grains which they produce. Ears of corn were shown which were of astonishing size, and every kernel was as perfect as the most ardent farmer could desire. Oppo¬ site these, on the left hand side of the court, Massachusetts showed her agricultural products and also specimens of her beneficial birds.

At its eastern end the court was occupied by the pickle and preserve makers and canned goods packers again, and in the midst of these a handsome display was made by the New York Condensed Milk Company and Borden Meat Preserving Com-

540

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

pany. This house was the first to engage in the process of condensing milk and other substances, and was founded by Gail Borden, the inventor of the process.

Passing into the next court, on the south, we noticed a dis¬ play of pickles, prepared mustards and sauces, on both sides. All the goods of this class exhibited in the hall were displayed in the most attractive manner, and constituted one of the pretti¬ est features of the agricultural exhibit. On the north side of the court, a little way down, J. W. Norris & Co., of New York, exhibited a number of fine canvas-covered hams in a glass-case.

The north side of the court below this was occupied by the collective exhibits of the States of Michigan, Indiana, Connect¬ icut and New Hampshire, and the Territory of Washington. These were all displayed in a tasteful manner, each State occu¬ pying an enclosed court and laying especial weight upon the products in which it excelled. The Western States exhibited wheat and corn that could not be surpassed. New Hampshire showed her native woods, and some exceptionally fine samples of wool. She also exhibited two stuffed ho<rs of enormous size. One was seven feet four inches, and the other eight feet four inches, in length, from snout to tail. The former was killed when nineteen months old, and weighed 1253 pounds; the weight of the latter when he was killed, at the age of twenty- one months, was 1307 pounds. A large plow, thirteen feet long, was alsp exhibited by the New Hampshire State College of Agriculture. It was made by Daniel Webster, who delighted in large things, and it was one of his greatest delights to guide it. Pour oxen were required to draw it.

On the south side of the court, opposite the Indiana display, the Cotton Exchange, of New Orleans, exhibited a number ot fine varieties of Southern cotton in the bale and by sample. Adjoining this was an exhibit of wool from New England.

At the west end of the north side of the court was the fishery exhibit of Massachusetts. In a large tank floated a number of models of the fishing craft of 1776 and 1876. Projecting into the water was a fae-simile in miniature of the wharf of a century

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 541

ago, and one of the wharf of to-day, with its extensive fish- house, with men and women engaged in preparing the fish for packing. Around the tank, on shelves and frames, were ranged ' the various apparatus used in fishing, oil-cloth clothing for the men, nets, etc. The whole exhibit was made with a skill and taste which reflected the highest credit upon the people of Cape Ann.

EXHIBIT OF SEEDS IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

This brought us to the west wall of the building, and we passed into the next court on the south. At the head of this court, on the north side, was a large case containing a number of specimens of California silk-worms at work.- They were fed " ith fresh mulberry leaves at stated times, and the manner in which they were shown afforded an excellent opportunity of

542

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

studying their habits. On the same side of the court the native woods of California were shown, also the native birds and a number of the agricultural products of that State. On the opposite side of the court the Central Pacific Railway exhibited a number of large photographs of scenery on their road.

Pn the north side of the court the States of New Jersey and Delaware exhibited their agricultural products, and on the opposite side similar exhibits were made by the States of Ohio and Nebraska. Beyond the Nebraska exhibit was the dis¬ play of the seedsmen, whose cases extended across to the central transept and almost to the nave. The eastern end of the court was taken up with a large display of oakum and curled hair, opposite which, standing proudly on his lofty perch, surveying the scene around him with an air of royal majesty', was “Old Abe,” the famous eagle of the Eighth Wisconsin Regiment of Infantry. This noble bird accompanied the regiment through its entire period of service in the civil war, was present in every battle in which it was engaged, and was twice wounded. He was accompanied byr the sergeant who bore him at the head of the regiment during the war.

Between the court and the central transept the space along the nave was occupied by the collective exhibit of the pork- packers of Cincinnati.

We passed into the central transept, on the south side of which was the Spanish exhibit. On the north side D. Landreth & Sons, of Philadelphia, made an extensive and handsome dis¬ play of their famous seeds for the garden and farm. Mr. B. Landreth, one of the partners in this well-known house, was the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. The zeal and skill with which he conducted his department were shown in their highest light in the grand exhibition of the products of the world collected within the Agricultural Building.

The transept was here occupied by a confectionery stand, beyond which, on the north side of the transept, was Reuters^ Restaurant, the principal eating-house in this hall.

Beyond the restaurant the State of Iowa made a beautiful display of her agricultural products, a prominent feature of

543

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

which was a large and complete collection of fruits under Hass Beyond this was an exhibit of the minerals of Nevada, and at

the west end of the transept Iowa exhibited specimens’ of Iter soils in tall glass columns.

We were now at the end of the American department, and in turning our attention to the exhibits of foreign nations gave the first place to the mother country.

Great Britain and Ireland.

Ihe British section was in the southeast corner of the hall, and extended from the nave to the eastern wall, and from the southeast transept to the south wall. The display was small, and did not compare favorably with the splendid showing made by Great Britain in the Main Building. Scarcely any&of the English agricultural machinery was to be found here, and the

exhibit was far from doing justice to England as an agricultural country.

The post of honor, on the front line of the section, was given to the makers of pickles, potted meats, mustards and extracts. (Yosse & Blackwell, the famous chow-chow makers, had a lofty case of black and gilt, semicircular in shape, at the inter¬ section of the nave and transept, in which they showed their goods, and immediately behind them Keen & Robinson, of London, had a handsome case of mustard. On the front line, immediately south of Crosse & Blackwell, T. & H. Smith, of Edinburgh, had a handsome display of extracts of various kinds. The most conspicuous portions of their exhibits were two fine white crystallized substances, looking exactly alike. One of these was cafeine, or the active principle of the coffee bean; the other, theme, the active principle of tea. Adjoining this exhibit was a case of fine extracts by John Mackays, also of Edinburgh. To the south of the extracts was an exhibit of bee-hives and bee-furniture, by George Neighbor & Sons, of Tendon, and in the adjoining space John L. Bowes & Brother, of Liverpool, exhibited samples of wool from all parts of the world. At the south end of the front line the Cork Distilleries Company, of Cork, Ireland, had a tasteful pavilion in which they showed some superior Irish whiskeys in wood and glass.

544

THE IELUSTRATED HISTORY

Having finished the front line along the nave, we went hack to the southeast transept and continued our examination aloiur its south side. Adjoining Keen, Robinson & Co.’s exhibit Emile Menier, of London, made a handsome display of fine chocolates and cocoas. Farther on, on the south side of the transept, John McCann, of Drogheda, Ireland, exhibited a fine article of Irish oatmeal, and showed the appearance of the meal at the different stages of grinding. To the right of the oatmeal was an exhibit of meat extracts, soups and potted meats. The Colonial Produce Company, of London, exhibited specimens of their patent tea, milk and sugar, and patent coffee, milk and sugar. These are reduced to a powder and wrapped in air-tight gelatine envelopes, which readily dissolve with the powder in hot water. A package will make three cups of tea and coffee. This is a capital preparation for travellers or for persons camping out for pleasure or from necessity.

An exhibit of ginger ales and aerated waters now followed, beyond which John Coope & Co., of Burton-on-Trent, displayed their well-known Burton ale. In the next space was one of Aveling & Porter’s road steam-engines, which we noticed in Machinery Hall. By the side of it was a large wagon for road locomotives. Farther on Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Nor¬ wich, exhibited a collection of ornamental iron work for farm and stable use.

From the east end of the transept we passed to the next court on the south. Half way down this was a portable engine for farm use, different in style from those used in this country and occupying less space. Below it the exhibit of ales was continued. On the South or opposite side of the court James Fussell & Sons, of Somersetshire, had a collection of reaping hooks and other edge tools used in agriculture.

Lower down were the confectioners, who showed their goods in handsome eases, and to the south of them Lea & Perrin had a case of ebony and gilt, in which they exhibited their world- famed Worcestershire sauce.

Passing to the most southern court of all we noticed a hand¬ some case of walnut, containing a large display of ales, Dublin stout and whiskey, by E. & J. Burke, of Dublin.

545

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Farther eastward was an apparatus for suckling young calves, sheep and pigs. It was a wooden trough, which was filled with milk when ready for use. A number of tubes projected from the side, each with a rubber nipple. Beyond this a potter, too late for a place in the Main Building, exhibited a collection of por¬ celain and plain whiteware. Then followed some ornamental work, ditching tiles, drains, etc., in terra-cotta, and several French burr millstones for hulling rice and grinding flour.

Canada.

The Canadian section lay in the southwest quarter of the hall opposite that of Great Britain, and extended from the nave back to the Liberian section.

Ihe front line along the nave was taken up with an extensive display of the agricultural products of the Dominion, consisting of the grains, beans, peas, roots and flour grown and made in Canada. I mmediately back of these was an exhibit of Canadian wool. The quality was very fine, and the length of the wool was notable.

In the next line, going eastward, was a row of tall cases, in which were shown prepared specimens of the birds, animals and insects of Canada. The exhibit of insects was by the Entomo¬ logical Society of London, Ontario; the birds and animals were exhibited by individuals from London, Toronto and Halifax. In the rear of these collections John Harvey & Co., of Hamil¬ ton, Canada, had a number of fine fleeces, showing a remarkable length and thickness of wool. Then followed an exhibit of vinegar in barrels, native fruits, macaroni, flour, salt, pickles, cheese, cured fish, and canned goods of various kinds, which took up considerable space, and showed the progress of the efforts of our ^Northern cousins in this direction.

A pyramidal stand, of considerable size, contained a display of the agricultural products of British Columbia. Some very fine wheat was included in this exhibit, and samples of this grain and oats on the stalk showed the size and vigor which they attain in this high northern latitude. Specimens of the woods and barks of the country were also shown, and there were two blankets of variegated colors, woven by the Indians.

546

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

We now entered the department of agricultural machinery, in which over one hundred exhibitors took part. The collection was similar to that in the American department, and was par¬ ticularly rich in reapers, mowers, plows, harrows, root and straw- cutters and horse-powers. The variety in plows was, if any¬ thing, greater than our own, but the number of plows was much smaller. The most conspicuous exhibits of plows were made by George Ross, of Chatham, Ontario, and T. Spardle, of Strat¬ ford, Ontario. The “ Yeondle plow,” exhibited by the latter, was the finest in the Canadian collection, and one of the very best in the hall. The Hamilton Agricultural Works showed a fine specimen of the Iron-clad Adjustable Table and Platform Reaper, a worthy rival of the best American reapers. A machine which formed a conspicuous part of this exhibit was the turnip-drill, which does not appear in our own collection. The Canadian climate is not suited to corn, and turnips and peas are raised in place of it. The collection included also port¬ able engines, cider-presses, potato-diggers, snow plows for breaking winter roads, grain-drills and hay-loaders. Some of the threshing machines exhibited here were among the largest and best in the hall, and were handsomely ornamented.

France.

The French section lay west of the nave and along the southwest transept. It extended on the south side of the tran¬ sept from the nave to the Dutch court, and on the north side of the transept from the nave to the west wall. It adjoined the Brazilian section on the north and the German section on the south.

The mast prominent feature of the French exhibit was the display of wines. Every grade of wine made within the limits of the French republic was shown here. We found champagnes in abundance, and the dainty and delicious wines of the south of France were well represented. Here were Burgundies, clarets, red and light wines, and brandies and liquors of even description.

The front line along the nave was occupied by a row of hand-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

547

some show-eases, principally of ebony and gilt, in which were displayed champagnes, brandies, liquors and olive oils. On the south side of the transept Meuier & Co., of Paris, had a hand¬ some case of ebony and gilt, filled with a collection of fine chocolates. In the shies of the case were set photographs of the Menier establishment and the people employed in it. On the north side of the transept, Meunier, of Paris, had a beautiful case of carved ebony, ornamented with lithographs of his fac- torv in 1785 and 1876, in which was a collection of fine choco- lates. These firms are the principal choco late- makers of France. The house of Meunier was founded in 1760, and is the oldest now in existence; and its rival, Menier, claims to do an annual trade in chocolates of 25,000,000 francs.

On the south side of the French court, near the nave, C. Du- moutier, of Claville, made an exhibit of the agricultural pro¬ ducts of the department of the Eure.

Immediately back of the front line, the south side of the section was occupied for some distance by a triple row of hand¬ some oak stalls, in which the great Paris seedsmen, Vilmorin & Andrieux, exhibited photographs of flowers, vegetables, and plants, and samples of seeds.

Passing this we reached the principal exhibit of wines, brandies, liquors, cordials in glass bottles and small stone jugs, which took up the entire space south of the transept, back to the Dutch section.

On the north side of the. transept was an extensive collection, by a number of exhibitors, of the famous pdte de foi gras of Strasburg, pickles, preserves, mustards, jellies and prepared food of various kinds. Preserved fish and sardines in oil formed a prominent part of the collection, and candied fruits, dried fruits, and vegetables, and prepared soups were extensively dis¬ played.

On the north side of the court, D. Gaznibon, of Paris, ex¬ hibited a fine collection of machinery for making and bottling mineral waters, and syphon bottles of a handsome pattern; and near the west end of the court several makers displayed ma¬ chines for bottling and corking champagnes and other sparkling wines.

548

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

A number of French burr mill-stones of a fine quality were shown near the northern border of the court, and near these were some fine crucibles, and specimens of various kinds of cements, hydraulic lime and artificial stone. The Roquefort cheese factory exhibited specimens of its famous cheese; the tanners had an extensive exhibit of leather; and the silk- growers of southern France showed their raw silk and cocoons. Artificial manures, phosphates, and animal charcoal were also shown.

Germany.

The German section lay on the south of France, and extended to the south wall of the building. It fronted on the nave and extended westward to the Austrian court.

At the nave, the Rhenish Sparkling Wine Company of Schielstein had a large pavilion made of wine boxes, and sur¬ mounted by an immense wine bottle of glass at each of the four corners, in which they displayed their famous wines. Back of this pavilion was the collective exhibit of Rhine wines, in which the finest as well as the ordinary grades were shown. Alongside of these wines the German brandies, liquors, extracts and essences were displayed. A fair exhibit was also made of Bavarian and Prussian beer and hops, and of samples of the malt from which these were made.

The confectioners, makers of wax, and manufacturers of smoking and fine-cut tobacco for chewing, cigars and cigarettes, made a large display; and there was a fair exhibit of prepared mustard, sugar and starch. Frankfort sent samples of curled hair, and Prussian Silesia some fine wool. The Royal Steel Works of F redericksthal, Wurtemberg, had a large stand representing a palm tree. The trunk was of wood, and the branches were scythe blades arranged in a picturesque manner.

The wines were the strong feature of the German exhibit, and no effort was made to show the agricultural system or re¬ sources of that country.

Austria and Hungary.

The Austrian section was situated immediately west of the

EXHIBIT of CHAMPAGNES, KTC., BY CAZADR, CROOKS & REYNA UD, IN

AGRICULTURAL IIALL. 549

550

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

German court. The display was not large, but was interesting On the eastern border of the court, fronting Germany, Johann Michael Schary, of Prague, exhibited a collection of raisins and other dried fruits, beer, wine, vinegar and mustards from Bohemia. Beyond this space was an exhibit of Austrian and Hungarian wines; and at the north end of the court Marks A Weyden, of Buda-Pesth, Hungary, exhibited a fine collection of the fruits and nuts of Hungary and the Danubian provinces. To the north of this collection was a display of candied fruits from Vienna, near which were specimens of hemp of an excel¬ lent quality grown in Hungary. Samples of fine Hungarian wool were also shown ; and near the west end was a collection of the grains of all the different provinces of the Austrian empire. Specimens of flax from Austria and Hungary were included in the exhibit, and a number of samples of leather from Austria and Bohemia.

Russia.

The Russian court lay on the south side of the central tran¬ sept, immediately west of the Spanish court, and extended hack to the western wall. It was unenclosed, and occupied about one-third as much space as France. It was filled with one of the handsomest and most interesting collections in the Agricultural Building, and one that was richly worth studying carefully.

The wheat, oats, barley, rye and other grains of the empire were shown in the most tasteful manner. They were arranged upon pyramidal stands, bags of the grains being collected about the base of the stands, while stalks with the ripened ears were placed in handsome majolica vases at the top. Large frames were filled with hemp suspended from the top of the frame in order to show the length of the fibre. The agricultural pro¬ ducts of the various portions of the empire were shown accord¬ ing to a systematic classification, and many illustrations of Russian farm-life were given. A number of the agricultural implements of the country were exhibited, and two large port¬ able farm-engines from Poland constituted a principal feature

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

551

of the collection. Candied and dried fruits, preserves, crackers and confections were exhibited in glass cases, and the liquors and wines of the country were also shown.

At the western end of the space, a number of exhibitors who were crowded out of the Russian court in the Main Building displayed a collection of rich and beautiful wares in large cases of oak and plate glass.

As in the Main Building, Russia was one of the last coun¬ tries to have her exhibit in readiness.

Italy.

The Ital ian court was situated in the southeast corner of the hall, and covered but a small space. Along the east wall were samples of raw and combed hemp exhibited by P. F. Facchini & Co., of Bologna, and adjoining these were a number of speci¬ mens of leather and boots and shoes.

I he principal portion of the exhibit consisted of wines, liquors, cordials and olive oil, representing all the grades of these arti¬ cles made in the Italian Peninsula and in Sicily. They were exhibited in bottles, and made an attractive display. In the southeast corner of the court the soap-makers had a creditable display . Large blocks of Castile and olive oil soap were among the most conspicuous objects in the court. A collection of grains, peas, beans and nuts, principally from Sicily and central Ituh, was arranged along the southern side of the court, and 1 1( c fiom 1 iedmont was also shovm here. It will be remem- beied that it wras from a small quantity of rice obtained in Pied¬ mont and sent to America by Mr. Jefferson, at the close of the last century, that the finest grades of our own rice have been pioduced. I here was a handsome display of confectionery and candied fruits from Turin ; and a case of the minerals found in the Peninsula was shown near the centre of the court. At the western end of the court wrere a number of specimens of man¬ ganese and iron ores from the mines of Rae Brothers, at Monte A i gent mo in Tuscany. Both minerals wrere of a fine quality and the ores were exceedingly rich. Milan sent Parmesan and Gorgonzola cheese; Arcona and Turin, leather and hides;

552

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Palermo, Rome and Sienna, honey ; Bologna, her world- renowned sausages and salted meats; Naples and Sicily, maca¬ roni and dried fruits; Syracuse, nuts; and other Sicilian cities, oranges, lemons, olives and figs. Sicily also made an exhibit of a case of the essential oils of fruits, and of some fine liquorice. Sardines were to be seen here in quantities, and in glass and tin, in oil and pickled. Along the northern side of the court

THE ITALIAN DEPARTMENT, AGRICULTURA7, IIA7,I,.

were several plows from Ancona, Cremona and Pisa, and a harrow from Venice. They were heavy and clumsy in appear¬ ance, and in striking contrast with the fine plows to be seen in the American or Canadian departments.

Spain.

The Spanish court was situated on the south side of the cen¬ tral transept, and extended from the nave back to the Russian section.

As in the Main Hall, Spain made here one of the handsomest

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

553

exhibits in the building. Her section was surrounded with a high wall of yellow wood, in the sides of which were set small glass-covered panels, which were filled with collections of the grains, beans, peas, nuts, fruits, and other agricultural products of the Spanish kingdom. The entrance to the court was through a lofty Gothic archway decorated with the arms of the kingdom and the national colors.

Entering the court we found ourselves in the midst of one of the most extensive and best arranged collections in the hall. Immense logs of mahogany and rosewood lay on the ground, and festoons of tobacco leaves and sheaves of grain ornamented the pillars, while from the roof along the sides of the court were suspended specimens of skins and ‘Spanish leather. On each side of the entrance stood pyramids of the finest wools of Spain, and along the sides of the court the rich wines of the countiy wcie displayed in bottles arranged on shelves rising one above another. At the eastern end were several barrels of the famous Dull Gordon sherries. At the southeast corner of the court the Valcncian Society of Agriculture showed a collection of the agricultural products of that province. There was a large display of Manilla hemp, and cordage made from it, from the Philippine islands. In the centre of the court was a rustic struc¬ ture of rough wood, containing specimens of resinous pine and the gums and resins extracted from it; and to the cast of this the agricultural products of the Philippine islands were exhibited in glass jars. Near the south end, the cigar-makers of Havana and Manilla had a large and handsome exhibit of cigars, cigarettes and tobaccos. They were displayed in ornamental cases of mahogany mounted upon standards. A large collection of chocolates occupied the northwest corner of the court, and close by it was a tall metal stand containing large jars and bottles of olive oil. The skill and ingenuity with which the articles were displayed was as noticeable as the completeness and excellent character of the exhibit.

Portugal.

The Portuguese exhibit fairly rivalled that of Spain both in size and variety. It was distributed in two parts of the hall.

554

TITE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The principal section assigned to Portugal lay on the south and west of the Spanish court, and was filled with a large and varied exhibit of the products of the kingdom. In the section on the south of the Spanish court the little kingdom displayed her oils and wines ; the south side of this section being entirely taken up with bottles of Port and Madeira wines. Here also were to be seen the raw silk and cocoons, which formed a part of the Portuguese exhibit. In the section to the west of the Spanish court was a very extensive collection of the agricul¬ tural products of the kingdom, arranged on shelves and in glass jars. These consisted of the grains, roots, fruits, nuts, olives, raisins, dried fruits, and spices of the different provinces of Por¬ tugal. Some very large potatoes and turnips were preserved in alcohol. Pickles, preserves, and canned meats, vegetables, and fish were exhibited in large quantities.

The products of the Portuguese colonies were displayed in a similar manner, in a small court in the southeast corner of the hall, between the Italian and English sections.

The Netherlands.

The section assigned to the Netherlands lay south of the southwest transept, and extended from the west wall of the building to the French section on the cast, and from the transept to the Austrian and Venezuelan sections on the south. ith characteristic industry the Dutch were among the first to have their exhibit ready, and arranged it with admirable system and neatness.

Starting from the west end of the section we noticed the col¬ lective exhibits, by the agricultural societies of Guelderland and Zealand, of the products of those provinces, including seeds, specimens of grain, plants, dye-woods, photographs of cattle, beans and peas, and a model of a thatched hay-cock. In this exhibit were shown the wooden shoes worn by certain classes of the Dutch peasantry. Close by was an exhibit of a peculiar kind of flour, which has the property of keeping pure and sweet for years. Adjoining this was the exhibit of the makers of chocolate and cod-liver oil. A collection of round Edam

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

555

cheeses was shown to the east of these; mid then came spe¬ cimens of fine flax. Opposite the flax was the exhibit of cigars and maim- factored tobacco.

On the north side of the court were a number of models of old and new style Dutch fishing ves¬ sels, from Sche- veningen, with a collection of fishing tackle. Large seines for deep-water fish¬ ing were suspended overhead.

We came next to the collection of pickles, canned meats, fish, and vegetables, which was large and well displayed. Adjoin¬ ing this were jars containing samples of d iffercnt grades of beet sugar from the Beet-Sugar Factory of Arnheim.

The remainder of the section was taken up with the exhibit of Holland

EXHIBIT OF FOREIGN WINES IN AGIIICVLTCKAL

HALL.

556

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

gin, cordials and liquors, which was very large. The principal display was made by the liquor-makers, who occupied a hand¬ some pavilion of wood ornamented in maroon-color and gilt Here were shown the finest grades of anisette, curagoa, cremet de rnoeha, noyau, and a hundred other odorous and pungent drinks not much used in this country, but which are very popular in Holland, and especially among the ladies.

Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the section, the Dutch Agricultural Society made a collective exhibit of all the agricultural products of Holland. The entire exhibit spoke eloquently of the skill, taste, energy, and thrifty industry of the Dutch.

Norway.

The Norwegian court lay immediately west of that of Brazil, and was enclosed with a light and tasteful railing. Along the front line was a collection of heavy, clumsy-looking plows, such as are used for breaking the rugged soil of this northern land. The exhibit was small, but consisted of pale ales and a strong liquor called punch, which is much used in Norway and Sweden, as a stimulant against the intense cold of those countries. Wines, brandy, cordials, tobacco, cigars, confectioneries, essences, and canned meats and fish made up the display. There was a fine exhibit of leather at the back of the court, and specimens of the water-birds of Norway were shown.

In the northwest section of the building, Norway had another space enclosed with a light railing and handsomely draped with seines and the national colors. Here she made an exhibit of the products of her fisheries, and showed models of her fishing vessels of all kinds and their equipments, specimens of fishing- tackle, and samples of dried and preserved fish, anchovies, etc., as they are prepared for the market. For the purposes of this display, some of the larger kinds were preserved in alcohol.

Sweden.

The Swedish court lay immediately west of that of Norway. Along the north side were a number of fine plows, every part being of metal. They are intended for deep plowing, ami seemed capable of doing good work.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

557

Xhc liquois, especially bottled punch, were a strong feature of* the display. Here were also confections, prepared coffee, crackers, snuffs, and chewing tobacco. A chemist from Stock¬ holm had a ease of phosphates and other preparations of agri¬ cultural chemistry. Towards the west end of the space were models of the various kinds of vessels used in the Swedish fisheries, with samples of fishing-tackle, and overhead were suspended the seines used by the Swedish fishermen. Speci¬ mens of the fish of the country were exhibited in alcohol. A number of samples of leather hung against the wall. The ex¬ hibit of native woods was complete and interesting. The grains of the country were shown in glass jars and also in the stalk and ear, and close by were a number of covered earthen jars containing samples of flour made in Sweden.

Sardines, anchovies, herrings, and potted meats, scythes, and dairy utensils completed the collection.

Denmark.

The Danish section lay west of the Norwegian and south of the Swedish court. It was small, and the exhibit was made up of Danish punch, grains in the blade and in small canvas bags, brandies, pickles, preserves, and potted meats and fish.

Belgium.

i he Belgian section lay west of the nave, and immediately east of the Spanish and Portuguese courts. The exhibit was very small, but thirty-eight persons taking part in it. It com¬ prised chiccory, raw, in the pod, and manufactured, chocolate, and the details of chocolate manufacture, specimens of fine leathers and kid, candies, cordials, gin, flax, wool, and mill¬ stones.

Japan.

The Japanese court was situated in the southwest corner of the hall, immediately west of the Austrian section, and was divided into small passage-ways by canvas screens. Each pas¬ sage-way was provided with long rows of shelves, on which the

558

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

articles exhibited were arranged. Along the south wall, sam¬ ples of' native tobacco were shown ; but the greater part of this section of the court was devoted to an exhibit of the teas of Japan. Specimens of tea were shown, and the process of tea- culture was illustrated by a number of drawings of the different stages of the growth of the plant.

Along the west wall was a display of the fishing-tackle, nets, etc., used in Japan, with specimens of cured fish, some of which were put up in canvas, like bacon. Fishing-nets were sus¬ pended overhead, and a part of the space along the west wall was given to an exhibit of the few simple agricultural imple¬ ments used in Japan, a primitive-looking plow and harrow, a scythe and cradle.

On the north side of the south aisle of this court was a beautiful exhibit of the culture of silk as carried on in Japan. It was shown by specimens of the worm and cocoon, and of floss silk, and by models and drawings, with explanations in English.

In the next aisle on the north was a large collection of skins of fish and animals, and of shells, also samples of cotton from the government manufactory.

The south side of the next aisle on the north was taken up with a display of tackle for hand-fishing, very much like our own, but made with the neatness that characterizes everything of Japanese workmanship. On the north side of this aisle was a collection of sauces made from vegetable substances, and con¬ tained in stone bottles.

In the last aisle on the north the grains and other agricultmal products of Japan were shown according to a systematic classi¬ fication, and on the southern wall of this aisle was a display of the native woods of the empire. Each block of wood had affixed to it a specimen-leaf or twig of the tree from which it was taken.

Brazil.

The Brazilian section lay west of the nave, and extended back to the Norwegian court. The French section bounded it

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

550

on the south and the Portuguese on the north. Brazil was one of the very first of the foreign nations in this hall to have her exhibit in readiness, and it was fully in keeping in thorough¬ ness and beauty with her display in the Main Building.

In front of the court in which the principal display was made stood one of the most unique structures in the building. It was a rustic pavilion, the posts and rafters of which were wrapped in native cotton, giving to it at a distance the effect of an im¬ mense house of snow. The different grades of Brazilian cotton were shown in bales arranged around the sides of the pavilion. The annual production of cotton in the empire amounts to about $14,902,443. Within the pavilion the different grades of Brazilian coffee were shown in jars and boxes of fanciful design, the Mocha and Rio being conspicuous among the other grains. The annual product of coffee in Brazil is $64,047,481, thus making its culture the principal and most profitable in¬ dustry of the empire. Samples of native leaf tobacco were also shown in this pavilion.

The principal court lay immediately in the rear of the cotton pavilion, and was enclosed by a brilliantly ornamented railing, decorated with streamers of green and yellow and national flags. The collection of native woods was astonishing in the number and richness of the specimens displayed. It comprised over one thousand different woods, among which rosewood and ma¬ hogany were conspicuous, and was arranged along the entire court. A considerable display was also made of leather and skins, which were suspended overhead around the court. The wines and liquors of the empire were shown, though these do not as yet constitute a very prominent Brazilian industry.

The annual product of sugar in Brazil amounts to $15,403,- 151, making it the second industry of the empire. Twelve different kinds of sugar were shown in this court, and compared favorably with the sugars of our own Southern States and the West Indies.

The exhibit included cocoa in the nut and prepared for the market; rice from Maranhao ; starches, rubber, ready for the market and in the crude gum ; ninety different varieties of edible

560

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

beans ; Brazilian teas, the culture of which is as yet in its in¬ fancy ; gums, resins, canned goods, hemp ; vegetable fibres for making rope, and a finer fibre which can be worked up into a sort of wool ; wax, pickles and preserves.

The tobacco exhibit was large, and, besides smoking tobaccos, cigars and cigarettes, included fourteen different kinds of snuff.

The Brazilian silk-worm and its habits were shown in an ad¬ mirable manner. The Brazilian worm winds itself in such a way with its silk threads that in utilizing the silk the grower does not have to kill the worm, as is the ease with the Asiatic worm. This worm is abundant in nearly all parts of the Bra¬ zilian empire, and produces in each generation an average of two hundred and forty cocoons of silk, each cocoon weighing two and one-half drachms and containing thirty grains of good silk. The Brazilians tike great pride in their silk culture, and every effort is made to extend and improve it from year to year.

Venezuela.

The Venezuelan exhibit arrived so late that it could not be given a place in the Main Exhibition Building, and was assumed a section in Agricultural Hall. This section lay in the southwest quarter of the hall, north of Japan and west of Aus¬ tria. It was enclosed by a tasteful railing, ornamented in red and blue.

The collection was almost entirely agricultural in its charac¬ ter, and included the grains, vegetables, fruits and barks of the republic. A large exhibit of coffee was made, and cochineal formed a considerable part of the display. A collection of oils, balsams, rum, and the famous Angostura bitters was also ex¬ hibited. The skins of the native animals of Venezuela were suspended overhead, and samples of native tobacco were affixed to the pillars of the court. Pine-apples and other large fruits were shown in alcohol.

A cabinet of very rich gold-bearing quartz and other minerals stood on the north side of the section, and on this side were also exhibited specimens of Venezuelan printing and book-binding, chocolates, boots and shoes, fruits in wax, embroideries, leather,

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

561

and flowers made of the feathers of native birds. A portrait of Washington, surrounded by national emblems, made of human hair, was also shown. Samples of sugar and dye-woods com¬ pleted the collection.

The Argentine Republic.

The section assigned to the Argentine Republic lay back of Portugal and south of the Russian court. It was enclosed with a light wooden railing, ornamented with the national colors. Festoons of the leaf of the native tobacco were hung about the court, and the skins of the native wild animals of the country were suspended overhead.

The collection was very large, and included over six hundred exhibitors. It comprised the native woods, barks, gums, resins, dye-woods and seeds of forest products; the grains, sugars, beans, peas, fruits, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, wines, dried fruits, nuts, liquors, leather, starch, flour, wax, honey, cotton and wool of the country. An exhibit was made of the silk grown in the republic, and several grades of sugar were shown.

Liberia.

The Liberian section was located at the east end of the hall, north of the southeast transept, and to the east of the Canadian section. It was the only display made by Liberia in the entire Lxhibition, and was due entirely to the energy of Messrs. E. S. Morris & Co., of Philadelphia, who are extensive growers of coffee in that far-off land. The members of this firm had assumed the entire expense of the exhibit, and deserve praise for their generous conduct. It may be said that they have been the principal means of developing the culture of coffee in Liberia, which is now one of her most prominent industries. They have also given themselves heart and soul to the work of civilizing Liberia by educating its people, and have causer! a number of native African boys to be educated at the Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, and intend sending them hack home next year to establish schools among their own people. All the proceeds of the sales of Liberian coffee at this stand during the

Exhibition were devoted to the building of school-houses.

36

562 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Messrs. Morris & Co. intend to supply the deficiency from their own means. They will establish the schools as soon as possible, and require each pupil to pay lor his tuition by planting and cultivating a small patch of coffee at his own home. Thus they hope to make Lil>eria a great coffee-growing country, and to extend the production of that article among the native tribes of the interior of Western Africa.

SIBERIAN COFFEE DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IX AORICtn.TEBAL HALL.

The collection exhibited here consisted of coffee principally. This was of an excellent quality, as the writer can te.sti y »om a personal knowledge of it. Palm soap was the next ex i in importance. Palm oil was shown in glass jars hermetic# y

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

563

sealed. Lime-juice, chocolate, arrow-root, sugar, indigo, ivory and iron ore made up the list of Liberian products. Messrs. Morris & Co. have their own indigo works in Liberia, the only establishment' of the kind on the west coast of Africa. A coffee- hulling machine formed a part of the exhibit, and there were a good many curiosities in the way of implements and clothing made by the native tribes. The cap and robes of an African king were also shown. Ten native African boys, taken from the bush, and destined to serve as teachers, as mentioned above, were on duty in. this department.

The Pomological Annex.

To the east of Agricultural Hall was a large wooden building intended for the various displays of ripe fruits and vegetables which were made from time to time during the progress of the Exhibition.

The Wagon Annex

Mas situated to the north of Agricultural Hall, and was simply a series of rough sheds, whitewashed. It contained a fine dis¬ play of farm wagons and carts, bakers’ and milk carts and ice wagons. These represented the highest degree of skill in wagon making, and showed an admirable combination of lightness and strength, which is particularly characteristic of American work¬ manship in this department. They were handsomely ornamented, as a rule. American-made wagons have long commanded a high reputation in the markets of Europe for their admirable work¬ manship and beauty of design, as well as for their marked su¬ periority over European vehicles in the combination of lightness, strength and durability, to which we have referred.

CHAPTER XVI.

HORTICULTURAL IIALL.

Description of the Building— The Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Ilall— I he h on n tain Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit— A Rich Collection of Tropical Plants— A Beautiful Scene— The Forcing Houses— The East West Rooms— Exhibit of Gardening Materials— The Electri¬ cal Organ— The Horticultural Grounds— The Guano Pavilion— The Tent— Anthony Waterer’s Rhododendrons— The Cuban Summer House.

Sfof'KE Horticultural Building was the snial oi( principal edifices of the Exhibition. I frlS* Lansdowne terrace, a short distance nort

^|HTE Horticultural Building was the smallest of the five

It stood on the •th of the Main

Exhibition Building, from which it was separated by the Lansdowne valley. It was located a short distance hack from the brow of the hill which rose from the Schuylkill, and commanded a fine view of the river, the city and the sur-

7 J

rounding country. The design of the building was in the Matiresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, the edifice being constructed principally of iron and glass. Seen from a distance the effect was charming. The exterior was painted in variegated colors, which gave to the building a light, fairy-like aspect, in perfect keeping with its graceful design. The length of the building was .383 feet, the width 193 feet, and the height, to the top of the lantern, G9 feet.

1 lie main floor was occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, was a gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this pi incipal room were four forcing-houses for the propagation of joung plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with curved

i oofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing-houses in 564

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

565

each of these sides was a vestibule 30 feet square. At the centre of the east and west ends were similar vestibules, on either side of which were the restaurants, reception-room, of¬ fices, etc. From the vestibules ornamental stairways led to the internal galleries of the conservatory, as well as to the four external galleries, each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmounted the roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries were connected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on the ground-floor, which had a super¬ ficial area of 1800 square yards.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.

The oast and west entrances were approached by flights of blue marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet. In the centre of each stood an open kiosque, 20 feet in diameter. Each en¬ trance was adorned with ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles of the main conservatory were provided with eight ornamental fountains.

The basement was of fire-proof construction, and contained the kitchen, the heating apparatus, store-rooms, coal-houses, etc.

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

566

Mounting the marble steps and passing through the vestibule to which they led, the visitor found himself in the main con¬ servatory, a spacious and beautiful hall, which elicited the ad¬ miration of every beholder. The roof was of glass, and the iron framework in which the glass was set was tastefully deco¬ rated in fresco. A light gallery, with railings of open fretwork, extended around it, and opened at each of the four sides of the hall upon the external galleries to which reference has been made. It was supported by horse-shoe arches of black, white and red bricks. Two superb chandeliers hung from the roof, affording the means of brilliantly illuminating the hall at night.

In the centre of the hall was a large fountain of marble, exe¬ cuted by Miss Margaret Foley, an American artist, in Rome. It was a tall structure, the water falling from several successive basins into the pool below, in which was a group of statuary in marble, of quaint design. It represented a group of children bathing from a reedy bank. One joyous little one was blowing a shell, and another, half reluctant to plunge into the cold water, upon which she gazed down, leaned lightly on the chubby shoulders of a third child. From the fountain walks radiated to the north, east, west and south, and divided the floor of the conservatory into beds.

Around the hall was a row of corridors, from which the arches which supported the inner gallery opened into the con¬ servatory.

I he Horticultural Building is the property of the city of Philadelphia, and will remain a permanent ornament of the park. It cost $300,000, which sum was defrayed by appro¬ priations by the City Councils. The ground was graded and the foundations laid on the 1st of May, 1875, and the building was completed April 1st, 1876. It covers an area of about an acre and a half. The architect was II. J. Schwarzmann; the contractor, John Rice, both of Philadelphia. The wrought- iron was furnished by the Keystone Bridge Company, of Pitts¬ burgh ; the cast-iron by Samuel J. Crosswell, of Philadelphia; the painting was done by Joseph Chapman, of Philadelphia; and the masonry by Moore Scattergood, Philadelphia.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

567

The collection exhibited in the Horticultural Building was classified as follows by the Centennial Commission:

Department VII. — Horticulture,

700 — 709. . . . Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers.

710 — 719. . . .Hot-houses, Conservatories, Graperies.

720 — 729. - . .Garden Tools, Accessories of Gardening.

730 — 739. . . .Garden Designing, Construction and Management

The conservatory, or main hall, of the building was filled with a superb collec¬ tion of rare and luxuriant tropical trees and shrubs.

The side spaces of the hall were filled with statuary, the most important work being a colossal Diana in plaster composition from the famous Doulton {lotteries in England.

The collection of plants in the conservatory was deeply interesting, and was deserving of careful study.

Here were the broad fan palm, the sago, date and cocoa palms, all of full size, and as graceful as a dream of Eastern romance. The orange and lemon trees, with their rich golden fruit, the camphor tree, with its luxuriant growth of sharply terra-cotta vase, exhibited in the i 1 HORTICULTURAL building.

cut leaves; the eucalyptus,

which is said to have the property of neutralizing the malarial poisons of the air; the guava; the mahogany, and the India rubber tree, with its thick, heavy leaves, all made up a rich and beautiful display of foliage, which was charming from what-

568

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ever part of the hall it was viewed. A banana, with its fat sturdy branches of fruit, formed a conspicuous object of the collection, and a number of fine cacti were scattered through the hall.

It would not be possible to give a complete account of the plants gathered within this hall, without making a copy of the

STAIRWAY IN HORTICULTURAL IIALL.

catalogue, and we must content ourselves with the brief sum¬ mary given above.

T he green-houses, Avhich extended on either side of the con¬ servatory, were sunken eight or ten feet lx>low it. These, as has been said, were four in number, and were covered with curved roofs of glass. Each was 100 by 30 feet in size, and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

5 GO

was intended for the propagation of young plants. In one of these forcing-houses was a collection of tree-ferns gathered from almost every country on the globe, and a number of rare plants from an English green-house, which were sent to this country carefully packed in moss. Among the curious specimens gath-

thk fobcixg-hocse, horticultural hall.

ercd within these forcing-houses were a number of fragrant azalias from Belgium, the flower of which is of a pale cream color; and close by them was a maple from Japan with crimson s ladings in its fine cut leaves. There was also a group of pitcher plants from the South Sea islands, which bore a blotched greenish cup, which looked as if it were made for a frog to drink

570

THE ILI/USTRATED HISTORY

out of. A flamingo plant (Authurium WiUiamsii) was a nota¬ ble member of the stately assemblage, its blossoms of deep rich scarlet being in form simply a broad curled leaf. Close by it stood a delicate fairy-like Norfolk Island pine; and the Sand-

AQUAKIUM with flower stand, exhibited BY THE RACINE hardware

COMPANY.

wich islands sent some fine specimens of fern, which spread out from the stem like a broad umbrella. A most inteiesting tiee was a sago palm, about ten feet high. It was once the property of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, and is said to be. from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundi and thirty years old.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

571

The lover of the beautiful in nature could spend hours in this rich collection. One of the green-houses contained a superb collection of ferns, belonging to a gentleman of South Amboy, New Jersey, and valued at $10,000.

The rooms at each end of the building were handsomely frescoed, and were filled with a variety of horticultural ap¬ pliances. The room on the north side of the western entrance was the office of the Chief of the Bureau of Horticulture. That on the opposite side was used for the display stands and frames for flowers, aquaria, and wax-flowers, and along the walls were arranged a number of designs for landscape-gardening. The room opening into this contained a similar display, and a num¬ ber of handsome garden vases, and garden tools, watering-pots, and hanging-baskets. At one side of the room Henry A. Drecr, of I hiladelphia, made a handsome exhibit of garden and flower seeds, garden tools and implements and flower stands. Here the kaoine (A\ isconsin) Hardware Manufacturing Company ex¬ hibited a number of exquisite aquaria, ferneries, flower-stands, fountains and vases, several of which are shown in the engrav¬ ings in this chapter.

In a room on the north side of the west entrance, adjoining the office of the Bureau, was an exquisite display of cut flowers by 1 on nock & Lro., of Philadelphia; a case of natural flowers and fruits preserved by a new process; and a large collection of flowers and fruits in wax.

At the eastern end the rooms adjoining the entrance contained apparatus for heating green-houses, furniture for them, garden tools, iron furniture and ornamental work for gardens and lawns.

1 here was also a large collection of lawn-mowers and of garden vases. Messrs. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, made quite a handsome exhibit in this building of their statuary, vases, and tountains in terra-cotta ware for garden ornamentation.

1 lie view from the west end of the building was very beau¬ tiful. It embraced the Main and Machinery Halls on the left hand, and a number of smaller buildings to the north of them.

1 o the westward were the United States Building, the Woman’s Pavilion and the State Buildings, while to the left the towers

572

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of Agricultural rose tli roiigli the trees. Almost the entire expanse of the Exhibition grounds could be seen at a glance from this point. The view from the eastern end was as inter¬ esting, but different. It embraced the Schuylkill with the East Park, Laurel Hill, and the country beyond, and in the distance one could see the towers and spires of the city. To the right the eastern ends of the Art Gallery and Main Hall filled up the picture, with the wooded depths of Lansdowne valley lying between them and the gazer.

In the eastern gallery of the conservatory was one of the most remarkable machines to be seen in the Exhibition. It was the “ Electro-Magnetic Orchestra,” and was exhibited by the inventors, Win. F. & H. Schmoele, of Philadelphia. It con¬ sisted of an “ Orchestrion,” which was supplied with wind in the ordinary way from a bellows, but which read the music it was to perform and executed it by the action of electricity.

“The automatic reading was based upon the idea that if the music notes be printed on paper in metallic or conducting marks (such as printers style illuminated work), the electricity will distinguish the conducting characters thus formed from the non- conducting surface of the paper, and will thus be made to feel or 1 read’ the notes. If, in place of this printed music, the notes be cut as perforations in the sheet, and a metallic plate he placed beneath, over which the sheet is drawn, this plate, which shows through the paper wherever the perforations exist, answers practically the same purpose as the marks on the printed sheet, being in fact but an additional modification of the same principle. The perforated notes were preferred for the music of this in¬ strument, because the sheets could thus lie prepared by hand, thereby obviating the otherwise costly necessity of setting up type and going to press for single copies of the pieces desired. Such notes bear the same relation to the printed or gilt ones that manuscript does to printed matter.

“ The music sheets were in the form of rolls, which were drawn under a row of charged feelers or 1 readers/ whose office was to distinguish the notes. They were moved by passing be¬ tween two gum-covered rollers, rotated by a mechanism called

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

573

a 1 wind-engine.' The motor power of this was the compressed air or ‘ wind ' of the bellows of the instrument ; and it contained,

fernery with folding flower stand, exhibited by the racine

HARDWARE COMPANY.

in its construction, all the necessary elements of a steam-engine, represented, however, in such different forms, that no resem¬ blance to the latter was left. It was a double engine, each pair

574

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

of opposite wind-pockets being equivalent to a steam-cylinder- and the alternate movements of their swinging leaves were the counterparts of the push and return of the piston-head. The noise or puff was prevented by a peculiar construction of the valves, and the manner of working of the cut-off; and the ex¬ panding gussets of the pockets took the place of the ‘packing in a steam-cylinder, over which they had the great advantage that they consumed no power in friction, so that the wind-engine was exceedingly economic, using the whole force of the wind without waste. These advantages, and the cheapness of con¬ struction of this wood and leather engine, render it an admira¬ ble motor for low pressures.

“ The instrument in question had several hundred ‘ readers’ or feelers, standing close together in order that a great many might be placed in a small space. The electricity, which might be called a hundred-fingered performer, pervaded them all, ready to pass at a moment wherever a note occurred. The various instruments, representing a band of twelve pieces, besides the drums, etc., had their appropriate spaces allotted them on the music sheet ; and the connections between their 1 readers ’ and the performing parts were made byr wires, which, when grouped together, formed the cable running from the reading apparatus to the main case. Each note, as soon as detected, was tele¬ graphed to the corresponding performing magnet; and as a great number could be simultaneously read, it followed that the music might be exceedingly varied.”

About twenty-five acres of ground immediately around the Horticultural Hall were laid off as an ornamental garden by Mr. C. H. Miller, the Chief of the Bureau. These grounds were filled with a beautiful display of native and foreign flowers, which gave to them an exceedingly brilliant and charming ap¬ pearance. A broad sunken garden led from Belmont avenue to the western door of the Horticultural Building. It was bright with flowers of a thousand different hues, and sparkled with handsome fountains. The flowers of England, France, Ger¬ many and the tropics grew side by side with those of our own country in the beautiful garden, in the midst of which the grand

EXHIBIT OF SEEDS IN HORTICULTURAL HALL.

576

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Conservatory stood like a central jewel in the midst of a thou¬ sand gems of various hues.

At the western end of the Horticultural grounds the Pacific Guano Company, of Boston, Massachusetts, had a beautiful Moorish pavilion, in which they displayed samples of their fertilizer. The grounds immediately around this pavilion were planted with tobacco, and a number of tropical plants, which throve admirably in this soil, which was fertilized with the guano of this company.

At the north side of the Horticultural Building was a large tent-like structure, consisting of a scries of wooden arches covered with canvas. It was designed for the exhibition of flowers in bloom, and was first used for the display of a may-

* * O

nificent collection of rhododendrons by Mr. Anthony J. Waterer, of the famous Knapp Hill Nurseries, in England.

A large exhibit was made of rustic furniture, seats, fencing, etc., which were scattered through the grounds. At the south side of the hall, on the slope of the Latisdowne valley, Cuba exhibited a collection of rustic work and flowers in a tasteful su mmer-house.

EXHIBIT OF SEWING COTTON, BY BRAINEKD A ARMSTRONG, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

CHAPTER XVII.

MEMORIAL HALL.

Description of the Building— Bronze Groups of Statuary — The Annex- Classification of the Art Exhibit— The Reception and Central Halls— The Paintings and Statues in them— The Art Galleries— Notable Pictures by American Artists— The English Gallery— Masterpieces of the Modern English Painters— The Older English Artists— The Queen’s Pictures— The South Kensington Exhibit— The French Pictures— The German Gallery— i lie Austrian Collection — A line Collection of Italian Statuary — Italian Paintings— The Castellani Collections— Spanish Pictures— Art Gems from Sweden and Norway— Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School— Notable Pictures from Belgium— The Danish Gallery— Brazilian and Mexican Art — The Photographic Annex — A Fine Display of Photographs.

EMORIAL HALL was the most substantial of all the Exhibition buildings. The materials of winch it was constructed were stone, iron and glass. It was built at a cost of $1,500,000 by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia, and was designed as a permanent memorial of the Centennial year of American independence. It was placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission to be used during the Exhibition as an art gallery, after which it was designed to make it the receptacle of the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art, an institution similar to the South Kensing¬ ton Museum, at London.

The building stood on the plateau on which the Main Exhi¬ bition Building was located, and was about two hundred to two hundred and fifty feet north of that structure. It was planted upon a broad terrace six feet above the general level, the banks well turfed and bordered with shrubbery, to which the visitor ascended by broad and easy steps in front, or smaller ones at the side.

37

577

57S

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

At each side of the front row of steps were enormous bronze figures of horses held in check by women in flowing drapery. On the right of the building was a fine group of bronze, reprt scnting the firing of a shell from a large mortar. The shell has been fired, and an officer of the naval service, glass in hand is leaning forward watching its course. A sailor has sprung on top of the mortar, and is shading his eyes with his hamUrnl looking in the same direction. Another stands on the right of the mortar and is similarly engaged. The expression of the figures is excellent. 11ns group is designed to represent ‘‘The Xavy,” and is to form a part of the monument to Abraham Lincoln, to be erected at Springfield, Illinois.

The group on the left of the hall represented a lioness dying in the midst of her whelps. The arrow of the hunter is deeply imbedded in her shoulder, and she is in the agonies of death. I Tei \\ helps ai e gathered about her in mute astonishment, and the male lion, who realizes the full extent of the misfortune, is •standing ready to defend or avenge his mate.

Memorial Hall was three hundred and sixty-five feet long two hundred and ten feet wide, and fifty-nine feet high over a basement of twelve feet. It was built of granite, with an iron and glass roof, iron being altogether used in the place of wood, and was entirely fire-proof. T lie design was a modern renais¬ sance. The general plan was a right-angled parallelogram, relieved by square towers at each of the four corners, and by projecting vestibules and steps in the centre of eacli of the long sides. It was crowned by a central four-sided dome, rising one hundred and fifty feet above the ground and capped by a colos¬ sal ball, from which rose the figure of Columbia. At the base of this dome were seated four figures representing the four quarters of the globe.

u fbe main front looked southward ; it displayed three dis¬ tinctive features:

“First. A main entrance in the centre of the structure, con¬ sisting of three colossal arched doorways of equal dimensions.

“Second. A pavilion at each end.

“Third. Two arcades connecting the pavilions with the centre.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

579

The central section was ninety-five feet long, seventy-two feet high ; the pavilions were forty-five feet long, sixty feet high; the arcades each ninety feet long and forty feet high.

“ The front of the south face of the central section displayed a rise of thirteen steps to the entrance seventy feet wide. The entrance was by three arched doorways, each forty feet high and fifteen feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches of the doorways were clusters of columns terminating in em¬ blematic designs illustrative of science and art.

MEMORIAL HALL, OR ART GALLERY.

1 he doors, which were of iron, were relieved by bronze panels, having the coats of arms of all the States and Terri¬ tories. In the centre of the main frieze was the United States coat of arms. The main cornice was surmounted by a balus¬ trade with candelabra. At either end was an allegorical figure

• o o

representing science and art.

“Each pavilion displayed a window thirty feet high and twelve feet wide; it was also ornamented with tile-work, wreaths of oak and laurel, thirteen stars in the frieze, and a colossal eagle at each of its four corners.

580

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

“The arcades, a general feature in the old Roman villas but entirely novel here, were intended to screen the long walls of the gallery.

“ These each consisted of five groined arches— these arcades formed promenades looking outward over the grounds and in¬ ward over open gardens, which extended back to the main wall of the building. These garden-plats were each ninety feet long and thirty-six feet deep, ornamented in the centre with foun¬ tains and designed for the display of statuary. A stairway from the gardens reached the upper line of these arcades, form¬ ing a second promenade thirty-five feet above the ground. Its balustrade was ornamented with vases, and was designed ulti¬ mately for statues. The cornices, the atticas, and the cresting* throughout were highly ornamented.

“The walls of the east and west sides of the structure dis¬ played the pavilions and the walls of the picture galleries, and were relieved by five niches designed for statues; the frieze was richly ornamented — above it the central dome showed to great advantage.

“ 1 he rear or north front was of the same general character as the main front, but in place of the arcade was a series of arched windows, twelve in number, with an entrance in the centre; in all, thirteen openings above, in an unbroken line, extending the entire length of the structure; between the pavil¬ ions was the grand balcony — a promenade two hundred and seventy-five feet long and forty-five feet wide, and elevated forty feet above the ground, overlooking northward the whole panorama of the park grounds.

“ The main entrance opened on a hall eighty-two feet long, sixty feet wide and fifty-three feet high, decorated in the modern renaissance style; on the farther side of this hall three doorways, each sixteen feet wide and twenty-five feet high, opened into the centre hall ; this hall was eighty-three feet square, the ceiling of the dome rising over it eighty feet in height.

“From its east and west sides extended the galleries, each ninety-eight feet long, forty-eight feet wide, and thirty-five feet

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

581

in height. These galleries admitted of temporary divisions for the more advantageous display of paintings. The centre hall and galleries formed one grand hall two hundred and eighty- seven feet long and eighty-five feet wide, capable of holding eight thousand persons, nearly twice the dimensions of the largest hall in the country. From the two galleries doorways opened into two smaller galleries, twenty-eight feet wide and eighty-nine feet long. These opened north and south into private apartments which connected with the pavilion rooms, forming two side galleries two hundred and ten feet long. Along the whole length of the north side of the main galleries and central hall extended a corridor four¬ teen feet wide, which opened on its north line into a series of private rooms, thirteen in number, designed for studios and smaller exhibition rooms.

“All the galleries and central hall were lighted from above; the pavilions and studios were lighted from the sides. The pavil¬ ions and central hall were designed especially for exhibitions of sculpture.”

EAGLE USED IN ORNAMENTATION OF MEMORIAL HALL.

1 he work on Memorial Hall was begun on the 4th of July, 1874, and the building was completed on the 1st of March, 187G. 1 he architect was Id. J. Scluvarzniann ; the contractor It. J. Dobbins, both of Philadelphia. The iron-work was furnished by the Edgemoor Iron Company, the Pencoyd Rolling Mills, and the Kittredge Cornice Company. The stone-work was furnished by Sargent & Co., the Westham Granite Company, the Conshohocken Stone Company, S. F. Prince & Co., and the Excelsior Brick Company. The glass was furnished by Shoe¬ maker & Co., ard & Co., and J. M. Albertson.

582

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

At an early period of the work on Memorial Hall it was found that the applications for space in it were so numerous that the building would not accommodate the works of art to be exhibited in it. An extension, or annex, was therefore built immediately north of the hall. It was of brick and iron, and harmonized well with the principal building in design and color. The principal building gave 75,000 feet of wall space for paint¬ ing, and 20,000 feet of floor space for statuary, etc. The annex afforded 60,000 square feet of wall space for paintings, and con¬ tained thirty galleries, each forty feet square, besides four

ANNEX TO THE ART GALLERY.

galleries each one hundred feet long by fifty-four feet wide, and two transverse central corridors twenty feet wide.

The exhibit of works of art contained in these buildings was thus classified by the Centennial Commission :

Department IV. — Art.

400 — 409... Sculpture.

410—419 - Painting.

420—429. . . .Engraving and Lithography.

430 — 439. . . .Photography.

440 449. . . .Industrial and Architectural Designs, eta 430 459. . . .Ceramic Decorations, Mosaics, etc.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

583

The exhibition of photographs was so large that a third build¬ ing was provided for it. It will be described at the close of this chapter.

From the main entrance the visitor passed into the south hall or vestibule of the building. The wainscoting was of colored marble, but the remainder of the hall was finished in simple white. It was in the modern renaissance style, and was elegant

INTERIOR OP ROTUNDA OF MEMORIAL HALL.

and tasteful. A magnificent crystal chandelier, exhibited by Cornelius & Sons, manufacturers of gas fixtures, Philadelphia, hung from the ceiling. At the north side three massive arches opened into the central hall, and at the east and west sides doors led to the gardens lying within the arcades of the southern front of the building.

The hall was filled with statuary in marble and bronze. Against the arches of the north wall was a colossal bust of

584

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Washington, by Pietro Guarnerio, of Milan, Italy. The col¬ lection of statuary was very good, and we shall allude to it again in our remarks upon the Italian section.

The gardens and arcades on the east and west sides of the main entrance were prettily ornamented with flowers, and con¬ tained a small collection of statuary. In the eastern arcades was a fine bust of Dante, and another of Michael Angelo. In the garden on the west side were some interesting specimens of statuary and vases in spelter.

Passing through the arches at the north end of the south hall, one entered the central hall, a spacious and beautifully pro¬ portioned apartment, lighted from the dome overhead. It was finished in simple white, and it is to be regretted that its beau¬ ties were not enhanced by a judicious use of color in its decora¬ tions.

In the centre, under the dome, was a copy in terra-cotta of the large group representing “America,” from the Albert Memorial in Ilyde Park, London. At the south side of the hall was a life-size bronze statue of Professor Morse. He was represented in the act of examining his first telegraphic message. On the same side was a bronze statue of Robert II. Livingston, of New York. At the southeast corner, fronting the German depart¬ ment, was a fine colossal statue of Prince Bismarck. At the southwest corner was an equestrian statue in plaster of President Blanco, of the republic of Venezuela; and just back of this was a fine allegorical painting, by Professor E. Von Reuth, repre¬ senting America doing homage to the spirit of her institutions. A number of vases in bronze, by the late Horatio Stone, were scattered through the hall. At the north side was a handsome memorial altar and reredos in marble from Italy. It was adorned with pictures in mosaic work, representing the Adora¬ tion of the Magi and the Shepherds, and the Crucifixion. I he latter was a copy of the famous painting by Guido Reni, in the Church of St. Lorence, in Lueina, at Rome. The north¬ east corner, fronting the German department, contained throe superb vases of Sevres porcelain and some bronzes, among which were a statuette of President MacMahon, in silver

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

585

bronze, and a full-sized Egyptian girl, with a harp, in orna¬ mental bronze.

The space in the centre, around the base of the group repre¬ senting America, was filled with statuary, chiefly by American artists. The most important works were Thetis, with the infant Achilles in her arms, thinking how she may regain the boy’s birthright, by P. F. Connelly; a bust of Charles Sumner, by Preston Powers ; a bust of Cleopatra, by Miss Margaret Foley ; and a full-length statue of Medea, by W. W. Story.

The halls on the east and west of the central hall were divided by partitions into smaller apartments, which were assigned to the various coun¬ tries taking part in the Exhib¬ ition. The corridors which led east and west from the central hall were thus merely tem¬ porary. They were lined with paintings.

It will not be possible to give a complete list of the works of art in the Memorial Hall and the annex, nor to describe each of them. We can but glance at the various departments, Killing attention only to the most prominent works in them.

CONNELLY’S STATUE OF THETIS, IN M EM OKI A L HALL.

The United States.

The American department was divided between Memorial

Hall and the annex. It filled one large hall, a corridor and a part of a second in the principal edifice, and nine galleries and a corridor in the annex, and comprised several thousand pictures

586

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and statues. As a whole it was much criticised, and was not accepted by the critics as the best exposition of American art that could have been given. Still it contained works of which the country has reason to be proud. |

One of the ends of the American gallery in Memorial Hall was entirely covered by Rothermel’s large painting of the Battle of Gettysburg, which formerly stood in the Art Gallery at old Fair mount. This painting has been sharply criticised, but nevertheless found favor with the masses which daily thronged around it.

A notable picture was “Going to Church in New England in the Olden Time,” by George H. Boughton. Edward Moran exhibited two fine marine views, “The Coming Storm over New Turk Bay, and “Minot’s Ledge Light.” Thomas Moran ex¬ hibited his “Mountain of the Holy Cross,” and the “Hot Springs of the T cllowstone, two ot the most superb pieces of mountain scenery in existence. Eastman Johnson sent two pictures in Ids happiest style, “A Kentucky Home” and “What the Sea Says.” M. F. II. De Haas had a fine marine view, “Moonrise at Sunset.” J. F. Cropsey had a careful study of a “Church in the Isle of Wight,” which was much admired. W. Whitt- redge’s “Home by the Sea” was a beautiful work; and R. S. Gifford’s “Fishing Boats of the Adriatic,” “Lake Geneva” and “ I he Golden Hour ” showed the artist at his best. Charles N. Miller, of New York, sent two excellent works, “Return¬ ing to the Fold ” and “The Old Mill at Springfield.” J. F. Kensett had a fine view of “Conway Valley, New Hampshire.” G. P. A. Healey had several of his most carefully and solidly- painted portraits in the collection. Daniel Huntingdon sent a view of “ Lake George,” and Toby Rosenthal had an “ Elaine,” representing the barge with the dead maiden de¬ scending the stream. Thomas Hill’s large painting of “ Don- ner Lake, California,” occupied a prominent place and attracted much attention. Professor Weir’s famous “Gun Foundry,” and his less known “Confessional,” were also fine pictures. George PI. Smilie sent “A Lake in the Woods,” a pretty com¬ position; and F. A. Bridgeman had a brilliant Moorish scene

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

587

called “The Story-Teller.” Albert Bierstadt exhibited six pictures of Western arid Pacific coast scenery. One of these was a “View of Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point Trail;” another, a glimpse of “ Mount Hood;” and a third, “ Spring in Cali¬ fornia.” Ilis “Settlement of California ” attracted much atten¬ tion. W. L. Sontag had a beautiful “ Sunset in the Wilderness,” and C. Schussele, a Philadelphia artist, a striking painting of “Solomon and the Iron Worker.” F. D. Briscoe, another Philadelphia artist, had a spirited water scene representing “A Breezy Day off Dieppe.” The late Charles L. Elliott was repre¬ sented by two fine portraits, one of Edwin Forrest, the other of General Bouek. Harry Fenn sent “The Old Convent

kastman Johnson’s “old Kentucky home,” in memorial hall.

Gate” and the “Old Fire-Place,” executed in his best style. Winslow Homer’s “Snap the Whip” showed that artist’s best qualities as well as his faults. Henry Innman had a portrait of Hackett in the character of Rip Van Winkle. D. T. Ken¬ drick, of Boston, sent “A Foggy Day at the Beach.” Page was represented by his well-known “Farragut Entering Mobile Bay,” a large and stirring work. T. B. Thorpe had a landscape called “ Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way.” Louis C. Tiffany sent several Oriental scenes, among them “ A Guard at Prison Gate, Tangier.” Jerome Thompson’s “ Old Oaken

588

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Bucket” was here. It is well known by the excellent chromo which had such a large sale a few years ago.

There were several of Washington Alston’s paintings in the collection, but the only one which showed him at his best was “ Spalatro’s Vision of the Bloody Hand.” Rembrandt Beale was represented by one of his portraits of Washington. Among the portraits were Commodores Perry and McDonough, by Jarvis; General Jackson, by Waldo; Commodore Decatur, by Sully; General Meade, by Thomas Hicks; Washington, by Charles Wilson Peale, the elder of the two painters of that name; Washington, by Colonel John Trumbull; John Adams, Thomas Boylston and Mrs. Boylston, by J. S. Copley; John Jay, Fisher Ames and Judge Story, by Gilbert Stuart.

These, as has been said, were but a few of the most prominent of the American pictures ; and the list of necessity omits many that were deserving of notice.

England.

The English collection of pictures was placed entirely in Memorial Hall, and occupied two rooms and the northwest corridor lying between them. It was in every respect the best and the most judiciously arranged collection in the Exhibition. Xo such exhibition of English art was ever made before in any foreign country. It was a better display than was made by England at Paris in 1867, or at Vienna in 1873.

r! he main room was devoted to the modern painters of Eng¬ land, and was well filled with their finest works. Here were Sir John Gilbert’s “First Prince of Wales” and the “Battle of Naseby,” in his best style. Frederick Leighton, whose work is as poetic as it is artistic in the highest sense, had three of the finest paintings in the hall : “Summer Moon,” “The Court of a Jew’s House at Damascus,” and “An Eastern Slinger Scaring Birds from a Field in the Harvest Time.” Alma Tadema had five pictures in the collection, two of which were water-colors. These were an “Egyptian Mummy of the Roman Period,” “ 1 he Sick Girl,” “ The Vintage Festival,” “The Connoisseur,” and “ The Story of a Good Wife.” The last two were water-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

589

colors. It is impossible to write of these pictures here as they deserve. We can only mention their presence in the collection, and invite the reader’s attention to them.

Among the portraits was a fine one of Lady Marianne Alford, by II. Buckner; one of George H. Boughton, by John Pettic; Mistress Dorothy, by George A. Story ; Betty, by Luke Fildes; a curious portrait of himself, by Holman Hunt; and portraits of Leighton and Millois, by Watts.

William Frith Powell’s famous “Railway Station,” embody¬ ing the arrest of one of the most notorious English forgers at the moment of the departure of the continental train, occupied a prominent position and received the praise it deserves. Edward

THE VINTAGE FESTIVAL, BY A 1.M A TADEMA, IN MEMORIAL HALL.

Arm itage sent his “Julian the Apostate Listening to the Dis¬ putes of the Sectaries.” Luke Fildes had a powerful London scene, entitled “Applicants Seeking Admission to the Casual Ward of the Workhouse.” The north wall had two “Studies of Lions,” by Landseer, and the “Marriage of Griselda,” by Charles West Cope. At the east end of the room was a full- length portrait of Washington, by Gilbert Stuart. George II. Boughton had a scene of the olden time, called “God Speed the Pilgrims on their Way.” Millois sent a charming study of a child. H. Moore and John Brett sent each a noble, but different, seashore view, and Colin Hunter had another, called “ Trawlers Coming Ashore,” three pictures which had no equals of their kind in the Exhibition.

590

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The corridor between the two English rooms was largely devoted to water-colors. One of the best of these was an “In¬ terior of the Sistine Chapel/’ by H. M. Knowles. Another was A. P. Newton’s “Left by the Tide.” Sir John Gilbert had a water-color of “ Francis I. and his Court visiting the Workshop of Benvenuto Cellini.” Louis Haghe had a fine work representing “The Tepidarium of the Baths of Pompeii.” “The Night Watch” (the artist’s name was not given) was also a fine work.

The upper end of this corridor continued the collection of oil paintings. The most notable were E. Croft’s “ Battle of Ligny” and “The Convent Ferry,” by Arthur Hughes.

The northwest gallery contained a notable collection, many of them by deceased painters. Here were Maclise’s “ Banquet Scene in Macbeth,” one of his largest works ; Mulready’s “ Vil¬ lage Buffoon,” loaned by the Royal Academy ; portraits of the “ First Three Partners of the House of Baring,” by Sir Thomas Lawrence; the large painting of “The Marriage of the Prince of Wales,” by William Powell Frith, loaned by Queen Vic¬ toria; “The Marriage of the Young Princess,” by the late J. Northcote, also loaned by the queen ; Benjamin West’s “Death of Wolfe,” also the property of her Majesty; Gaines- boroiurh’s “Portrait of the Duchess of Richmond;” West’s “Christ Blessing Little Children;” Landseer’s portrait of the first Lord Ashburton ; “ Dolbadden Castle,” a genuine Turner, loaned by the Royal Academy; Barry’s “Adam and Eve;” and “ Landscapes,” by Creswick, Caleot and Stanfield.

The other rooms north of the British corridor were devoted to an exhibit of the course of industrial art taught at the South Kensington Museum. The exhibit consisted of copies of famous art works, and the designs and drawings of the pupils of the school.

France.

The French section occupied several galleries in Memorial Hall and in the annex. But few of the leading artists of France were represented, and the collection contained none of her great names in art. The best picture in the collection was

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

591

Carolus Duran’s large portrait of his sister-in-law, Mile. Croi- sette, of the Theatre Frai^ais. The lady was represented as seated on her horse, which stood on the sands of the sea-shore with the last ripple of the waves breaking about his feet. The lady was exceedingly pretty, and the horse was perfect.

Among the notable pictures of this collection were “ Rizpah Protecting the Bodies of her Sons,” by George Becker, a power¬ ful work, and the largest in the collection; “ The First Step in Crime,” by Jean Pierre Antigua ; “A Conspiracy under Catharine de Medi- cis,” by Louis Adan ; a large “Death of Caesar,” by Felix Clement; “Had- don Hall, Derbyshire,” and “A Call on Uncle Car¬ dinal,” both by Joseph Cas- tiglione ; the “Story of Ruth,” by Paul de Cur- zon ; “ Saint Antonio, Pa¬ tron of the Mariners of Porto d’Angio, Italy,” by Henri Dubouchet; “Na¬ poleon I. with Goethe and Wieland,” by Eugene Hil- lemacher ; a “Fellah Wo¬ man,” by Charles Lan- delle; “The Indiscreet,” by Armand Leleux ; the “Morvan King,” by Evar¬ iste Leminais ; “ The Rest,”

by Leon Perault ; “ Morn- becker’s "rizpati protecting the bodiej ing on the Lagune of Yen- OF HER soxs>” is memorial hall.

ice,” and “ Sunset at Sea,”

both by Amedee Rosier ; “ Heath Flowers,” and “ Snow FIow- > b> Auguste Schenck ; an exquisite “ Leda and the Swan,” by Jules Saintin ; “ The Gitana’s Dance in Grenada,” by Benja-

592

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

min Ulmann ; " Boulogne-Sur-Mer,” by Alexandre Veron; and "Josephine, in 181 4,^ by Hector Yiger. The portrait of " Biel Ie, the Flower-Girl of the Paris Jockey 01111)/’ by Pierre Glaize, and “ Cassandre,” by Leon Commcre — the latter in the annex — were two splendid specimens of flesh-painting.

The main gallery in Memorial Hall contained a number of exquisite tapestries from the national manufactories of the Gobelins at Paris, and at Beauvais.

Germany.

The German exhibit was confined chiefly to Memorial Hall, and occupied the southeast gallery, opposite the French section. In the corridor leading to the principal hall were a number of German paintings, the principal of which were " A Courtyard in Venice,” by Henry Jaeckel ; "The Mahmoudi Canal, at Cairo,” by E. Korner; "Portrait of Pauline Lucca,” by 0. Begas ; " Mt. Vesuvius,” by R. I lock ; "Trust with Care,” by R. Deutsch.

Upon entering the German gallery, the first object that at¬ tracted the visitor was the large equestrian portrait of the Crown- Prince William Henry. The horse and rider appeared to have just emerged from the line of fire in the battle that was raging behind them, and both were full of the excitement of the fight.

The picture was by C. Steffeck, and was much admired, as it richly deserved to be.

There were two pictures of the " Surrender of Sedan,” on the 2d of September, 1870. One of these, and the more powerful picture of the two, was by Louis Braun ; the other by Count Harras, who was himself present at the memorable scene, and who had another fine painting in the gallery — the "Arrest of Luther on his Return from the Diet at Worms.” Julius Schrader, an artist whose fame is not confined to Germany, had a fine representation of "Elizabeth Signing the Death Warrant of Mary of Scotland ;” and a companion to this was the "Lady Jane Grey Confuting Bishop Gardiner,” a striking picture, by Tolingsby. R. Heck sent a beautiful view of a “Natural Arch at Capri;” and Q,. Beckel’s "Before the Christening,” and

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

593

“After the Christening,” were delightful in their sweet sim¬ plicity. A. Schwartz had a much admired painting called “ Brown Flowers,” and F. Boser one entitled “ Early Trials,” before which visitors lingered long. “The Evening Scene in the Zoological Gardens at Berlin,” by Herdert, was an exceed¬ ingly careful and life-like picture. Ferdinand Meyer’s “After the Church Festival,” was not only an admirable painting full of keen humor, but conveyed a sound moral. Meyer, of Bremen, had a capital picture, “The Village Gossips,” close by, and Achcnbach, one of Germany’s best marine painters, exhibited “ Flushing in a Storm.” Xylander’s “ Moonlight at Sea ” was much admired, and Jordon’s “Old Pilot" was admirable in its

wagner’s chariot race, in memorial hall.

way. Louis Horst sent a fine portrait of the Emperor William, and Gustave Richter, one of George Bancroft. “ The Flight of Frederick V. from Prague, after the Battle of the White Moun- tain,” by Faber du Tour, was one of the best pictures in the gallery. The scene was one of the greatest confusion, and was admirably depicted. H. Briicke exhibited a large “ Discovery of America by Columbus,” which was warmly praised.

In one of the small rooms of the northeast quarter of the building was one of the finest of the German pictures — Wagner’s masterpiece — “ Scene in the Circus Maximus at Rome, A. h. 88.” It is well known in this country, and was exhibited by Goupil & Co., of Paris.

Austria.

The Austrian collection occupied the eastern gallery, and 38

594

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

comprised 163 paintings, etchings and statues. It was very good as a rule, and contained many pictures which were worthy of careful study.

The gem of the whole collection was John Makart’s “Venice Paying Homage to Catharine Cornaro.” The picture was 35 feet long and 14 feet high. On the death of her husband, Don Jacopo II. Lusignano, King of Cyprus, she made a free gift of that kingdom to the republic of Venice, under whose tutelage she had been brought up as “ figlia di San Marco.” Upon her return to Venice she was greeted with the reception which this picture commemorates. The canvas contained a large number of portraits of persons well known in Vienna.

MAKART’S “ VENICE DOING HOMAGE TO CATHARINE CORNARO,” IN

MEMORIAL IIALL.

Ernest Lafitte had two exquisite pictures, a “ Girl of Upper Austria,” and “Peasant Woman of Upper Austria.” John Canon, of Vienna, exhibited “A Page,” and a “Girl with Fruit,” which are so much like Rembrandt’s work that many experienced judges have pronounced them his, and have almost refused to believe them modern. Frederick Freidlander ex¬ hibited his “Tasting the Wine,” one of his best works. G. A. Kuntz exhibited “In the Cell,” a picture of a nun "ith her head leaning on her folded hands gazing out of the window o her cell. The expression on the nun’s face was marvellous. The picture was also remarkable for the reason that Kuntz until four years ago was a distinguished sculptor, and had done

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

595

nothing with his brush. Aloysius Schonn sent a “Siesta of an Oriental Woman,” a work noted for its warmth of coloring. The Countess of Nemes-Ransonnet, one of the most accom¬ plished lady artists of Austria, sent her own portrait and a view of the “Interior of St. Stephen’s at Vienna,” which received, as they deserved, great praise. Maria Von Parmentier, another lady artist, exhibited several charming Tyrolese scenes. Of these, the best was the “Mill in the Tyrol.” F. Rumpler’s “ Smiling Girl ” and “ The Two Female F riends ” were charm¬ ing works, and were much admired. Charles Leopold Muller, one of the greatest of living Austrian artists, had only two small works here which did not fairly show his merits, but which were among the gems of the collection. These were “ In the English Garden at Palermo,” and “ Monte Pellegrino, near Palermo.” Adolphus Obermiillner exhibited three fine paint¬ ings — “Welcome Sounds,” “The Lake of Constance at the Beginning of a Storm,” and “The Grum-Alp, with the Palu- glacier.” The first of these represented the meeting of two sledge parties belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Arctic Expe¬ dition of 1872-74. F. Russ exhibited “A Girl with a Cat,” and “ Life in a Castle of the Middle Ages,” both admirable. “Sans Souci,” a study of Italian Lazzaroni, by F. Fux, was a capital scene ; and Chas. Probst’s “ Head of a Young Lady ” was a charming study. Robert Russ exhibited the “Mill at Mals, in South Tyrol;” Augustus George Mayer, a “Bath- sheba;” A. Schaefer, a desolate beach scene, called “At the Sea; ” L. Munsch, a view of the “ Alp Gschloss towards the Gross-Venediger;” Rosa Schweninger, a “Neapolitan ;” Eugene Felix, “ Pan and Bacchantes;” Lewis Mayer, “The Judgment of Paris ; ” Ralph Ribarz, an “ Ox Team ; ” Remi Van Haanen, a “View of a Dutch Town in Moonlight;” and Gustavus Wertheimer, “The Moor and his Horse,” all of which were excellent. A number of fine water-colors were included in the collection.

In the collection of statuary, the notable works were a bust of the Emperor of Austria, by C. Zumbusch, loaned by his Majesty ; and busts of Maximilian I. and Charles V,, by C.

59G

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Costenoblc, all in marble. F. Pezzicar had a colossal bronze statue of “ The Freed Slave,” about which crowds gathered daily in admiration. The negro exultantly displays Abraham Lin¬ coln’s Proclamation of Emancipation, and his chains lie broken at his feet.

Italy.

The entrance or reception hall of the principal Art Gallery was the only room in Memorial Hall occupied by Italy, with the exception of the rooms in the northeast section of the build- in^, which contained the Castellani Collections of Classic and

O/

Mediaeval Antiquities. These were the property of Signor Alessandro Castellani, of Rome, and consisted mainly of ancient marbles, bronzes, Italian majolica, gold work, and personal or¬ naments. The collections were unique in many respects, and were among the richest and most valuable in the world. Our limits do not allow a description or even complete list of the treasures here exhibited. They comprised seventeen portrait busts and heads in marble from the Greek mythology ; twelve of the exceedingly rare bronze dressing-cases of the Etruscan ladies, of which there are but one hundred now in existence; a large and valuable collection of old porcelain and majolica ware, the glory of which was a case of superb Gubbio ware; and many gold ornaments and gems of Phoenician, Etruscan and Greek workmanship. Some of the gems are unequalled by anything in modern art.

In the vestibule at the northern entrance to Memorial Hall were a number of superb pictures in mosaic from Rome, the finest display of the kind in the entire Exhibition.

Italy occupied six galleries in the annex to Memorial Ilall, and in these displayed a large collection of paintings and sculp¬ ture. The busts and statues numbered three hundred, and among them were some of the best works of some of the most famous sculptors of Rome, Florence, Milan, and Bologna. It is believed that this was the largest collection of sculpture ever displayed at any Exhibition. We can only point out a few of the most prominent works.

First in order must be mentioned the productions of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

5<>7

renowned Florentine sculptor, E. Caroni, professor at the Fine Arts Academy at Florence, and one of the Italian Commission¬ ers to the Exhibition. His "Africaine ” was a masterpiece, the lineaments showing all the workings of the betrayed woman’s mind. Of a diffeient type was his " Love’s Telegram,” rep¬ resenting a young lady who, during the siege of Paris, being

ITALIAN STATUARY IN THE ANNEX TO THE AKT GALLERY.

unable to communicate with her lover by ordinary means, is in the act of despatching a carrier pigeon with the amorous mis¬ sive. Then came "Love Bursting Forth from the Egg,” a charming piece of fancy. Next, "Christmas Day,” bearing a enpon in one hand and good wishes in the other. Then an exquisite allegory, "Butterfly Youth,” which, flying from one

598

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

of life’s pleasures to another, at last remains entangled in the

net of disappointment. In representing children Professor

Caroni was eminently successful ; his “ Recreations of a School

Girl ” was as gay as his “Cold ” was pathetic — in the latter the

tripod containing the charcoal had upset and the shivering

0

child, hiding her hands under her frock, looked the very essence of chilly despair. So also the “ Impressions of Cold Water ” portrayed the little bather’s mingled feelings of curiosity and timidity, while the “ First Capture ” showed the intense delight of the boy at having caught the little sparrow in his hand. Professor Romanetti’s “ Franklin and his Whistle ” and “ Wash¬ ington and his Hatchet” attracted general attention, as did also Zocchi’s “ Infancy of Benjamin Franklin,” where the youth¬ ful compositor was represented as setting up his first types. Professor P. Guarnerio, of Milan, whose “ Washington” in the Memorial Hall has been noticed, had in the Art Gallery a fine design of “Raphael in his Youth,” and his “Girl Bathing” was full of power. Signor D. Baroaglio, of Milan, who has already won for himself fame among young Italy’s sculptors, had a colossal piece, “ Flying Time.” Heedless of the attempts of Youth, who would detain him, Father Time hurries on; the parchment scroll of History in his right, the sharp scythe in his left hand, and forces reluctant Youth on after him. Not less successful was the sculptor in his “Blowing Bubbles,” “ Butter¬ fly ” and “ First Call,” all of which were full of expression. Signor Renato Peduzzi, of Milan, showed great originality in his “ Berenice,” the inscription on which statue told its own tale, “Venus, to thee and other gods I sacrifice these tresses, shouldst thou return to me from war my spouse.” Signor Peduzzi’s work will not readily be forgotten by any who saw it. The distinguished artist, Cavaliere Cantalamessa Popatti, whose sculpture is almost as well known in America as it is in Italy, and who is one of his country’s commissioners, had on this occasion two charming statuettes, “ Sunshine ” and “Storm,” as also “ Love’s Morn,” all of which were worthy of the sculptor’s reputation. Signor Torelli, of Florence, exhibited “ Eva St. Clair,” from “ Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” “Shy Girl,” and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

599

a sweet “ Little Housekeeper,” who, with her broom, is sweep¬ ing out of the house envy, hypocrisy, pride, vanity, and calumny. Professor Ropi, of Milan, had a fine bust of Gari¬ baldi, and was equally happy in his “ Hope.”

The Italian sculptors naturally, on this occasion, brought out the connecting link between Italy and the discovery of our con¬ tinent, and such productions as D’Amore’s “Night of October 11, 1492,” and Zocchi’s “ Columbus Scanning the Chart,” spoke eloquently for themselves. F. Barzaghi, of Milan, had a num¬ ber of productions which strikingly denoted the artist’s genius. “ Phryne before her Judges,” “Sylvia Looking at Herself in the Fountain,” “ The Finding of Moses,” and “ Blind Man’s Buff” all engaged the spectator’s attention, as did also the same sculptor’s “First Friend,” representing a Scotch terrier playing with a lovely child. A little gem of the same character was R. Pereda’s “ Joy ; ” the beaming countenance of the child in this case was generally pronounced perfect. This Milanese artist’s productions were all alike chaste and graceful. In the “Rete d’Amorc” the girl willingly allows herself to be entan¬ gled in the network of love, and draws the net around her heart. The same sculptor’s “Motherless Children,” “Childish Grief,” and “Little Smoker” were all telling and true. E. Braga, of Milan, had a “Bacchus” and “Child’s Plaything,” both noteworthy, and few passed by C. Corti’s “ Lucifer,” from “Paradise Lost,” without admiration. Zocchi’s “Michel An¬ gelo’s Chisel in Hand ” was a grandly-conceived work, and not less so was Pazzi’s “ Episode from the Divine Comedy.” We have scarcely space even to mention Romanelli’s “Madonna of St. Luke’s Bologna,” Barcaglia’s “Love Blinds,” Antonio Bottinelli’s “Vanity,” Argenti’s “Sleep of the Innocent,” Motelli’s “Unwelcome Interruption,” Bergonzoli’s “Angel of Love,” and Sperlini’s “ Confidence.” C. Pandiani had some finely executed works; his “Moses Trampling on the Crown” and “Love” attracted much attention, as did also C. Pagan i’s “Psyche.” Not entirely unnoticed must we pass over the “David,” a copy in miniature of Michel Angelo’s masterpiece; the “Angelica,” from Tasso’s “Freed Jerusalem,” or the ad-

600

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

mirably portrayed “Ruth the Gleaner.” A. Mai fatti’s “Dis¬ appointment” and “ Emancipation,” *the latter in plaster of Paris, attracted considerable attention. Besides Professor Guar- nerio’s great works above mentioned, lie had also a number of other productions, among them being “The Forced Prayer” where the sulky little fellow is represented with life-like accu¬

racy; “Vanity,” “The Rebuke,” and the “ Last Day of Pompeii” V hat especially characterized this remarkable exhibition of sculpture was the close attention that had evidently been given to anatomical study ; every detail was true to nature, and there was nothing out of harmony with its surroundings.

The windows of the south hall of the annex contained a handsome display of stained glass of American manufacture.

Among the paintings in the Ital¬ ian section were a mini her of good copies of the great works of the Ital¬ ian masters. Conspicuous among these was a copy of Raffaole’s “ Galileo before the Inquisition.”

The originals were good as a rule. Gill i, of Turin, had a fine repre¬ sentation of the famous scene be¬ tween “Arnold of Brescia and Pope Adrian IV.f” in which the pontiff sentenced the great preacher to death. Fumigalli had a fine picture of “Columbus in Chains,” and Marchesi au admirable “Interior of the Sacristy of Milan.” “A View of the

SEVRES

VASE, IN HALL.

MEMORIAL

Bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius,” by Smargiassi, and the “ Head of a Lady,” by Romagnoli, were admirable works.

Spain.

The Spanish collection occupied one side of the western gal*

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

C01

lery of Memorial Hall. It was small, but contained some good pictures. The best modern work in the collection was “The Burial of St. Lorenzo/’ painted at Rome, by Alejo Vera, in 1862. It was a noble picture, and showed well among the older masters. There was a fine “Christ on the Cross,” by Murillo, which of course attracted much attention. Two large paintings of “ The Landing of Columbus,” by A. Gisbert and D. Puebla, and one of “Columbus Demonstrating his Theory to the Monks of La Rabida,” by E. Gano, occupied conspicuous places. P. Gonzalvo had a fine “Interior of the Cathedral of Saragossa,” and A. Domingo exhibited a spirited picture enti¬ tled “A Duel.”

Sweden.

The Swedish collection occupied the eastern wall of the west gallery of Memorial Hall, facing that of Spain, and a gallery in the annex. It was the first opportunity the people of this country ever had to become familiar with Swedish art, and the collection therefore attracted much attention. The most promi¬ nent painting was Ilockert’s “Burning of the Royal Palace at Stockholm.” This catastrophe occurred when Charles XII. was a mere youth, and the young hero forms the principal figure in the spirited scene.

Baron Otto Hermelin, the Swedish Commissioner in charge of the Art Department, had several of his pictures in the collec¬ tion. These were “ Winter Day in the Neighborhood of Stock¬ holm ; ” “Poor People’s Burying Ground, near Stockholm;” “The First Snow;” “Fishing Harbor, near Stockholm;” ‘On Montmartre, Paris,” and “Autumn Day at Djugorden.” Another noble artist, Baron G. Cederstroem, exhibited a clever painting called “Dark Moments.” Miss A. Lindegren’s Gill with an Orange” was much admired. “Sigurd Ring, King of Scandinavia and Engl,” by Severin Nilsson, was a stirring scene from the legends of the Vikings. M. E. Winge had two pictures drawn from the same source, “Signe Burning herself on Seeing her Lover Hanged” and “The Viking I leet. B. Nordenburg had two good pictures of every-day

602

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

life, “A Wedding in a Swedish Country Church,” and the “ Killed Sheep.” August Jernberg’s “ Market Day in Dussel- dorf” was a careful and excellent work. He had also another fine picture, “Visitors in the Museum of Amsterdam Regarding Rembrandt’s Night Watch.”

Norway.

The Norwegian collection was divided between a small room in the southwestern corner of the principal building, the win¬ dows of which were filled with American stained glass, and a gallery in the annex.

Professor Hans Glide had here a fine picture called “A Fresh Breeze on the Norwegian Coast,” and a “Calm in Cliristiana- fiord.” “Hardengerfiord,” by P. Thurman, was also a notable picture.

The collection in the annex was larger and better that that in Memorial Hall. The most notable picture was “A Scene in the Romsdalsfiord,” by A. Norman.

The Netherlands.

Holland occupied three galleries in the annex, and made an admirable display of the works of her artists. They were marked by the same care that characterizes everythingattempted by the people of the Low countries, and it may be safely asserted that this collection was as rich in excellent paintings as that of any nation represented in the Exhibition.

First we noticed four large copies, by S. Altmann, of Amster¬ dam. These were “ The Banquet of the Civic Guard, after Van der HJest;”“The Five Masters of the Drapers, after Rembrandt ; ” “ The Masters of the Klovenier’s Guild at Har¬ lem, after Frans Hals;” and “The Young Bull, after Paul Potter.”

Among the originals the following were admirable, though the list does not include all the good pictures of this collection: “ The Church of Trier,” by J. Bosboom ; “At Church,” by C. Bisschop ; “The Cat Feigns to be Hanged,” by B. H. Gempt; “Four Weeks after St. John’s Day,” by J. D. Huybers;

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

603

“Landscape on the Mediterranean Coast/’ J. Hilverdink; “A Moment of Expectation,” by Gerke Henks ; “ Still Water near Dordecht,” and “View on the Yo in Amsterdam,” by E. Koster; “A Conference,” by L. Lingeman ; “Evening on the Beach,” by H. W. Mesdag ; “A View of Amsterdam in the Sixteenth Century,” by J. A. Rust; “A Cheese Market in a Town in North Holland,” by C. Rochussen ; “The Deacons of the Silversmiths’ Guild Conferring a Freeman’s Certificate,” by J. A. B. Stroebel ; “Gleaning,” by P. Sadee; “A Barber Shop in Cairo,” by W. de Famars Testas; and “Domestic Happiness,” by H. Val ken berg.

Belgium.

The Belgian art exhibit in Memorial Hall was established in a little room on the cast of the north entrance, and consisted of statuary, bronzes and figures in earth and plaster. The most conspicuous of these was a life-size group in marble of “A Mother and her First Child,” by Charles Fraikin. There was also a fine display of faience ware.

The Belgian paintings occupied three galleries in the annex. The most prominent were “Autumn on the Meuse,” by A. Assel- berg; “Arias Montanus Visiting the Printing Office of Plontyn at Antwerp,” by Joseph Bcllemans ; “ Rome, from the Tiber near the Quay of Ripetta,” by Francis Bossuet; “ Grbve, Coast of Brittany,” by A. Bouvicr; “The Church of St. Fcrmo at Verona,” and “The Gate of Werthcim in the Grand Duchy of Baden,” by Jacques Carabain ; “Dante and the Young Girls of Florence,” by N. De Kcyser; “The Sentinel at the Gate of the Harem,” by George de St. Cyr, a pupil of Portaels; “ The Old Hermitage of St. Hubert at Namur,” by George Genisson; “Sunday at the Convent,” by Franz Meerts; “A Woman of the Roman Campagna,” and “A Young Girl of the Vicinity of Rome,” by Xavier Mellery ; “ View of Saxenhausen,” and the “Dome of the Invalides,” by Robert Mols; “Scene in Rotterdam,” by Francois Musin ; “Burning of Ruhla, near Eisenach, in Thuringia,” by Ferdinand Pauwels; “The De¬ ception,” by Jean Portaels, one of the most eminent artists of

GO 4

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Belgium; “Interior of Hindeloopen,” by Peter Sebes* «a Christian Martyr under Diocletian,” by Ernest Slingracyer- “War” and “Rodelta,” by Eugene Smits; “The Bad St • Martin,” by Charles Soubre ; “ The Cave of Diomede, an Episode of tlm Destruction of Pompeii,” by Joseph Stallaert- “ View of Dordrecht, from the Meuse,” and “The House of the Confraternity of Archers,” by Francis Stroobant; “The Rhine, between Bonn and Coblentz,” and “ Posilipo, near Naples,” by F. R. Unterberger; “ Desdemona,” by Jules Van Kiersbilck ; “After the Rain,” and “Morning,” by Joseph Van Luppen; “The Confederates before Margaret of Parma,” and “A Flemish Woman of the Sixteenth Century,” by Professor Franz Vinck ; and “The Hotel de Ville at Alost,” by Gustave Walckiers.

Denmark.

The Danish collection was small, and shared a gallery with Norway in the annex. The principal works were “The Dis¬ covery of Greenland in a. d. 1000,” and “Two Greenland Pilots,” by J. E. C. Rasmussen; and “A Midsummer Night under Iceland’s Rough Weather,” by Wilhelm Melby.

Brazil.

The Brazilian exhibit was not large. It was located in one of the eastern galleries of the annex. Its most important works were the large paintings representing scenes in the late war with Paraguay. These were “ The Battle of Humaita ; ” “ The De¬ fence of the Island of Cabrito by the Brazilian Array and Navy ; ” and “ The Naval Battle of Riachuello.”

Mexico.

Mexico had a part of a gallery in the annex. Its most im¬ portant paintings were “The Valley of Mexico,” by Jos6 Ma A alesquez ; “Brother Bartholomew de las Casas” and “Gali¬ leo,” by Felix Pavia; and “Donna Isabel of Portugal,” by Pelegrin Clave.

The Photographic Annex.

The space in Memorial Hall and the annex being taken up,

PHOTOGRAPHIC ART GAIXERY.

606

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

a third building was erected for the exhibition of photographs It was of wood, stuccoed, and was situated on the Avenue of the Republic, east of Memorial Hall and north of the Main Exhibition Building. It contained a large collection of fine photographs from the United States, Great Britain, Germany Austria, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Sweden and Mexico. Many of these were views of the scenery of the coun¬ tries to which they belonged. The collection may not have fairly represented the progress made by foreign nations in the photographic art, but such as it was, it showed the United States far in advance of all the competing countries. A spe¬ cialty of the American display was the scries of splendid views of the scenery of the Pacific coast.

A large exhibit was also made of photographic apparatus and material, and magic lanterns of the better class.

MARBLE CLOCK, EXHIBITED BY TIIE AMERICAN CLOCK COMPANY.

«

CHAPTER XVIII.

TIIE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

Description of the Building— The Grounds— Exhibits of the Various Depart¬ ments Outside of the Building— The Monitor Turret— The Great Guns of the Army and Navy— The Postal Cars— The Transit of Venus Exhibit- Army Trains— Disposition of Space in the Hall— Exhibit of the Post-Office Department— A Model Post-Office— The Agricultural Department— A Fine Display— The Interior Department— Exhibit of the Patent Office— His¬ torical Belies— A Eich Display of Indian Curiosities— The Educational Exhibit — The Census — Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Terri¬ tories— A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution— The Animals and Fishes of the United States — The Mineral Collection — The Treasury Exhibit — The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches— The Navy Depart¬ ment — A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equip¬ ment of an American Man-of-War — The Torpedo Service — The War De¬ partment — Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service— The Engineer Corps and its Work — Making Bifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post Hospital — The Laboratory — The Light-House.

EXT in size and importance to the five Exhibition build¬ ings already described was the edifice erected and con¬ trolled by the general government of the United States.

It was located on Belmont avenue, north of Machinery Hall, from which it was separated by the lake. It was constructed in the form of a cross, with offices built in the con¬ cavities of the angles. The main stem of the cross, or nave of the building, was four hundred and eighty, feet long, and the arms, or transept, three hundred and forty feet long. This was clear of the entrance, which protruded ten feet farther on each end. The building ros to a height of two stories in the main portions of the cross, the upper story having for its sides long rows of windows which acted as skylights for the building. Spans ran clear across the edifice, supporting the roof with the

607

G08

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

aid of rows of columns built along the main aisle. The whole design, while very strong, had the appearance of lightness, no heavy work being visible anywhere. In the middle of the building, in the centre of the angles of the cross, was a dome surmounted by a small cupola, and this again by a flag-staff. The dome was octagonal in shape, and lighted all around with windows. Around it on the offices mentioned, as in the angles, were four smaller domes of similar design. The building was placed on a terrace above the surrounding grounds.

The outside was handsomely painted, the prevailing tints

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

being brown and wood-color. The lower portion, or main body of the structure, had a stripe of red at the top; beneath this were the windows, which were continuous all around. Then came a broad band of wood-color, with a neat yellow figure placed at intervals in it; next a band of dark red, and then the lower band plain. The dome was of wood-color, and these, with the black composition roof, gave a subdued but pleasing effect at a distance. The prevailing, color inside was wood-color, all the lower part being so ; but it was relieved by small red bands, interspersed with neat geometrical figures. The ceilings of both the building and dome were painted a dar

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

609

blue. The main feature, however, consisted of the sides of the building, which were divided into panels, and these again were subdivided into diamond shape. Each panel covered much space, and in the centre of each of its diamonds or lozenges was painted the emblem of the department of the government there represented. The Agricultural Bureau had a plow, with stalks of corn and wheat around it ; the Interior Department had a how and arrows, surmounted by a tomahawk ; the Smithsonian Institute, the skull of an animal, encircled with a wreath ; the Army, by the lictor’s rods and axe; the Navy, an anchor and cable ; the Treasury, a shield, with scales, and beneath a key ; and the Post-Office, the wings of Mercury, a telegraph pole and a letter. The fisheries were recognized by a writhing fish impaled with a trident. These designs were innumerable and were very pretty.

The main entrance was quite handsome. It rose to a peak, and had an immense window and circular top. Columns stood on each side, resting on large pedestals. In the columns were panels, and on these, in relief, was a group of standards crossed over a drum, on each side of which were cannon balls. The doors of the main entrance stood out from the building, and were fifteen feet high. This edifice was designed for the exhi- bition of the resources of the United States as a war-power and its internal resources, in time of peace.

The grounds around the building were handsomely laid off. The space immediately adjoining the edifice was occu¬ pied with a display of heavy ordnance and other objects too large for exhibition within the building.

On the east side of the building was a sample monitor turret, such as is used in the iron-clad monitors of the United States navy. It was constructed of wood, and was a clever imitation of iron. It contained two formidable fifteen-inch guns, and was provided with every detail necessary to the showing of its prac¬ tical workings. The turret was exhibited by the Navy Depart¬ ment, which also displayed a formidable battery of ship and boat guns of all sizes and patterns, of brass and iron. Each one was mounted and equipped as when in active service, and was 39

CIO

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

accompanied with a number of the specimens of shot and shell used with it. These guns occupied the space to the south ■of the building. Here also the Navy Department exhibited the boat “ Faith,” which was used by the first Grinnell Arctic Ex¬ pedition under Lieutenant De Haven, and the second Grin¬ nell expedition under Dr. E. K. Kane. This was one of the three boats in which Kane, in 1858, upon abandoning the “Advance,” pushed with the survivors and stores of the expedi¬ tion eighty miles over ice to the oi>en sea, and thence nearly 1000 miles to Disco. It was brought home by Captain Hart- sene, United States navy.

Here also was the boat made out of the wreck of the “ Polaris ” in which a part of her crew escaped in June, 1872, and in which they were picked up by the Scotch whaler “Raveuscraig,” after their long and perilous voyage in it.

Near the southeastern corner of the building the Post-Office Department exhibited two postal cars, one of the style used la¬ the New York Central, the other the car used by the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad. These showed the style of car used by the great trunk roads of the Union for the fast mail service, and illustrated the entire method of assorting, receiving and deliv¬ ering the mails while the train is in motion. The cars rested upon a section of railroad track laid in the most careful manner, and heavily ballasted with stone. This was a special exhibit made by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and was designed as a specimen of its own track, and to show what a well-built road should he.

To the westward of the postal-cars the Navy Department ex¬ hibited the frame buildings and instruments used by the Amer¬ ican expedition in the observation of the transit of Yenns, December 8, 9, 1874.

On the north side of the building the engineer section of the War Department made an interesting exhibit of a bridge train, with pontoons, wagons, etc , and a large display of army wagons was made by the quartermaster’s branch of the service. On the east side of the building the War Department exhibited its heavy ordnance. Here were a huge ten- inch Woodbridge rifle

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

611

gun, which used a charge of seventy pounds of powder with a four hundred pound ball, and a twelve-inch Thompson rifle, weighing 84,280 pounds, firing a six hundred pound shot, for which one hundred and twenty pounds of powder were used. The latter was a breech-loader, and one of the most interest]* no: guns in the exhibition. Close by was a thirteen-inch sea-coast mortar, which used a two hundred pound shell. A Sutcliff rifle breech-loading gun was also shown. It used a two hun¬ dred and thirty pound shot and forty-five pounds of powder. The most formidable gun in the collection was the twenty-inch Rodman, which was a muzzle-loader, and fired a one thousand and eighty pound ball, with a charge of two hundred pounds of powder.

At the northeast corner of the building were two vertical engines which supplied the motive power for the machinery within the hall.

The cost of the building and of the display of the articles it contained was provided for by an appropriation by Congress on the 3d of March, 1875. The amount appropriated was $505,000, and it was expressly provided that not more than $150,000 should be expended in the construction of the build¬ ing. The actual cost of the edifice was $110,000. The floor space was divided among the various departments as follows:

To the War Department . 11,200

To the Navy Department . 10,400

To the Interior Department . 20,600

To the Treasury Department . 3,000

To the Post-Office Department . 3,800

To the Smithsonian Institution, including the Fish Commission.. . .26,600 To the Agricultural Department . 6,000

Total . 81,600

The main body of the building and its transept were traversed centrally by walks, which crossed in the centre under the rotunda, or lantern crossing the intersection. The principal arm of the cross consisted of three aisles, which had. side-lights beneath the eaves, the central aisle rising above the side aisles and having ventilators at the comb. The transept had but a single aisle.

612

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The interior of the building was one of the handsomest and most attractive of the great halls of the Exhibition. It was tastefully painted, as has been said, and was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, draped and festooned overhead.

The Post-Office Department.

Commencing our tour of exploration at the south door, we gave our attention first to the Post-Office Department, which occupied a portion of the southeastern section of the building. It lay east of the transept, but did not reach quite to the nave of the building.

The principal portion was taken up with the Post-office of the Centennial Exhibition. It was construct**! of black walnut and plate glass, and was fitted up in the handsomest style. All letters for the army of exhibitors and employes engaged within the grounds were received and delivered from this office. There was a system of lock-boxes, a general delivery and a carrier’s department, each of which was designed as a specimen of this branch of the service. Money orders, both domestic and foreign, were issued and paid here, and there was also a department of registered letters. The office was a branch of the Philadelphia post-office, and was. in charge of Postmaster Fairman and a special force of clerks. The government provided a special stamped envelope, which might be purchased here as a souvenir of the Exhibition, and which was good for postage all over the Union.

The railway mail service was shown by the postal cars without the building, to which we have alluded, and by small models inside the building.

The Topographical Division exhibited a series of splendid railway and general postal route maps, and maps showing the location of the money order offices.

The Division of Books and Blanks exhibited specimens of all the books, blanks, etc., letter scales, marking and rating stamps used by the department.

The Mail Equipment Division exhibited leather pouches for letter mails, canvas bags for printed and miscellaneous matter;

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

613

also registered letter mail bags, mail locks of the pattern now in use, and those which were formerly used but have been thrown aside by the department.

From the Stamps , Stamped Envelope and Postal Card Du vision we had a complete exhibit of all the stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards ever used by the department, and specimens of registered letter envelopes and post-office official envelopes now in use. Here also was a machine in operation which cut, folded, stamped, gummed and counted stamped en¬ velopes, taking the paper in rolls and turning it out in packs of completed and stamped envelopes; and another engaged in the manufacture of postal cards.

Around the walls of the space occupied by the Post-Office Department were hung portraits of the postmasters-general of the various periods of our history ; and in a glass case was ex¬ hibited the ledger used by Benjamin Franklin while post- master-general of the North American colonies.

The Agricultural Department.

The exhibit of the Agricultural Department was large and exhaustive, and was made mainly in handsome glass show-cases of large size.

The Statistical Division exhibited large outline maps of the United States, showing forest areas ; the extent and value of farming lands, and amount of production, by counties; charts and diagrams showing the amount of special products, by sec¬ tions, and statistics of farm animals, and other matters relating to the agricultural industries of the country. These maps were divided into spaces of differents sizes and colors, which were arranged and numbered with reference to a carefully adjusted schedule printed in one corner of each map.

The Chemical Division exhibited specimens of soils arranged in the order u of their geological formation, comprising marls, calcareous earths, green sand and phosphatic marls. Then came phosphatic rocks, animal and vegetable fertilizers, and a combination of the three in a manufactured state. The next feature, the utilization of vegetable products, was illustrated by

614

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

means of specimens, beginning with the product in its natural state and proceeding through the various stages of manufacture to the finished article. It comprised the manufacture of flour meal and starch from cereals ; of sugar from cane, beet-root maple and sorghum, and exhibited models of the machinery used in the manufacture of these. The fermentation was shown of starchy substances from which beer, ale and porter are made, and also the distillation of whiskey. A model still and plans of notable American distilleries were exhibited. Then were seen the fermentation and distillation of sugar, molasses and fruits resulting in a complete set of samples of American wines, these in turn being distilled and converted into brandy. Following up the systematically arranged display, the visitor witnessed the preservation of fruits and vegetables by hermetically sealing in glass or tin, packing in sugar and syrup, or desiccation; the manufacture with the assistance of leaves, barks, herbs and roots, of concentrated extracts from hemlock or oak ; the manu¬ facture of dye-stuffs ; the distillation of dry wood by heating in closed retorts, free from air; the manufacture of pyroligneous acids, acetate of lead and other acetates used as mordants in the process of dyeing; the manufacture of linen, cotton and woollen goods, paper, tobacco and snuff ; of vegetable oils, and from these in turn of fancy soap, and also of the eighteen different essential oils that comprise the whole number manufactured in this country. Then followed an illustration of the manufacture of butter and cheese; a specimen of phosphate rock from South Carolina, weighing 1150 pounds, and a display of materia medica, separated either in the crystalline form, the oil or the resin from the active proximate principle.”

The Botanical Division was perhaps the richest and most complete in the department. The display of the wood growth of the country was exhaustive. At the foot of the cases stood many hundred sections of logs, overhead in the case being specimens of the foliage of their respective trees. Next to Horticultural Hall and grounds this spot afforded the botanist the greatest delight which the Centennial could give him. from the sub-tropical growth of the Gulf and Southwestern States up

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

615

to the hardy conifer® of Maine and the Northwest there was not a tree of importance which was not here represented. The patience of the curious was sorely taxed in counting the rings of old stagers that had readied the hey-day of their growth two hundred years before Columbus first saw Guanahani, and of some that had doubtless sheltered weary aborigines while Louis of France was battling for the cross in Palestine. Most of these interesting specimens were obtained from the Sierra Nevada mountains, in California. The principal of those of which accurate statistics can lie given were as follows: one of a sugar pine, 175 feet high and 27 feet in circumference at the base, and 588 years old, the section having been made at a diameter of 7 feet 2 inches; one of a soft, white pine, 130 feet high, 25 feet in circumference at the base, and 510 years old, the section having been made at a diameter of 6 feet 6 inches, and one of a red silver fir, 162 feet high, 30 feet in diameter at the base, tapering for 100 feet before the first branch was reached, and 392 years old. All these grew on the Sierra Nevada. There was also one of a twisted pine from the Rocky mountains, 123 feet high, 22 feet in diameter at the base, and 297 years old. A curious exhibit for most folks in the Middle States was that of the many varieties of native oak and the re¬ markable want of resemblance among them in regard to foliage, the tan-bark oak of California, for instance, having velvety, willow-shaped leaves, while those of the black-jack oak of the Southern Atlantic States were bell-shaped. In the grain of the wood, also, the same wide divergency existed. While the canon live oak of the Southwest had a smooth bark and tine grain, the post oak of this region was rugged both in bark and grain.

The Microscopical Division exhibited a series of water-color drawings representing the family of cryptogamia, with magni¬ fied spores, showing the several stages of the various diseases to which they are subject; also preparations illustrating the characteristics of poisonous and edible mushrooms common to the United States; illustrations displaying the varied character of the starch granules of plants; drawings and illustrations

616

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

explaining the method of distinguishing vegetable and animal fibres, their kind and quality ; drawings displaying vegetable and animal cellulose and starches, and illustrating methods of detecting them in organizations.

The Entomological Division contained collections of models of the fruits and vegetables of the United Suites; stuffed specimens of birds, beneficial and injurious to farmers and orchardists; stuffed specimens of the various types of poultry of this country ; a collection of the grains and cereals of the Union; a collection of the textile fabrics of the United States, with specimens of their manufacture; specimens of tobacco from dif¬ ferent tobacco-producing sections of the United States; and a mounted collection of beneficial and injurious insects.

The Horticultural Division exhibited specimens of economic and utilizable plants, showing methods of growth, culture, etc., grapes, cotton, tobacco, flax, broom corn, jute, corn, sorghum, yucca fibres, etc.

The Interior Department.

The exhibit of the Interior Department occupied the south¬ west section of the building, and was large and interesting. The most of the articles were shown in glass cases.

The Patent Office. — The display made by this, the oldest and best known branch of the Interior Department, was large and exceedingly interesting. First of all were shown the publica¬ tions of the office, consisting of the annual reports, official gaz¬ ette; index to patents, general and yearly; volumes of patents, monthly and weekly ; decisions of the Commissioner of Patents; mechanical dictionary, and official classification.

A selected series of 60,000 drawings of models, and a selected series of 5000 models, all carefully chosen from the vast collec¬ tions of the Patent Office, were shown to serve in illustration of the work of the office. They embraced the following classes: agriculture, harvesters, mills and presses, architecture, civil engineering, railways, navigation, metallurgy, metal-working, wood- working, steam, hydraulics, pneumatics, mechanical move¬ ments, hoisting, horse-powers, journals and bearings, vehicles, fire-arms, textile, printing and stationery, stone, clay, glass?

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

617

l eather, light, heat, electricity, household, chemistry, gas, ice, and fine arts. Extending over so wide a range these models afforded a fair showing of the ingenuity and success of our country in the inventive arts, and furnished food for months of study. The exhibit was admirably classified, and if a man wanted to find a model of a certain stove, he had only to look in the division of heat; if he wanted to find a certain reaper, he would find it in the division of agriculture ; and so on throughout the list.

The National Museum made a deeply interesting exhibit of a case filled with relics of the illustrious Father of his Country. They consisted of the camp equipage and other articles used by General Washington during the Revolution. They were just as he left them at the close of the war, and were given to the general government for safe-keeping after his death. Here were the tents which constituted the head-quarters in the field of the great soldier. Every cord, every button and tent-pin was in its place, for he was careful of little things. His blan¬ kets, the bed-curtain worked for him by his wife, and his win¬ dow-curtain were all in an excellent state of preservation. The chairs were in perfect order, not a round being broken ; and the little square mirror in his dressing-case was not even cracked. The washstand and table were also well kept. His knife-case was filled with plain, horn-handle knives and forks, which were deemed “good enough for him;” and his mess-chest was a curiosity. It was a plain wooden trunk covered with leather, with a common lock, the hasp of which was broken. It was divided by thin partitions of wood into the necessary compart¬ ments, which were filled with bottles still stained with the liquids they once held, tin plates, common knives and forks, and other articles pertaining to such an establishment. His cooking utensils, bellows, andirons, and money chest, all of which went with him from Boston to-Yorktown, were in this case. Here also hung the suit of clothes worn by him upon the occasion of his resignation of his commission at Annapolis, in 1783, and here was the commission which he gave back to Congress, when he had completed his great work. A hall lan¬ tern and several articles from Mount Vernon, a “travelling

618

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

secretary,” Washington’s sword and canc, and a surveyor’s conn pass, presented by him to Captain Samuel Duvall, the surveyor of Frederick county, Maryland, were in the same case.

This collection included, also, the coat worn by Andrew Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, and the war-saddle of the Baron de Kalb; a bayonet used by one of Braddock’s soldiers, and found upon the fatal field of the Monongahela ; panels of the state coach of President Washington ; two splendidly orna¬ mented muskets presented to President Jefferson by the Emperor of Morocco ; a copy of the medal awarded by Congress to the captors of Major Andre; a number of splendid sabres presented to officials of the United States navy by Ali Pacha and other eastern sovereigns, and a model of an invention for lilting steam¬ boats over the sand-bars of western rivers, designed by Abraham Lincoln in 1849. Had Mr. Lincoln, then an obscure Western lawyer, succeeded with this invention, it would have made him independently wealthy. It failed, however, and twelve years later he became President of the United States. During: the interval the model lay forgotten in the Patent Office; but after his inauguration President Lincoln got one of the employes of the office to find it for him. After his assassination it was placed in the case containing the Washington relics.

The Pension Office exhibited its annual reports, and the statistics of its operations, together with some collections of historical interest relating to the war of the Revolution.

The General Land Office exhibited its annual reports, vol¬ umes of the laws of Congress relating to the public lands, digests of the decisions of the Commissioner, and other docu¬ ments. It displayed also maps, charts, and atlas of surveys, miscellaneous collections, and instruments and processes em¬ ployed in the land survey.

The Indian Office made the largest and most interesting exhibit in this section of the building. It embraced the reports and other publications of the office, maps of the Indian Reser¬ vations, photographs and paintings of the Indians, their mode of life, habits, etc., costumes of males and females, weapons of war, models of wigwams, tents, canoes, domestic utensils, and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

619

specimens of the arts and manufactures of the tribes. Captain Jack, fc>p]it Oak, Lull Hatchet, Llumsy IVIoccasin and other famous or obscure Indian braves were here in all the glory of life-size pupier-mache and stuffing, streaked on the face with red paint, and wearing the head-dress of feathers.

Some of them appeared to take pains in displaying their neck¬ laces of grizzly bears’ claws, others their belts full of dangling scalps, and still a third number deerskin tunics and breeches and a lavish decoration of bead and shell work. Sheet Light¬ ning wore a remarkable set of ear-drops which, if somewhat decreased in avoirdupois, would make first- rate car-couplings or thunder-bolts; and Iron Breast gazed grimly from behind a beaded sash of many colors that girded a puny trunk, a l’Empe- reur, from shoulder to waist, on the opposite side. The squaws of the Californian braves stood patient-looking and ready to hew down trees or turn up an acre or two of wild land with a rude spade-shaped piece of rock, while the lords and masters squatted away in the huts, effecting a chemical change in tobacco. These copper-hued matrons, and also the unmarried belles, won the

admiration of the warriors with necklaces of dried grass, aprons of braided grass, and short gowns of milk-weed fibre, some of the matrons adding to their embellishments the pappoose basket.

The little, puckered-mouthed, pug-nosed Esquimaux, with his slight sprinkling of a moustache and “goat,” was also exhibited. Arm-in-arm with him, and still more diminutive than himself, was his wife. Both were dressed in the white bear-skin garment, which was hood and coat combined. With the exception of their faces there was between everv portion of their bodies and the outside air a thickness of several inches of non-conducting substance.

Proceeding along the passages bounded on both sides by glass show-eases the visitor saw' in the latter vessels of plaited willow, resembling baskets, but having the interstices filled with cement, so as to hold w'ater, arrow-heads varying in size from the bulk of a three-cent silver piece to half that of a man’s hand, made of copper, sand-stone, flint, iron or stones of pretty colors, and bows and arrows of sizes differing to suit all, from the little,

620

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

naked, prospective warrior, who is made to practise against a target, up to the veteran over the door of whose tent hung the scalps of four-score pale faces.

There was no lack of baskets and cradles of willow, in which kicked and squalled many a hard-knocked pappoose. The medicine man’s rattle was also shown. With this magic appa¬ ratus the red-skinned physician rattles the demon of sickness or that raw head and bloody bones, known as the “ blues” (a thing the red man often gets), out of patient and out of cafnp. It sometimes happens, however, that the rattle proves inefficacious, but this signifies that the patient is loathsome in the eyes of the Great Spirit, and not that the medicine man is a hoax.

Passing by the innumerable wooden mush-sticks, iron war- knives, wooden war-clubs and stone spear-heads, the visitor came to a model of a portion of an ancient cave ruin on the Rio de Chclly, in Arizona ; also a model of an ancient cave town on the same river, and near the same place as the former. These models were in natural tints, and the crumbling walls seen within the spacious cave were not yet so far gone as to prevent one from observing the stamp of a prehistoric and high civilization. The cliff ruin, on the Rio Mancos, Colorado, was also represented by a model, and belonged to the same school as the preceding. There was, besides, a collection of broken pottery, arrow and spear-heads, fancy articles of bone, inlaid with shell, and other specimens — all taken from these ruins. Then came a long array of articles of bone-smoothing tools, wedges, perforators, harpoon heads, fifes and whistles. The objects of stone were innumera¬ ble, and comprised pestles and mortars ; a Mexican calendar, which was a circular object, about a foot in diameter, marked with concentric circles enclosing strange symbols, and used by the Aztecs pretty much as a Yankee uses his almanac; grooved axes, hammer stones, leaf-shaped implements, digging tools, hatchet stones, chisels, gouges, adzes, scraper-like and spade-like implements, net-sinkers, grind-stones, etc. Articles made of copper or shells were equally numerous. Tobacco pipes of stone or clay, and in the shape of dogs, cats, buffaloes, rattlesnakes, fairies or hobgoblins, filled several cases. There were fiendish-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

621

looking little household gods made of bone, inlaid with shell, manufactured by Alaskan Indians, and knives, spoons, forks, etc., excellently carved from bone by the Nushergak Indians of that Territory and by the Innuit Esquimaux. A curious feature was a reduced copy of a colossal carving at Fort Simpson, Ik C. representing the body and outspread wings of a bird with the head of a dog. The Indian tradition is that this was the sacred bird which brought over their ancestors from Asia. Copies of the sacred bird are found in various forms all through Alaska. Having passed through all these and the great number of dishes and. trays of carved vyood, those executed by the Indians of Sitka island being of especial merit, the visitor entered into an examina-

“ DUG-OUT" FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA, IX TIIE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

tion of the methods pursued in and the work accomplished by the Indian schools, which was deeply interesting.

In the nave, between the sections of the Interior Depart¬ ment and the Smithsonian Institute, was an immense canoe dug out of a single log of wood by the Indians of Vancouver’s island. It was sixty feet in length, with a breadth of beam of eight feet.

Here also were two large “totem posts,” from the Pacific coast. These posts are common among the Indian tribes of that region. To the uninformed, these “totem posts” look like rude idols of wood, reared in front of and towering high above the houses of the natives, but in reality they are nothing hut a sort of illustrated pedigree or family tree, or, more

G22

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

simply, “ name posts.” The Indian, when he takes a name for himself, from some real or supposed feature in his charac¬ ter, such as “The Dove,” “The Shark,” is accustomed to tattoo the rude figure of the animal suggested by his name upon his arm or breast. The Northwest Coast Indians still

further illustrate their names and family history by erecting in front of their houses tall posts of cedar, cut into combinations of human and animal forms. Each of these representations illustrates a generation in the pedigree of the owner. These posts are not worshipped, though they are supposed by the Indians to exercise a protecting in¬ fluence over their houses.

The Education Office was in charge of its Commissioner, General John Eaton. It made an interesting exhibit of models of country and town school-houses of the past and present times, and college buildings; specimens of school furniture and apparatus; a collection of school text books, showing the progress made in these works from those used at the opening of the century to those in use to-day; catalogues of colleges, schools, and charitable and benevolent institutions; statistics of education in the United States; 1 the reports and publications of the office; and a number of other matters of interest

QUKKN OHARtOTTF. ,Sr.On8> COnneCted Wlth tIlR P^OgrCSS ailJ P^t

IN THE UN ITF.D stateb oov- condition of the educational systems of this

F.RNMENT BUILDING.

and other countries.

The Census Office exhibited a complete set of the Decennial censuses of the United States from 1790 to 1870, with the “Statistical Atlas of 1870.”

The Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories was shown by the reports and bulletins of the various expeditions, topographical and geographical atlases, wall maps and charts,

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

623

panoramic photographs, paintings, etc. The windows in this section of the hall were filled with photographs of the scenery and geological formations of the vast region between the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains. The geological formation of noted peaks, plateaux, and valleys of this region was shown by means of topographical plaster work, variously colored, the colors being numbered with reference to an explanatory sched¬ ule. There were also models of the present condition of the ancient cliff habitations of the aboriginal inhabitants of Arizona and New Mexico, and models of the same restored.

VIEW OF SECTION OF FISH EXHIBIT, UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

The Smithsonian Institution and Commission on American

Food Fishes.

The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution was full of inter¬ est, to the ordinary sight-seer, ns well as to the scholar. The publications of the institution, its contribution to general knowl¬ edge, and its method of exchange with foreign institutions were shown.

Then followed an exhibit of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources of the United States. This was very complete, and was in charge of Mr. G. Browne Goode. The exhibit was divided into four sections. The first section included North American animals which are directly beneficial or injurious to man. The species which supply food, clothing, shelter, irople-

624

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

inents, materials, or amusement, were classed as useful, while those which endanger the life or personal comfort of man, or destroy those animals or plants which are of direct benefit to him, were considered injurious. The most prominent group in this section was a collection of penncpedia, such as fur-seals, sea- lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-elephants and walrus.

There were two specimens of stuffed walrus exhibited, one from the North Atlantic and one from the North Pacific. The last mentioned was one of the most striking objects in the col¬ lection, as it was fully fifteen feet in length and possessed of hard, strong horns, almost two feet long. Its fur was of a soft dark brown, which contrasted strangely with its ferocious ap¬ pearance. A harp seal exhibited near was equally ugly, while the monster sea-lion stood with lionine head and body erect, looking for all the world like some king of the forest suddenly turned into a lion-mermaid or merman. The fur-seals were all beautiful creatures, gracefully proportioned and clothed with the soft, rich, brown fur which gives them so great a commer¬ cial value. Near this collection was a group of fissipedia, such as bears, wolves, foxes, etc. These animals were classified as both useful and injurious to man, some of them being valuable as food, others for their fur, ivory, etc., while they are injurious as being the enemies either of man or domestic animals. In this group a magnificent specimen of the grizzly bear was shown, and also large polar bears.

A few steps farther on was an entirely different group, com¬ posed of representative species of the ungulata. There were among these two musk oxen from Arctic America, both much resembling the American bison in general appearance, but having the horns gracefully curved downwards instead of up¬ wards. A pretty prong-horn antelope from the Yellowstone river stood near these ferocious-looking animals, and immedi¬ ately behind it was a rare specimen of the American elk. This animal stood over five feet ten inches high, while its head towered almost two feet above its boclv. The antlers stretched far above both, and in spite of their seeming weight and an¬ gular lines gave the animal an air of grace and lightness com-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

625

bined with strength. Two very homely Rocky mountain goats wore seen near this noble animal, and the contrast was not complimentary to the goats, whose blunted features, grizzly beards and awkward forms were thus brought out in unpleas¬ antly bold relief.

The Rocky mountain sheep exhibited was a much more comely animal, its large heavy horns having a sickle shape, which lessened the effect of their length and weight. A mule- deci fiom Central America was not a. particularly interesting animal, but noai it was a beautiful specimen of the woodland caribou, captured in Maine; it was of a lovely fawn color, and had long sinewy limbs, denoting both strength and fleetness. Anothei cai ibou, from the northeastern part of the continent, atti acted much attention by its tremendous antlers, which seemed entirely out of proportion. Several Virginia deer and two large bison were also exhibited, and not far from them was a peccary, which, except in size, much resembled the wild boar of England. Ihcic was no exhibit of birds, reptiles, or insects, although the uses of many of them were shown in another por¬ tion of the department.

In addition to a lull display of water and land animals there w'ere also exhibited the various means employed in their pursuit and capture by hunters, trappers, and fishermen of North America, aboriginal and civilized. This collection may be regarded as a monograph of all matters relating to the chase and the fisheries of the country. In its arrangement the prin¬ ciples of zoological classification were closely followed, each distinct form being considered as a species, and the specific forms divided into genera, families, and orders, according to the general balance of the affinities. Thus, barbed instru¬ ments were placed with hooked instruments, while plain spears and lances were grouped with knives and clubs, in order to pre¬ serve the idea of their manner of use. The weapons in the first group consisted of instruments used for striking, such as salmon clubs, used by the Indians of the northwest coast, fishing clubs, and hunting clubs of various kinds. Among these were the

stone-headed and tooth and bone-pointed clubs, and clubs armed 40

G2G

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

with metal points, all of which have been used bv the abo¬ rigines. Then there was a large collection of hunting-dirks daggers, hunting-knives, scalp-knives, blubber-knives, board¬ ing, bowie, flaying, splitting, breeding and sheath-knives. Among the group of axes were tomahawks, hatchets, boat- hatchets, cleavers and whale spades.

There was a large display of fishing and whale lances, hunting spears, and prodding awls used in the piercing of the brain in killing fish for the table. In the second division were the grasp ing instruments, or those by which the power of the fingers is extended. These were classified with scoops, which included clam-shovels, trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals, hand dredges used in collecting mullusks, pile-scrapers, etc.; hooked instruments, such as gaff-hooks, jigs, grappling irons, lip-hooks or grapnels (used by whalers and oyster-rakers). Apiong the barbell instruments were harpoons, spears of variouc kinds, lily-irons, and dolphin- irons. There was also a large display of oyster and coral tongues, jerk -snares, lariats, and lassos, and bird-slings used by the Esquimaux. There were likewise dredge-tangles used by English collectors. In the group of missiles were exhibited weight and dead-falls, the throw-sticks used by the Moqui Indians, of New Mexico, in hunting rabbits; boomerangs, slings, and spears, thrown by straps; spears, with throwing-sticks, used by the Esquimaux ; bows and arrows, cross-bows, air-guns, water-guns, etc. All these implements were very curious, and ivhile many of them are familiar to all, many more are now rarely seen, even on exhibition, and never seen in use.

The collection of fire-arms was equally interesting, as it in¬ cluded guns and pistols from the most primitive form known to hunters to the beautiful rifles and revolvers of the present. The display began with a number of muzzle-loading arms with smooth bores, muskets, fowling-pieces, cane-guns, and so on upward through various kinds of rifles and riflc-<*m hines to breech-loading arms. In the latter group were revolving car¬ bines, pistols, revolvers, whaling-guns and harpoon guns. The various kiuds of ammunition used were shown in the same dc

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

627

partment, and included shot, explosive bullets, shells, wadding, shot and powder measure, and cartridges. Even the accessories of loading, cleaning, repairing, sighting, and testing fire-arms of all kinds used in hunting were also shown in the same de¬ partment.

In another group were arranged angling tackle of all kinds, set tackle, angling apparatus, and nets of every conceivable shape and size, from the rabbit nets used by the Indians of the Southwest to the largest seines. Among the traps were pocket- traps, pit-falls, turkey-traps, the old-fashioned figure four rabbit- traps, snares, springers, automatic dead falls, spring-guns, etc. The various kinds of apparatus used for wholesale destruction, such as poisons, asphyxiators, torpedoes, etc., were all represented in another group, and it is in fact difficult to conceive how such an exhibition could be made more complete.

This section also included an exhibit of the means of util¬ izing the various animals for food, and for the uses of com¬ merce and manufacture, and of preserving them for scientific use.

The Collection to Illustrate the Fishery Resources of the United States was exhibited in connection with the display of the Smith¬ sonian Institution, and was partly covered by the collection just described. It was very large and valuable, as it embraced photo¬ graphs or plaster casts of almost all the fishes found in the lakes, rivers, streams, bays and coasts of North America. The ex¬ hibit included in the pedeculati sea-bats or devil-fish, goose-fish used for bait, mouse-fish, etc. ; and, in the next genera, sun, rabbit, porcupine, swell, box, trunk, cow, file, and trigger-fish. From the porcupine-fish helmets are made, while oils used in medicine are obtained from the sun-fish.' The sea-horse, pipe-fish, snipe, and trumpet-fish and sticklebacks were next exhibited, and near them were species of the teleocephali, such as soles, flounders, flat-fish, turbot, halibut, cod, pollock, haddock, hake, ling, cusk, turbot, rockling, lance, etc. In the next group were casts of the wolf-fish, blenny, toad-fish, sea-snail, goby, sea- robin, gwinard, sculpin, sea-raven, Norway haddock or hem- durgun, redfish, rock-cod, from the western coast; black-fish or

G28

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tautog, dinner or chogset, parrot-fish, from the Pacific. There were also in this collection sonic fine samples of the sturgeon anglo, sword, bayonet, and scabbard-fish; several casts of chae- todous mackerel, cero, tunny, bonito, pompana, pilot-fish and dolphin.

The more common inhabitants of our waters, such as bass, porgies, perch, blue-fish, etc., were all represented by casts taken from excellent specimens. Several fine casts of the gar-fish and flying-fish attracted much attention, and near them was a group of haplomi, such as blind-fish, pike, pickerel, etc. Among the more interesting specimens were casts of the clumaira or king of the herrings, skates, devil-fish, and sharks. These enemies of man and fishes possessed many interesting peculiarities which eould be studied at leisure and in safety at the Government Building, and were, of course, objects of no little curiosity.

All the apparatus used in the capture of these animals was exhibited in another part of the building, and this display in¬ cluded angling tackle of all kinds, from the delicate fly to the shark gear, set tackle, such as surface, floating trowl, and bottom set lines, together with all the parts and accessories of angling apparatus and of harpoon and seine lines. Among these were itiwd, sirAnw, con1 arm1 Am AW Aooils, jigs, arm1 Mw AiW-if.-A drails made of bone and metal of the Newport, Noank, Provi¬ dence and Provincetown patterns. Adjoining this was a display of whalers’ chains and lines, fluke chains and ropes, head-picks, blocks, pendants, sinkers, seine-floats, reels, gunwale-winches, dredge-line rollers, seine- windlasses, etc.

A most interesting subdivision of this department was a col¬ lection of boats used in fishing. These included birch canoes and the whaling canoes used by the Indians of the northwest coast, Kyaks, Umiaks, Indian raft-boats, launches, ancient “ dug-outs,” scows, oyster-boats, seine boats for lake and sea use, Potomac seine-boats, dorys, sharpnis, dingies, the Italian fishing- boats, now used in California, Adirondack, and Alexandria hay boats, and mackerel and oyster smacks. The herring, Mackinaw, Huron, Norwegian and other boats used in the great lake fisheries were also exhibited by models. Near the western boun-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

G2-9

dary of the section were five cases filled with models of fishing craft used by Indians. These implements were of course rude hi construction, and yet they were evidently well adapted for the purposes for which they were intended. On tliree of these cases were placed specimens of the Atwood shark, a man-eater found in the Atlantic ocean, and the sand-shark and horse-mackerel which inhabit the waters off the eastern coasts of America.

In one large, handsome case was exhibited by models the means of pursuit and capture of the whale, and the manner in which it is prepared for market. In the centre of a green, wavy surface, representing the ocean, was a beautiful model of a lull- rigged whaler, while a little farther off was a whale-boat and a crew in pursuit of their prey. The harpooning or striking the whale was shown by another model, while, in still another, was a boat-crew watching the animal in its “death-flurry.” Some of the dangers of whaling were represented by a boat in the jaws of the enraged monster of the deep, while the crew were strug¬ gling in the waves. By the side of the ship was a whale just captured, and the manner in which the pieces are drawn on board was shown by a complete reproduction of all the imple¬ ments and apparatus necessary for the work. The oil is taken from the head in buckets, but the pieces of the back are hauled one at a time on board, and from this flesh oil of a second grade is obtained by boiling. Not far from this was a case of models of fish-ways of all kinds, and an exhibit of hooks completed the display.

The Collection to Illustrate the Ethnology of the United States was exhibited conjointly with that of the Indian Bureau of the Interior Department, and was in charge of Dr. Charles Row. It comprised objects of flaked and chipped, and pecked, ground and polished stone, used by the primitive inhabitants of America, such as arrow and spear-heads, perforators and scrapers, cut¬ ting and sawing implements, chisels, gouges, axes, hammers, adzes, ceremonial weapons, stone vessels, pipes, tubes, ornaments and sculptures; objects of copper, bone, shell, pottery and terra¬ cotta ware; carvings on wood; skulls; mummies; samples of food, and models, drawings and samples of articles of common

G30

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

use to illustrate the habits, daily life, pastimes, religion and war- fare of the ancient Indian tribes.

The Collection to Illustrate the Mineral Resources of the United States was in charge of W. P. Blake. The principal objects of this collection of the useful ores and minerals of the country were to illustrate: 1st. The nature and variety of the mineral resources of the United States; 2d. The geographical distribu¬ tion and geological associations of the minerals; 3d. The extent to which they have been utilized ; 4th. The mechanical, metal¬ lurgical and chemical processes by which they are extracted or converted into useful products; 5th. The inherent and compara¬ tive qualities of the extractive products. A portion of the col¬ lection was arranged according to the nature of the objects, irrespective of locality, but the bulk of the exhibition was grouped geographically by States. There was also a section devoted to models and drawings, and one to geological maps and graphic charts. This collection occupied the northeast portion of the Government Building, upon the right of the main aisle.

The Treasury Department.

The exhibit of the Treasury Department was small, and was located in the north end of the building. It was confined chiefly to the Revenue Departments.

Specimens of all the treasury notes, fractional currency and other bills issued by the government, and notes of various de¬ nominations issued by national banks, were displayed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

In a small but handsomely fitted-up court the Supervising Architect of the Treasury exhibited a fine plaster model of the Custom House and Post-office at Nashville, Tennessee, and drawings of the custom houses and post-offices of the principal ports of entry of the Union. Here was a case of all the medals struck at the United States Mint, at Philadelphia, and here were samples of all the revenue stamps used by the Treasury in its various branches. Samples of liquors in barrels, and tobacco in packages were exhibited, in order to show the modo of collecting the revenue upon these articles; and here were

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

631

Siam pies of the testing apparatuses and scales, and the locks used by the department.

The Coast Survey Office exhibited maps and charts of the coast and the various rivers, bays, harbors, etc., of the country, with models of the appliances by which the work of this branch of the public service is carried on.

i he Lighthouse Board exhibited specimens of the various lights used on our coast, and of the means employed to supply the various light stations both ashore and afloat. Here was a huge rotaiy lantern, one of the most striking objects to be seen within the building. This beautiful piece of workmanship stood over fifteen feet from the floor, and was covered with prisms which gleamed like the fabled gems of the Orient. But these pretty pieces of crystal were not placed in the lantern for ornament; every prism had its individual duty to perform in so refracting the rays of light that they will gleam out upon the night, not m diverging and ever-weakening directions, but in parallel lines which retain their brightness for miles. Reflect ois are also used, and as these are parabolical in shape the eflect is the same; every ray is caught and reflected in a band of light, which preserves its brilliancy for an almost infinite distance.

These lanterns therefore utilize every ray of light and send them forth in parallel lines in any direction. The details of these lanterns are so complete that even the few rays which do not pass through the prism are reflected at such angles as to make them parallel with those. refracted ; so it will be seen that not a single ray or portion of a ray is lost. The effect is, of course, to give forth a gleam which no sailor near a dangerous coast could fail to see, and which, warning him in time, must be often blessed as the halo above the forehead of a guardian angel. These lamps were of six classes, the first for projecting headlands, the second for less prominent points, and the smaller lights for narrow seas, or passages, rivers, etc. The largest lamp on exhibition was what is known as a revolving or flash¬ light; it was run by clock-work, which received its power from a weight suspended in the tower on which it was placed, and only required winding about once in every five hours. The

C32

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

object of the flash-light is, of course, to indicate the locality on which it is stationed, so that no mariner can possibly be mis¬ led by it. The flashes can be made at intervals of from sixty to ten seconds, and as these intervals are understood by pilots, they can at once recognize their bearing and act accordingly. In the three larger lamps lard oil is used, while in the others petroleum has been found most effective, ms it gives a more in¬ tense light. The experiment of using petroleum in the larger lanterns has been carefully made, but it was found that the increased heat emanating from the argand burners volatizes the mineral oil so rapidly that the lenses become coated with carbon. With lard oil the illuminating power of these lanterns is equal to that of from 350 to 450 wax candles. In the same depart¬ ment were two ran tie- lights similar in size to those which are being erected on the Delaware. These Delaware towers are so located in relation to each other that a pilot coming up the river at night will need only to so steer his boat as to see but one light; that is, make one light hide the other, and he will have no difficulty in keeping the channel. These lights are provided with a parabolical reflector, and are, of course, stationary. Among the other lighthouse exhibits were several floating lamps, which can be anchored off* of any shoal.

The Navy Departmeni.

The Navy Department occupied the southeast section of the Government Building, and made a large and attractive display of the workings of its various branches. Its section was taste¬ fully draped with bunting, and from the roof hung the various flags used by the navy from its origin down to the adoption ot the stars and stripes, the pennants of the various grades of com¬ modore, admirals’ flags, and the various signals in use by the service. The portraits of the secretaries of the navy, from the establishment of the government to the present time, and of the naval heroes of our wars, were hung around the section, and added to the attractiveness and interest of the display.

At the western end of the section, fronting the transept, were

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

G33

two powerful marine engines, one a compound screw engine of 800 horse-power ; the other a back-acting condensing engine of 500 horse-power. Immediately in the rear of these were two compound marine boilers, each eight feet in diameter; and close by were specimens of the cutter engine with vertical boiler. These were exhibited by the Steam Engineering Branch of the Department.

The Ordnance Branch displayed its publications and reports, which hold a high rank among professional men. It exhibited a number of torpedoes, both automatic, stationary and movable. The first torpedo ever used in this country was shown, and the various improvements were exhibited in a progressive manner until perfection was reached in the Ericsson and Lay torpedoes. The Lay is considered the most perfect movable torpedo known. One of these here exhibited was made of wrought-iron plates, had somewhat the shape of two cones joined at their bases, and was about eighteen feet long and two and a half feet in diameter. Its interior was divided into four sections, separated by bulk¬ heads. In the forward section was placed the charge of seventy- five pounds of dynamite, or three hundred pounds of powder, on the outside of the shell being the concussion fuses. In the second section were vessels of carbonic acid gas, which furnished the motive power to the engine, the latter operating the helm. The engine was connected by electric wire— a reel of which was in the third section — with the operator on land or shipboard, the electric current opening or closing the throttle- valve, and thus causing the streams of carbonic acid flowing through pipes to have the same effect upon the engine as steam. The after section contained the engine, which guided the infernal machine at the will of the operator. From each end of the torpedo rose a pole four or five feet long, bearing a signal flag, one being red and the other white, so that the operator can the better distin¬ guish a line in sighting. The signals appear just above water, the torpedo floating underneath, and, shark-like, awaiting its prey. It. is sometimes sent out as far as three miles from the operator, and can be drawn back at will. The towing torpedo is towed alongside from the foreyard of a vessel, while the spar

634

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

torpedo is fixed upon a little craft of its own, above water and upon spars extending out over the bow. The craft is despatched upon its errand after the manner of the Lay.

This branch also exhibited specimens and models of the vari¬ ous guns used in the naval service, and of small arms.

Prominent in the formidable array of heavy guns were the Gatling battery gun, having a crank at the breech and a re¬ ceiver on top, into which the cartridges are dropped, the gunner turning the crank with his right hand and loading with his left, firing from sixty to eighty shots a minute, and thus grind¬ ing out death as though from a coffee-mill ; and the terrible, raking Billinghurst battery, consisting of a horizontal layer of twenty-five guns, which are all fired sirnultaneouslv. Near these was an immense area of wall covered with shelving, upon which were specimens of all the varieties of guns now used or ever used by the United States marines ; scabbards and swords, modern and ancient, handsome and ludicrously odd; also an almost endless variety of murderous-looking shells, grape-shot, canister and solid round shot — some new, others having been fired, but retaining perfect shape, and still others cracked, broken in pieces, dented or battered, the lot having doubtless maimed many a goodly ship, made daylight shine through stone walls and carried off many a poor tar’s head. Elsewhere there were large and handsome glass eases, containing thousands of models of forts, batteries, ordnance and weapons of all kinds used in naval service, torpedoes and the rigging and machinery of men-of-war. The two most curious features of the section were rusty and half-decayed weapons obtained from sunken war ships, and full uniformed figures representing Jack Tar in all the transformations he has undergone during the last hundred years.

Instruments for inspecting heavy guns and for gauging and inspecting shot and shell were shown ; also samples of gun¬ powder, percussion powder, cartridges, rammers, scrapers, sponges, grenades, war rockets and all the various articles which are used for the armament of a fighting ship, the old and new styles being shown side by side in many cases.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

635

The ordnance branch also exhibited papier-mach6 figures clad in the dress of the sailors and marines of the navy at the various periods of its history; and a number of interesting and valuable naval relics. In this collection were two small brass guns brought from Spain bv Hernando Cortez, and used by him in the conquest of Mexico.

The Navigation Branch exhibited navy bunting and navy flags, illustrating the present state of the bunting manufacture in the United States, as shown in the bunting made for the navy and known as “navy-bunting,” and also the mode of making flags by dyeing in pattern. A machine for testing bunting was also shown.

Here were specimens of logs to be used by hand or steam, with an exhibit of the improvements in Sir William Thomson’s Sounding Machine, and the various devices for detaching sinkers and bringing up specimens of bottom, water, etc. An ingenious apparatus for displaying signal-lights at night was also shown, and close by were cases of compasses for various uses, instru¬ ments for testing them, adjustable binnacles, sextants, quad¬ rants and the various apparatus used for determining latitude and longitude.

The Naval Observatory exhibited its publications, photo¬ graphs of astronomical and other objects, and a series of" fine chronometers.

The observatory having for some time past been intimately connected with Arctic expeditions, and Rear-Admiral Davis, Superintendent of the Naval Observatory, being engaged in preparing an official narration of the expedition of the “ Po¬ laris,” a design was formed and carried out for a collection of relies of the celebrated Arctic and Antarctic explorers. In a high glass show-case, fourteen feet square, standing near a fine bust of Kane, were shown, on one side, the prismatic compass, transit, sextant and other instruments used by that intrepid navigator near the frigid wilds of Western Greenland ; draw¬ ings and paintings of Arctic scenery and animal life, executed by himself, and the flag of the “Advance,” the ship in which he made his second voyage ; the three other sides of the case

G36

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

contained relics of the expeditions of Hayes, Ilall and Brad¬ ford; the flag that Wilkes took on his Antarctic expedition in the ship “ Peacock,” the same flag being taken by Kane, Haves and Hall also on their Arctic voyages; relics of Sir John Franklin’s expedition, including portions of his vessel secured by Captain Hall in his second expedition and brought back by him then, together with relics of Parry’s voyage; the journals kept by Hall in his “Polaris” expedition, and a fac-simileof the sledge made for Captain Hall by “ Esquimaux Joe.”

The Hydrographic Office exhibited the charts, books and other publications issued by it, which are of interest chiefly to professional seamen.

The Nautical Almanac Office exhibited its publications, which showed the care and skill exercised in the control of this im¬ portant branch of the service.

The Yard and Docks Branch exhibited handsome and care¬ fully prepared plans of the navy-yards at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Boston, New York, Washington, Norfolk, Pensa¬ cola and Mare Island, California. Here were also plans of the machinery in use at the principal navy-yards, photographs of the buildings, and perfect and elaborately executed models of the dry-docks at the Boston, New York, Norfolk and Mare Island navy-yards.

The Equipment and Recruiting Branch exhibited a specimen of Young’s Ship Galley, with utensils for cooking for five hun¬ dred men ; life-boats, lanterns, and the various articles needed for the fitting up of a ship. In this section were coils of hide and Russian hemp ropes and manilla lines of various lengths and thicknesses, some of the hempen cables being nine inches thick ; and coils and reels of steel- wire rope, some of which con¬ tained as much as one hundred and thirty-five fathoms, the thickness of the rope ranging from three-eighths of an inch to two inches in diameter.

The Construction and Repair Branch exhibited against the eastern wall models of the hulls of the “ Constitution ” and a number of the other famous vessels of the navy, and in the nave fronting the War Department was a full-rigged model of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

637

the United States sloop-of-war “Antietam.” The model was forty-one feet in length ; was perfect from water-line to rail ; was fully rigged, with sails, and carried twenty-two broadside guns. Every detail was perfect, and the vessel was one of the most beautiful and attractive pieces of workmanship in the hall. To the south of this model was a transverse section of the same vessel, on a smaller scale, showing the mode of construction of an American man-of-war. A full-rigged model of the old French line-of-battle ship “Dante,” of about the year 1600. was close by, and the contrast between it and the model of the “Antietam ” showed almost at a glance the improvement that has been made in the construction of vessels of war.

The Medical and Surgical Branch made a complete exhibit of the medicines and hospital stores used in the navy. Here were cases of the surgical instruments supplied in the service ; cots and stretchers for the transportation of the wounded in action ; beds with woven wire mattress; arrangements for venti¬ lating the holds of ships; a model, one thirty-second part the size of the original, of the “sick bay” of the famous ship “ Hart¬ ford,” which, it will be remembered, was Farragut’s flagship during the late civil war. On the south wall of the section were photographs of the naval hospitals of the United States, and of the homes for disabled sailors and marines. A sectional model of the hospital ship “ Idaho,” showing all three decks, was included in this collection.

The Pay, Provision and Clothing Branch exhibited clothing and materials for making the same issued in the navy; a pack¬ age showing the manner of packing clothing for sea; and speci¬ mens of rations and stores of all kinds issued to the men. Here also were specimens of the blanks, books, iron safes and locks used in the Paymaster’s department.

The navy appeared to excellent advantage here, and showed in a striking manner the thoroughness and excellence which have always distinguished this branch of the public service of our country.

G38

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The War Department.

The exhibit of the War Department occupied the northeast section of the building. It was quite large and included every branch of the military service, the thoroughness and efficiency of which were so well tested during the late civil war.

The Signal Service claimed our attention at first. The exhibit was in charge of Lieutenant Grugan, and the principal part of it was a signal or weather station fully equipped and in opera¬ tion, with recording instruments, telegraph wires, a printing press and a full corps of' observers. One set of instruments was in actual service, and other instruments recorded changes in the weather, which were wholly artificial, exaggerating their natural action so as to show the principle upon which they work.

“ This very important branch of the government service has been, to a very great extent, the creation of General Albert J. Myer, Chief Signal Officer, United States army, who is now familiarly known as ‘Old Probabilities/ who, though he does not ‘regulate the weather/ does regulate the carrying of um¬ brellas and overshoes. Indeed, he received the thanks of a prominent brother officer in charge of the opening ceremonies on the 10th instant for ordering up^ under the most discourag¬ ing circumstances, the few hours of sunshine which rendered those services so enjoyable.

“General Myer was in command of the Signal Corps during the war, a corps which rendered very important services in com¬ municating information across districts where it would have been impracticable fot* the United States Military Telegraph Corps to have run its wires. At the close of the war, however, there was little left for this corps to do, the Telegraph Corps was abolished, having only a quasi military status, and General Myer was called upon to organize a system of daily weather reports in connection with his Signal Service Corps. This his studies and tastes admirably fitted him for, and the work was begun.

“ Records have long been kept at all the military stations, and

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

639

much of the ground-work of a correct system had been already prepared. The Smithsonian Institution too had, with limited means and volunteer observers, developed the science of fore¬ telling the weather and tracing the course of storms to a greater extent than any other organized effort had ever done. The weakness of all methods, however, had been in the fact that volunteer observers, though enthusiastic, could not be relied upon; for, to suit their own convenience, or through uninten¬ tional neglect, the observations were not made at the proper moment, or were made by unskilled persons.

“ General Myer started out with the principle that the ob¬ servers should be not only qualified but should be under strict military discipline. In this way only could reliable data be obtained. He therefore accepted none but enlisted men for observers, and these were first instructed in their duties before being put into service.

“Observing stations were established at all the important cities in the Union, and at every sea and lake port which was accessible by telegraph. Many other important seaports have since been reached by a coast line of telegraph, built for the purpose by this department. At these stations observations are made three times in the twenty-four hours, at intervals of eight hours, all being made at the same instant of time. The results of these oliservations are sent immediately by telegraph, by the operators connected with the signal office, to the office of Gen¬ eral Myer, at Washington, and from these data skilled officers make up the 1 probabilities’ for each locality, which are so universally consulted by the readers of the morning papers before they venture over their thresholds. The predictions and the reports from all the stations are telegraphed to each station.

1 he observers note, first, the state of the barometer; second, the state of the thermometer; third, the humidity of the atmosphere; fourth, the rainfall ; fifth, the direction and velocity of the wind. For this purpose each office is provided with a barometer, a thermometer, a wet and dry bulb thermometer, a rain-gauge and an anemometer.

“ The display at the Government Building was intended to

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

G 10

show a signal station with all these appliances, and with nianv others which are now in use, or being tested at the office of the Chief Signal Officer. The above-named instruments, as ex¬ hibited, were all self-registering, and made a record fuller and more accurate than any made by human observers. They were all of American invention, and were principally by gentlemen connected with the service.

“ Lieutenant Gibbon’s barograph or self-registering barometer is the usual syphon-shaped mercurial barometer, in the short leg of which an iron Jloat rests upon the column of mercury. The slightest change in the level of the column makes this float rise or fall, and its motion is communicated by a cord running over a pulley to the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet. The arma¬ ture of the magnet communicates its motion to a pen which dots the surface of a cylinder moved slowly bv clockwork, thus registering the slightest change and the exact moment of its occurrence. The paper with which the surface of the cylinder is covered is ruled to cover a space of fourteen days, and as each paper is removed it is filed away as a permanent record of that period of time. Foreman’s barograph is in its leading charac¬ teristics like the one above described, and has also an attachment which automatically prints in figures each change of one- thousandth of an inch.

“Hough’s thermograph is a self-registering thermometer. It consists of a syphon tube, a short leg of which is expanded into a larger tube with a closed end. In this short leg is placed alcohol, which is confined there by a column of mercury in the longer leg, which is open at the top. The thermometer operates by the contraction and expansion of the spirits by cold or heat, raising the column of mercury as the spirits expand, and letting it sink as it contracts. Upon the surface of the mercury is a float, which rises and falls with the column, and by a very deli¬ cate apparatus operates a circuit-breaker of an electro-magnetic circuit. This again, as in the case of the barograph, is made to record the changes on a revolving cylinder.

“ A marine barograph is constructed much like the one first described, except that the tube containing the mercury is made

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

G41

of iron instead of glass. It lias an attachment to hang it up by, which keeps it always in a perpendicular position.

“ Eecard’s evapograph is an instrument for determining the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, and registering the result. This is determined by the rapidity with which water exposed to the atmosphere will evaporate. The instrument is an open cylindrical vessel filled with water, resting upon a delicate scale; as the water evaporates the vessel is lightened and rises, the slightest change being sufficient to operate the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet, which, as in other instru¬ ments, records the changes on the cylinder moved by clock¬ work. The motion, of course, is always upward, as evapora¬ tion continually goes on with greater or less rapidity.

“Gibbon’s electrical rain and snow gauge records, in like manner, the depth of the rain or melted snow which falls in any given time. A receiver is situated on the roof of the building, the area of the upper section of which is a certain number of times as great as the base of the cylinder of the instrument with which it is connected by a tube. Upon the water in the lower cylinder is a float, which, as it rises, communicates its motion by an electro-magnet to the recording apparatus as before described.

“Eccard’s rain-gauge dispenses with the electro-magnet, the float communicating its motion by a counterpoise to the clock¬ work. This is a very simple and effective instrument.

“ Gibbon’s anemograph measures and records the velocity and direction of the wind. Upon the roof of the observing station four hemispherical cups, placed vertically on horizontal arms, catch the slightest movement of the air and cause the arms to revolve. A certain number of revolutions equalling in the distance travelled one mile of distance travelled by the wind, closes an electric circuit, and an electro-magnet records the same on a revolving cylinder. This cylinder, moving by clock-work, should there be no movement of the magnet, will cause the pencil to make a long, straight line; with a high wind the record is frequently made, and the line is broken up into longer or shorter sections, corresponding with the velocity of the wind.

41

G42

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The direction is indicated on another cylinder. There are four magnetic circuits connecting with the four points at the weather- vane, corresponding with the four points of the compass. Once in four minutes the clock-work makes a record, and that record is made by the pen of whichever circuit the weather-vane has at the time closed. Eceard’s anemograph dispenses with the electric circuit, and makes its record on the cylinder by entirely mechanical means. The weather-vane in turning revolves the rod to which it is attached, which communicates its motion directly, or by gearing, to the pen, without the intervention of an electro-magnet.

“ The above-described instruments are thought to be the most reliable of any invented, and are in every respect the most simple in construction. The anemograph, or wind instrument, is perfectly satisfactory; and Eccard’s barograph, or self- registering barometer, is the most perfect and simple of any yet invented. The limited appropriations made to the department make it impossible to introduce these wonderful and almost intelligent instruments into all the offices. The only recording instrument used in all offices is the simplest form of anemo¬ graph, which notes the velocity of the wind. The barometers, thermometers, rain gauges and humidity thermometers are all read by the eye of the observer at stated times, with the possible liability to errors either of the eye or hand, and the entire lack of a record of the time intervening between the observations.

“The publication branch of the office is also equipped and in operation in this display. Each morning a chart is printed showing the results of the observations taken at 7.35 a. m., with the prophecies concerning the weather for the day. rJhe observers send their reports by telegraph to the Chief Signal Officer at Washington in cipher, for the double purpose of securing accuracy in the transmission and brevity in the despatch. These reports are translated, and ‘ Old Probabil¬ ities ’ forecasts the weather from these data. General Myer himself sometimes does this and his predictions are generally verified ; Lieutenant Craig, Lieutenant Dunwoody and Fro-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

643

fessor Abb6e usually perform this work, each taking his turn for one month, while the others are assigned to other duties such as the verification of the prophecies from the returns received at a later date, and editing the publications made daily, weekly and monthly of the phenomena observed. In the dailv bulle¬ tin is the synopsis of the reports, the probabilities, and the verification or failure of the prophecies. The weekly bulletin gives a resume of the observations of the week, noting the com¬ mencement and progress of storms, their duration and other circumstances connected with them. The monthly bulletin is of a similar character, becoming more general in its nature. Reports are also received by mail from similar organizations in various parts of the world, and by means of these the whole route of a storm can frequently be tracked from its inception in the Rocky mountain range, where the greater number originate, to where they leave our shore, and, crossing the Atlantic, break on the western coast of Europe, traversing that continent to a greater or less extent. Many reports are sent in by masters of vessels, and thus an almost connected account of any remark¬ able storm is obtained. In fact, it is hoped that, with proper support, the time is not far distant when vessels will be specially commissioned to take these observations in mid-ocean.

1 he charts printed at the various stations each day are posted in conspicuous places for the benefit of seafaring men and others, and their predictions are the guide to outward- bound vessels. In fact, the skipper who should take out his craft from an Atlantic port after the danger signal had been raised and the bulletin had informed him that a cyclone had started up the coast, would be regarded as a most reckless man to have charge of a vessel.

“ It may be interesting to know how the data received point out the course of a storm. Long experience has shown that cer¬ tain conditions of barometer and thermometer produce certain or nearly certain results. For instance, by taking a weather • chart and drawing a line through all of the stations where the barometer is lowest, and drawing another line through all the stations with highest barometer, it will be observed from

644

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the arrows showing the direction of the wind that they all point from the latter line to the former line, or area of low barometer These low or high barometer areas move usually a little to the north of east, and, with two observations as a basis of calcula¬ tion, their velocity can be readily determined. Occasionally two or more low barometer areas or storm centres will unite iii one grand storm. Observations have shown that the cyclones which start from the West Indies take one of two routes or divide and pass over both. They come northward to the southern coast of Florida, then follow the Gulf Stream north¬ ward, or dash westward through the Gulf of Mexico, or divide at that point and go both ways.

“ These daily charts are not alone valuable to the navigator.

O /

but are distributed for the benefit of the farmers. At a post- office distributing station, like Philadelphia, the midnight re¬ port is printed and goes out in the early morning mails to every post-office where it can be received early enough to be of service. These charts are hung up in the post-offices, and arc consulted with much interest. The signs of the coming weather, which are usually looked for in the horns of the moon, in t he dew upon the grass, in the pigs carrying straws, in the wind ‘back¬ ing round/ and other mysterious and ambiguous methods of getting up a wise prophecy, are now looked upon with deserved contempt in the rural districts, and the prophet who uses them is verily without honor in his own country.

“ Lieutenant Grugan has constructed some appliances by which the apparatus on exhibition will be made to work rapidly enough to satisfy the most impatient sight-seer. He will raise the wind from any quarter, and at any rate of speed, from ten to sixty miles an hour, which will set the apparatus, elevated a few feet above the heads of the spectators, in motion. This is accom¬ plished by means of a fan near the engine-house, which forces a current of air through pipes to the required spot. A shower- bath arrangement will produce an artificial rain-fall; the other instruments will work in the building without aid.”

ri he field work of the Signal Service is of little consequence in time of peace, but during a war it is of the highest impor-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

645

tance, as it is by means of it that distant portions of the army communicate with each other in the presence of an enemy. The display of it was made partly in the building and partly in the grounds to the westward of the building. The flags, books and smaller instruments used by the Signal Corps were exhibited in the building. In the grounds was a complete field telegraph train, fully equipped and ready to erect fifty miles of portable telegraph line. A portable signal tower, constructed of light iron bars, rose to a height of seventy-two feet, and at its base were the wagons designed for its transportation. Here were the semaphore apparatus, signal flags, torches, rockets, bombs, mortars, colored lights, and other apparatus used for communi¬ cating with troops in the field and with vessels. One of these is called a “heliograph,” and is a large mirror which transmits signals by sending flashes of the sun in different directions and at regular intervals.

The Quartermaster's Department exhibited a number of fig¬ ures clothed in the uniforms used at various times in the Amer¬ ican army from the Revolution to the present day. In this section were shown the tents, cooking utensils and tools, musical instruments, blankets and beds, and machinery for cutting out clothing and making shoes used in the army. Here also were the portable forges, and the horse-shoes, in use at present, and a complete exhibit of the system of farriery practised in the service. The wagon train was placed out of doors to the north of the building, and has been already referred to.

4 he Engineer Corps made one of the most interesting exhibits in the building. Maps and drawings of the great works con¬ structed on the coast, the improvements of rivers, lakes, and harbors from 1776 to 1876, were shown.

Harbor improvements were illustrated by models of the dif¬ ferent kinds of crib-work used in building piers on our great lakes, by drawings and models of improved dredge-boats, snag- boats, and grapples, by a fine model of the pier built on iron- screw piles at Lewes, Delaware, and by a model of the work at Hell Gate, New York, showing in miniature all the details of that important undertaking. This model was so arranged that

646

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the bed of the river could be raised, disclosing all the galleries which were driven underneath it. Next to this model was a model of a steam-drilling scow, used in drilling holes for blast¬ ing rock under water where the current is very rapid. The peculiarity of the scow is a large iron dome, which can be lowered to the bed of the river, and inside of which divers can carry on their submarine work without being troubled by the current, no matter how rapid it may be.

Military engineering was illustrated by models made by Ser¬ geant Benson, of the engineer battalion, on a scale of one inch to the foot, of a complete pontoon train. These models, com¬ prising wagons, boats, trestles, forge, tool-wagon, and every¬ thing pertaining to a pontoon bridge, were made of black walnut and German silver, and were accurate to the smallest particular. The way the bridge is built was shown on a glass river, constructed for the purpose. Hanging above the model bridge train were a wicker gabion, iron gabion, and sap fagot. Near by were samples of intrenching tools.

A very interesting table was the one containing the various kinds of torpedoes and the electrical apparatus connected there¬ with, and in a glass tank were shown models of the same things in the water, so that one could see exactly how these terrible weapons of defence are arranged in actual warfare. In another tank was a model of an iron crate, with what are called pressure- plugs, used to determine the force of explosion of dynamite under water.

These models were made by Sergeant Nolty, of the battalion of engineers. One large table was devoted to models of counter¬ poise gun-carriages, which are devices by means of which heavy guns can be lowered below the parapet, loaded with safety from the enemy’s fire, and raised again to be fired, and all with the greatest ease.

The display of instruments pertaining to geodesy, meteorology, a2id astronomy, was very fine, and spoke volumes for the knowl¬ edge and ability possessed by our engineer officers.

A model of a sounding machine was interesting to hvdro- graphers. By it twenty soundings can be taken in a minute

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

647

and automatically recorded. Quite a striking display was that of specimens of building stone, from over one hundred different quarries. These specimens were four inch cubes, with one side polished, and were arranged on a black velvet pyramid, which showed them off to great advantage.

A complete display was made of the various articles needed for the equipment of the Engineer Corps of the army in active service. The pontoon train was exhibited in the grounds north of the building. In the li&'l were field photographic instru¬ ments, siege and mining tools, and reconnoissanee instruments.

The Ordnance Service exhibited its large guns outside of the building, as has been stated. The display within the hall was large, and merited the most careful study.

The manufacture of arms was shown in the most admirable manner. Here was seen in practical operation all the rifle¬ making machinery which the Government Armory at Spring- field, Massachusetts, could crowd into the limited space. The skilful men operatives began with the round bars of steel and the long blocks of black walnut, turning out complete the handsome weapons of death almost as rapidly as the latter could be made to end human lives. The plain strip of walnut was applied to the lathe, and in three minutes and fifteen seconds was perfectly gun -shaped ; then to the borer, which pre¬ pared it for the. lock in one more minute. It was then a finished stock. To enumerate all the other machines used before coming to the gun-barrel, including the gang-driller for boring out the receiver, the miller for milling the same, the firing-pin and tang-screw machines, would be attempting too much in this space. All of them were of gigantic strength, and yet their construction was as fine as that of a watch. There must be no irregularity in their operation, not even to the ex¬ tent of the one-thousandth part of an inch. The barrel is bored out by three or four augers of different and regularly increasing size. One of these guns, a Springfield breech-loading rifle, is wrought upon by no less than 550 different operatives before it is perfect. These manage 1200 machines, and the number of guns which they can turn out in a day of eight hours is about

648

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

400. The bayonet-grinder attracted hundreds about him. The

n wrought into nearly perfect shape, he took and applied it to a fmc-grained grindstone, making 1500 revo¬ lutions per minute. The sparks did not fly; they flew straight

out like the tail of a comet. It is known, of course, that all

this machinery was operated by steam, the engine-house beino- immediately outside the main building.

In the adjoining section the manufacture of cartridges and bullets was in progress. Nine women were employed in making cartridges, there being as many different machines, and through these must go the constituents that finally come out a cartridge. There was the cutter and cupper, which cuts the copper plates into circular pieces as large as a silver half-dollar, and then punches them through a hole, shaping them like a cup. Sev¬ eral other cupping machines, differing only in the diameter of the hole, each in turn took the cup and lengthened it, until finally it was headed in another machine, had the fulminated cap in¬ serted in another, the charge in another, and the bullet in the last.

Here were models of gun-plants and forges, illustrating the whole process of cannon making. Gatling and other battery guns were shown, and small models of field artillery as well as the guns themselves. Caissons and artillery forges, models of sea-const and siege guns, showing the manner of using them in barbette and casemate batteries, and a series of Whitworth, Sut¬ cliffe, Mann, Moffat, and Hotchkiss breech-loading field rifle- guns were exhibited. Close bv were several handsome brass guns, bearing the name and arms of Louis XVI., King of France, presented to the United States by Lafayette during the Revolution.

Along the wall was arranged a collection of all the various styles of guns and pistols ever used in the United States army, from the old flint-lock of the Revolution up to the splendid breech-loading rifle of to-day. Here were several Chinese and Japanese match-locks, and a match-lock of the fourteenth cen¬ tury, one of the first guns made after the adoption of fire-arms in European warfare. Pyramids of shot and shell stood about

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

649

the section, showing all the various projectiles used in warfare. Here were mountain howitzers, their carriages and also ammu¬ nition chests — all on pack-saddles — just as they are carried over mountains or bad roads on the backs of mules ; stuffed uniformed figures of cavalry-men on the backs of papier-mach6 horses; the mortal and stuffed remains of the famous trotter, George M. Patehen, hitched to a carriage containing a Gatling gun; a Hotchkiss revolving cannon (for field use, discharging eighty rounds of shells or canister-shot per minute), and a section of oak which stood inside the intrenchments near Spottsylvania Court House, and was cut down by musket balls in an attempt to recapture the work's previously carried by the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, May 12th, 1864.

In contrast with the splendid cannon of to-day were a num¬ ber of old guns cast at Philadelphia and Germantown during the Revolution.

Plans of the United States arsenals were exhibited, and at the western end of the section was a handsome model of the arsenal and grounds at Rock Island, Illinois.

The space occupied by the War Department was handsomely draped with flags, and was ornamented with fine portraits of the secretaries of war, and the most distinguished generals of the army.

The Post Hospital.

The Medical Section of the army made no exhibit in the Government Building, but confined its display to the Post Hospital, which stood in the government grounds to the north of the principal building. The hospital was a plain but neat frame structure, two stories in height, with a wide piazza run¬ ning all around it. It was designed to show a complete post¬ hospital of twenty-four beds of full size. The principal room on the lower floor showed the arrangement of the beds, and the conveniences provided in the army hospitals for attending to the wants of the sick and wounded. The treatment of wounds and other hurts was illustrated by papier-mach6 figures placed in the beds in the positions necessary to the proper treatment of such injuries. Upon the walls of the room and the halls ad-

POST HOSPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 651

joining it were hung photographs of difficult and successful amputations.

In this room was Mr. Thomas Eakins’ fine picture of Dr. Gross delivering a clinical lecture to a class of students. It was one of the most powerful and life-like pictures to be seen in the Exhibition, and should have had a place in the Art Gallery, where it would have been but for an incomprehensible decision of the Selecting Committee.

In the adjoining rooms were models of the barrack “ General Hospitals ” used during the civil war; models of hospital steamers, such as were used during that struggle on the tide¬ water rivers of the East and on the Western rivers; and models of hospital railroad trains. Here also was a case of medical and surgical curiosities from the Army Medical Museum at Wash¬ ington. A third room was fitted up as a dispensary, and con¬ tained samples of medical supplies. Opposite this was the office, with a collection of surgical instruments, medical works, and the blanks and record books used in the hospital service. A filth room was fitted up as a dining-room, and contained a display of table-ware and mess furniture. Opening into this room was a kitchen with a full equipment of cooking utensils and other articles needed in this department.

The rooms on the second floor contained a display of medi¬ cine chests and panniers, stretchers, litters, artificial legs and arms, and trusses for rupture and other apparatus.

In the grounds in the rear of the Post Hospital were shown several hospital tents of various sizes, and a park of ambu¬ lances, medicine wagons and carts.

i

The Laboratory.

Between the Government Building and the Post Hospital was a small frame building intended for a laboratory for the manufacture of cartridges and other dangerous compounds. It formed a part of the exhibit of the Ordnance Department. It was built after designs by Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the army, and consisted of an iron frame with a wooden coverino:. This method of construction is intended to lessen the loss of life in

652

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

case of accidental explosions. In such an event the wooden covering is blown out by the force of the explosion, but the iron frame is left standing, and the building does not fall in upon its inmates. The frame of the present building was used for one which formerly stood in the grounds of the Bridesburo' Arsenal, at Philadelphia. It was destroyed in August, 1875 by the accidental explosion of from 600 to 800 pounds of gun¬ powder. The wooden sides were blown outward, but the iron frame stood firm. Of the twenty-one persons employed in the building at the time, but three boys died from injuries received.

The present structure contained several portraits of the sec¬ retaries who have presided over the War Department, includ¬ ing a not very good one of Jefferson Davis, and instruments for ascertaining the velocity of rifle balls.

The Lighthouse.

In addition to the display made in the Government Build¬ ing, the Lighthouse Board of the Treasury Department erected opposite the northeast corner of that building an iron light¬ house, such as is used on the dangerous shoals of our coast. The base of this structure was of wood, but was painted to rep¬ resent stone. To this the iron flanges of the superstructure were bolted, and above this was a high iron cylinder, eighteen feet in diameter, the whole being surmounted by an ornamental iron tower. In the centre of this tower was placed a revolving or flash-light of the fourth grade, and over one of the dormer win¬ dows was suspended a fog-bell weighing 4950 pounds. The light was revolved and the bell was struck by clock-work, the flashes of the light and strokes of the bell being regulated at the will of the light-keeper. The bell was intended to be struck first three times, then twice, and then once, this being the signal adopted for one of the shoals of Long Island, to which the lighthouse was removed after the close of the Ex¬ hibition.

Near the lighthouse was “ The Syren,” or fog-horn, which was simply an enormously long horn blown by steam. It

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 653

emitted a most deafening sound, and was heard for a distance of thirty-five miles. A smaller horn was also shown. It was operated by a caloric engine, and was intended for a light-ship. Near this was a large lantern and an iron lattice work signal for day and night use on light-ships. The lights and signals were fastened near the top of the mast, and were distinguished by a difference of color. A number of buoys were scattered about the base of the tower.

BRONZE CLOCK, EXHIBITED BY THE AMERICAN CLOCK COMPANY.

CHAPTER XIX.

tiie woman’s building.

Description of the Building— Its Cost— A Lady Engineer— The Interior of the Building— The Exhibit— The Looms— Works of Female Artists— In¬ ventions of Women— Institutions Managed by Women— Splendid Embroi¬ deries — Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing Office.

C THE Woman’s Building was one of the handsomest edi- M\ hoes connected with the Exhibition, and owed its ex- fig&r istence entirely to the efforts of a number of ladies C known as the “Women’s Centennial Executive Com¬ mittee.” It was devoted exclusively to the exhibition of the results of woman’s labor, and thus constituted an alto¬ gether unique feature of the great fair.

The building stood on Belmont avenue, at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. It covered an area of 30,000 square feet, and was formed bv two naves intersecting each other, each 192 feet long and 64 feet wide. At the end of these there was a porch 8 by 32 feet in size. The corners formed by the intersection of the two naves were filled out by four pavil¬ ions which were included in the hall. Each of these pavilions was 48 feet square. The whole structure was of wood, the architecture being of the modern style. The centre of the edifice was 25 feet higher than the rest of the building, and was surmounted by a lantern with a cupola on top ot the same, giving to this part of the building a total height of 90 feet. The most striking feature of the plan was that there were in the whole interior but four supporting columns to the roof, all the rest being trussed over from the outside walls. The exterior was painted a light bluish gray color, and the interior was fin¬ ished in the softest shade of light blue.

654

women’s PAVITjION, international centennial exhibition.

656

THi; ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Work upon the building was begun about the middle of October, 1875, and it was turned over to the u Women’s C<b- mittee," completed, early in January, 1876. The design ^ prepared by Mr. H. J. Schwarzmann, the architect of Mem- .rial Hall. The cost of the building and its internal arraumuen:* was $->0,000, which sum was raised through the extni.as of the ladies having the enterprise in charge.

The appearance of the interior was very pretty and attractive. A tasteful fountain, situated immediately under the lantern sent a graceful jet of water into the airland around the basin in which it stood was a cool and inviting rim of rock-work and ferns. A large chandelier hung from the central point of the

roof, and banners and streamer* ornamented the hall.

At the north side of the build¬ ing was the engine house, in which a Baxter portable engine of six horse-power supplied the motive power for the machinery in operation in the hall. The engine was in charge of Miss Emma Allison, of Grimsby, Iowa, who, if she did nothing else, offered an example worth

DREAMING IORANTHE, IN BUTTER, fol]owj to thc engineerS 0f the

male sex in the neatness or her dress and the perfection of cleanliness exhibited in both engine and engine-room. The young lady is highly educated, and is thoroughly posted in theoretical as well as practical mechanics.

The engine operated a number of spinning frames and power looms in the hall, which were constantly at work, in charge of female operatives. Tt ran also a small Hoe cylinder press, on which the journal issued from this building was printed.

The display within the hall was quite large, and included nearly everything of woman’s work or invention that could be collected. Paintings and statuary by female artists were shown

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

657

in the northern section of the hall, but the collection fell short of illustrating the highest triumphs achieved by the sex in these departments of art.

A very noticeable exhibit was the “Dreaming Iolanthe,” an exquisite head carved in butter by Mrs. Brooks, of Arkansas. It was an exhibition of native talent, as the lady had had no regular instruction in her art.

A most interesting exhibit was made in the southeastern sec¬ tion of the building, of the inventions of women in machinery and other fields of labor. The majority of these were designed to economize household labor. First of all, there was a machine for washing blankets, which every housekeeper knows to be one of the most difficult operations of the laundry. The same lady inventor exhibited two mangling machines. A system of self-fitting patterns, intended to enable ladies to dispense with the services of a dress-maker, was also shown. Here was a barrel-cover which could be locked, and which thus served as a protection to sugar and flour barrels. Here were smoothing irons to be heated by gas as they are used ; a frame for stretch¬ ing and drying lace curtains; dusting racks and many other household appliances. Here were a machine for washing dishes, which not only cleaned but dried them ; a patent bedstead, fitted up with drawers ; a combined travelling-bag and chair ; a life¬ saving mattress, which floats like a cork and will not turn over; chest-protectors ; surgical appliances and dental products. Here were some remarkably well-executed pictures worked in human hair, and a number of flowers and toilet articles made entirely of fish scales. A bouquet of wax flowers was shown made by the great-granddaughters of the author of the Declaration of Independence, who, in the midst of the rejoicings of the Cen¬ tennial year, were left to make an almost hopeless struggle with poverty. Here also was a whistle made of the tail of a pig, which completely upset the old Scotch adage, that “Out of a pig’s tail you can’t make a whistle.”

In the southern section were photographs of the various insti¬ tutions in the United States which were established or are con¬ ducted by women. Prominent among these were the Shelter 42

G58

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

for Colored Orphans, at West Philadelphia; the House of the Holy Family, at New York; the Old Ladies' Home, Lowell Massachusetts; the Home for Young Women and Children Lowell, Massachusetts; the New England Hospital for Women and Children; the New York Lying-in Asylum; the New Haven Orphan Asylum; Home for Friendless Women, Indian¬ apolis; Reformatory Institute for Women and Girls and the Home for Friendless Women, at Fort Wayne, Indiana; the Old Ladies Home, at New Albany, Indiana; and the Orphans* Home, at Richmond, Indiana.

In the southeastern section was a large collection of embroid- ei ics by hand, the most of it in glass cases. Here were a number of portraits worked in silk or embroidered in worsted. There were portraits of Queen Victoria, Mr. Gladstone, Prince Albert, the Prince and Princess of Wales and others. An elaborate picture in worsted-work represented the “Death of George Douglas at the Battle of Langside.” Here were splendidly embroidered garments of various kinds for ladies and children, carriage robes, afghans, and a picture in needle-work of Abraham and Hagar. Mrs. Mary Champncys sent a pair of socks which she knit in her one-hundredth year.

In the northwestern section there were some fine wood-carvings by ladies, and sets of chamber furniture designed by them. Close by were sets of porcelain ornamented by lady artists, some of which were very beautiful.

The south-western section of the hall was taken up almost entirely by exhibits from foreign countries. The ladies of Great Britain, Canada, Sweden, France, and the Netherlands, and other countries sent contributions to this department, which were among the handsomest articles displayed in the hall. The Royal School of Art and Needlework, under the patronage of her Majesty the Queen of England, the exhibit of which we noticed in our account of the Main Exhibition Building, had here several cases of superb embroideries and needle-work.

Egypt also sent several specimens of rich embroideries in gold and silver thread. Here were a set of velvet covers for doors richly embroidered in quaint designs with gold thread

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

659

by the wife of the Bey of Tunis. They were among the most beautiful specimens of needle-work in the entire Exhibition. From the Netherlands were some beautiful silk embroideries, and some feather-work, and from France silk embroideries, and specimens of the drawings of the pupils of the female art schools of Paris.,

In the Canadian department were a number of finely executed models representing the Church and Chapel of Notre Dame, at Montreal, the Mother House of the Sisters of Notre Dame, the Orphanage at Joliette, the St. Alexis Orphan Asylum, the Monastery of the Good Shepherd, the Convent of the Good Shepherd, Quebec, the St. John’s Asylum, the Hotel Dicu and the General Hospital, at Quebec. The inmates of these estab¬ lishments sent beautiful specimens of their handiwork, including a picture in worsted of the Lord’s Supper, and cases of silk dresses, flowers, and a carved picture-frame. There were also in this exhibit many handsome pieces of straw-work, silk flower- work, laces, anti-macassar and cretonne work.

Norway and Sweden each sent embroideries, flowers, and articles made from fish-scales, articles ornamented with moss, clothing, and articles ot household use. Their displays resembled each other very closely. Near the western wall of the portion of the building occupied by these two countries were four life- size figures in wax, similar to those in the Main Building, representing not only the costumes but the facial characteristics of the Swedish peasants. The first three represented two young ladies anxiously blowing to pieces one of those little flowers which are supposed to tell a maiden whether her lover is true or not. Behind them stands a young man watching the result with an expression half anxious, half amused. The other figure represented a bride in the peasant dress.

Japan fully sustained her reputation by her display here of articles in the manufacture of which the women of that country have attained great skill. Among these articles of utility, as well as beauty, were cigar-cases, cabinets, work-boxes, writing- desks, satchels, etc., all made of wood and most delicately ornamented with lacquer and inlaying, many of them being

660

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

adorned with grotesque yet not wholly inartistic figures in ivory and ebony. There were also displayed a large number of arti¬ ficial flowers, which, in shape and color, were close counterparts of nature, besides a number of raised pictures in wool. The last-mentioned exhibits had a peculiar effect somewhat akin to perspective, but they were nevertheless unnatural. Several large screens ornamented with numberless fans, which in turn were ornamented with figures of various kinds, were also in this collection. Some of the figures were painted, while others M-cre worked in wool, or made of cloth raised high from the surface. One of the most striking of these exhibits was a large six-panelled screen, with a framework of ebony ornamented with gilt and silver plates. The back of the screen was covered with a plain gold pattern of a pretty design, and the front had a ground of yellow silk, in which were worked a variety of ladies’ fans. On these were depicted Japanese mandarins, tradesmen, merchants, mechanics, farmers, jugglers, and all engaged in the pleasures, professions, or occupations to which they were born. The figures themselves were of paper, but the clothing, with all the variety of ornament and minuteness of detail, was made of silk, and, like many other of the Japanese pictures, raised from the surface. A cabinet containing screens and ottomans was a very fine piece of work, and was universally admired. The specimens of plain and embroidered silk exhibited were peculiarly interesting, not only from the richness of the material, but from the quaint yet really beautiful designs.

The ladies of Brazil made a handsome exhibit of table covers, embroidery, and fancy work, many of the articles being the contributions of the inmates of the Brazilian Orphan Asylums. Among these the most noticeable exhibit was a cabinet of gold lace-work. A pretty little pincushion, made of shells and silk, and a sample of the needlework of the Viscountess de Itamaraty, attracted much attention. A very beautiful model in cork ol a noted Brazilian eastle, a wreath of flowers made entirely of leather, several cushions, delicately embroidered with silk ami wool, by the pupils of the Orphan College of St. Theresa and the College of the Imperial Society, were all exceptional pieces

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

661

of work, and were, of course, much admired. Among the other more noticeable exhibits were some elegant specimens of lace- work, scarfs, and artificial flowers made of leather and feathers.

Near the centre of the building was a small printing office in which female compositors were engaged in setting up the type of The New Century for Women , a journal conducted entirely by women, and issued from this building.

Altogether the display in the Woman’s Building was very creditable, and reflected great credit, upon the good taste and administrative ability of the ladies having it in charge.

SLOTTING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

CHAPTER XX.

TIIE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION.

The State Buildings— St. George’s House — The French Government Building — The French Stained Glass Pavilion — The German Government Building — The Spanish Buildings — The Portuguese Building — The Swedish School- House — The Canadian Log-House — The Brazilian Building— The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar — The Turkish and Tunisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars — The Syrian Bazaars — The Moorish Villa— The Chilian Machinery Hall — Buildings of the Centennial Commission — The Judges’ Ilall— The Restaurants — The Shoe and Leather Building— The Brewers’ Ilall— The Butter and Cheese Factory — Department of Public Comfort — Singer Sewing Machine Cottage — The Centennial Photographic Association — The Ameri¬ can Railroad Ticket Office — Empire Transportation Company’s Building — Starr’s Iron Works — The Glass Works — Campbell Printing Press Building — The American Newspaper Building— The World’s Ticket Office— The Palestine Camp — The Women’s "School-House — The American Kinder¬ garten — The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen — Pacific Guano Company’s Building— The Sheet-Metal Pavilion— The Cafe de Brazil — The United States Life-Saving Station — The Elevated Railway— The Windmills.

The State Buildings.

HE State buildings were erected by the Commissioners of the respective States to which they belonged, the cost being defrayed by appropriations by the legisla- tures of those States. The majority were located on State avenue, in the northwestern portion of the Ex¬ hibition grounds, but a few were in other parts of the enclosure. We shall take them in their geographical order.

New Hampshire. — The New Hampshire Building stood on State avenue, immediately west of the Michigan Building. It was fifty feet square, and was a small and plain, but tasteful, frame cottage, with a reception-room on the first floor, and a ladies’ parlor up-stairs. It was intended, like all the State 662

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

663

buildings, as an office for the Commissioners of the State, and a rendezvous for visitors to the Exhibition from the State to which it belonged. It was ornamented with fine photographs of White Mountain scenery.

Vermont. — The Vermont Building stood in a garden plot to the north of Machinery Iiall, and near the Turkish Coffee House. It was a handsome cottage, thirty-five by forty feet in size, and* the interior was fitted up simply but tastefully in stained pine wood. It contained the offices of the Vermont State Commissioners, a reading-room and a ladies’ parlor. In the latter was a fine Estey organ.

Massachusetts. — On State avenue, immediately west of the Connecticut cottage, the commonwealth of Massachusetts erected one of the handsomest cottages in the grounds. It was of wood, and consisted of a central building with wings at each end, around which were wide and cool piazzas. The building covered an area of eighty-seven by seventy feet, and was painted in dark, rich colors. It was two stories in height, and from the central point of the roof rose a tower surmounted by a flag¬ staff. The entrance hall was wide and spacious, and extended from the front door to the rear of the building, at which was the office for the transaction of the business of the house. On the left of the hall were the reception-room of the Board of State Commissioners and the ladies’ parlor, and on the opposite side the reception-room of the Governor of Massachusetts and the reading-room. The first three rooms and the hall were handsomely furnished, and the whole building had an air of elegance and comfort which were admirable.

Rhode Island. — The Rhode Island Building was a small but tasteful frame cottage, situated on the slopes of George’s Hill, to the west of the Mississippi Building. It was fitted up with the offices of the State Commission and reception- rooms.

Connecticut. — The State of Connecticut erected as its head¬ quarters a tasteful two-story cottage, on State avenue, between the Massachusetts and New Hampshire buildings. It was in¬ tended to represent a colonial homestead of a century ago. The

664

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

building was about forty feet square, and the front was of oc¬ tagonal shingles, timber and plaster. The low second story projected four feet over the first story. In the centre of the front was a stout wooden porch over a strong old-fashioned hatch door divided horizontally in the middle. Over the porch were the eoat-of-arms of the State and the motto, “Qui Trans- tulit, Sustinet.” On the roof was a dormer-window, raised three feet above the eaves and with a slanting roof reaching nearly to the peak of the main roof. The main roof started in front from the eaves at a height of eighteen feet from the ground, and after running up to a peak about the centre of the building sloped to the rear, where the eaves were only ten feet from the ground. On the east side of the house was a balcony at a window eight feet wide, and at a window in the second story the State coat-of-arms was displayed. On the west side was a picturesque verandah of heavy timber. The windows were all glazed with lights six by eight inches. In the centre of the building was a substantial stone chimney.

In the interior was a reception-room twenty-two by twenty- nine feet, seventeen and one-half feet high, with a gallery on

front and two sides three and one-half feet wide. The whole interior was finished with wood, stained to give it the appear¬ ance of age. An old-fashioned fireplace stood opposite the front door. It had an ample hearth and stone front surrounded by pictured tiles. Shelves supported by heavy brackets ''ere over the fire-place, and above them panelling reached to the ceiling. Back of the reception-room was the principal office for the State Commission, janitor’s room and parlors for ladies and gentlemen.

New York.— The New York State Building was a highly ornamental two-story cottage, with wide verandahs running around it and a tower rising from the centre of the front of the roof. It covered an area of eighty by thirty-five feet, and "as painted in light colors. It stood immediately south of State avenue and east of the British Government Buildings. It "as simply but tastefully furnished, and contained the offices of the State Commission and reception-rooms for ladies and gentlemen.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

665

New Jersey. — The State of New Jersey was the first after Pennsylvania to take up the Centennial Exhibition scheme, and her assistance was of the most liberal character. It is not sur¬ prising therefore that the State was represented by one of the most elaborate and attractive structures on the grounds. The building stood immediately north of the Woman’s Building, on the east side of Belmont avenue. It was a wooden structure of unique design; was covered with tiles manufactured from New Jersey clay, and presented a novel as well as interesting appear¬ ance. Above the main entrance rose a lofty tower, from which an admirable view of the grounds could be obtained. The chimnev was a conspicuous portion of the building, and was made of brick manufactured in various portions of the State. The building covered an area of eighty-two by forty-two feet. The interior was finished in dark, rich colors, and consisted of a wide, cool reception-room, with wide windows on the first floor, with offices and parlors for ladies opening upon it. The upper rooms were for the use of the State Commissioners. The furnishing was simple but tasteful.

Pennsylvania. — The Pennsylvania State Building stood north of Machinery Hall, and near the lake. It was a handsome Gothic cottage, ninety-seven feet long and fifty-seven feet wide, and was painted a light-brown. Over the main entrance rosea large tower flanked by two smaller ones. A wide piazza ex¬ tended around the building. The main entrance led to a large Gothic hall, into which opened the manager’s office, the Gov¬ ernor’s room, parlors for ladies and gentlemen and the reading- room. The upper rooms were for the use of the State Com¬ missioners. The rooms were richly furnished and the interior of the building was elegant and handsome.

Pennsylvania Educational Hall. — In addition to her State building, Pennsylvania erected a separate structure for the display of her schools and educational system. It was situated immediately to the west of Memorial Hall, and was circular in shape, with a dome rising in the centre of the roof. The in¬ terior consisted of a central hall lying immediately under the dome, and an outer corridor or hall running entirely around it.

666

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

This outer hall was divided into a number of sections or stalls in which the exhibits were arranged according to a regular system. The central hall was unbroken and opened into the outer hall by several doors.

Entering by the south door, the attention of the visitor was drawn to the exhibit of the kindergarten system which stood on his right. This was one of the most complete showings of FroebcTs system in the Exhibition, and was deeply interesting.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING.

The next section on the right showed the primary-school system of Pennsylvania. Then followed the secondary, grammar and high school, each in regular succession, after which the normal school and college systems were shown, the whole ending with the exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania, i he exhibit was made by showing the text-books, furniture, scientific and philo¬ sophical apparatus used in the schools, and by specimens of the pupil’s work, such as we have alluded to in our account of the school exhibits in the Main Building. No State made such au

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

667

elaborate display as was to be seen here, this magnificent exhibit being under the charge of Professor Wickersham, who is the State Superintendent of Schools. Models, drawings and photo¬ graphs of the State schools of various grades and of several of the colleges were shown, and the educational statistics of the State were displayed by means of charts. The technical schools showed drawings, casts and models, the various apparatus used by them and specimens of the work of the pupils. The display included the schools for the blind, the feeble-minded, the deaf and dumb, and the orphans of the soldiers and sailors of Penn¬ sylvania who died in defence of the Union during the late civil war. Specimens of their work in the industrial departments were exhibited, and a full showing was made of the course pursued in them. There was also an exhibit of Sunday-school material, such as maps, charts, forms and models.

Delaware. — The Delaware State Building was a handsome frame cottage of two stories, in the Norman-Gothic style, with a tower, and was situated on State avenue, to the west of the Massachusetts Building. It was simply furnished, and con¬ tained the offices of the State Commissioners and parlors for ladies and gentlemen.

Maryland. — The Maryland Building was situated a little to the north of State avenue, and west of the Delaware house. It was eighty-five by seventy feet in size, and was built of wood. It contained the offices of the State Commissioners, reception- rooms, and a large hall in which an exhibit was made of the agricultural products of the State, its mineral ores, marbles and other building stones, timber, etc. The oyster fisheries of the Chesapeake bay and its tributaries were illustrated by specimens of oysters in the shell, and by a complete display of models of all the boats and other apparatus used in the fisheries. In one of the rooms on the west of the hall were a number of speci¬ mens of the work of the pupils of the State schools of design ; and in an adjoining one portraits and other historical relics loaned by the Maryland Historical Society. One of these was the banner presented to Pulaski by the nuns of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1778.

668

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

In the grounds in front of the building the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company exhibited an old “grasshopper engine,” made in 1835 — one of the first locomotives ever used in this country — and one of their largest six-wheel engines, which is said to be the largest passenger locomotive in the world.

Virginia. — A private gentleman erected a plain cottage of two rooms, in the rear of the Woman’s Building, to serve as a rendezvous for visitors from the old State of Virginia, which declined to make any appropriation to the Exhibition.

West Virginia. — The State of West Virginia had a handsome

MARYLAND STATE BUILDING.

edifice on Fountain avenue, near the Total Abstinence fountain. It covered an avea of fifty-nine by thirty feet, and was built entirely of timber from the State to which it belonged. It was a two-story structure, with a tower in the centre. I he build¬ ing consisted of two portions, an octagonal front, with a central hall open from the floor to the roof, with a gallery running around the second story, and a rear hall, rectangular in shape. The octagon contained the offices of the commissioners am reception-rooms for visitors. The hall in the rear was tilled with a handsome display of the agricultural and mineral pro-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

6G9

ducts of the State. The native woods were shown by large sections of trees, and by eighty smaller blocks in the shape of books. The bark was left on the back of each, and the name of the wood was printed in gilt letters and pasted on the bark. The row of samples thus resembled a collection of handsomely bound volumes. The rich coal and coal oil of the State were shown by large blocks of the former and jars of the latter. A fine display was made of iron ore. Large blocks of bituminous

Mississirri state building.

coal stood in the grounds adjoining the building. A consider¬ able display was made of tobacco, and of oils, wines, mineral waters, mineral paints, glass sands and marls. Building stones of the best quality were also shown. The public school system of the State was shown, with specimens of the text-books used.

Mississippi. — The Mississippi Building was a neat and taste¬ ful two-story log cabin. It was forty-three by thirty feet in size, and was built of wood covered with a frame work of logs with the bark on, all the timber used in its construction being shipped direct from Mississippi. There were sixty-eight differ-

G70

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ent kinds of wood used in the building, and the ornaments to the balconies, door- ways and windows consisted of knots, roots and curious formations found in the Mississippi forests. The walls of the interior were finished in highly polished pine Mood of various kinds. Some of these specimens resembled > bird’s-eye maple, and others were as dark as mahogany. The exterior of the structure was covered with Spanish moss, which gave to the building a most picturesque appearance. The building contained the offices of the State Commission and reception-rooms for ladies and gentlemen. It stood on the slopes of George’s Hill, to the north of the West Virginia Building.

Tennessee. — Tennessee Mas represented only by a canvas tent between the Maryland and Iomu buildings, erected by a private individual. It contained a small exhibit of the iron ores of the State.

Arkansas. — The Building of the State of Arkansas was situ¬ ated on the south side of State avenue, west of the British Buildings. It was constructed of wood, was octagonal in shape, about eighty feet in diameter, and had a double dome in the cen¬ tre. It Mas painted in bright colors without and within, and the interior was handsomely draped with flags and streamers. A handsome bronze fountain stood in the centre, under the dome, and around the hall wras arranged a special display of the min¬ eral and agricultural resources of the State. The woods, min¬ erals and coal were shown to excellent advantage, and a capital display M’as made of the excellent cotton grown in this State. The building also contained the offices of the State Commis¬ sioners.

Missouri. — The Missouri Building stood north of State avenue, on the slope of George’s Hill, and adjoined the Iowa Building on the wrest. It M’as a twTo-story structure, with a tower at its eastern end, and covered an area forty by sixty feet in size. It contained but a single room on the first floor (the ladies’ parlor being in the second story), which was neatly but simply furnished. Here wras a cabinet of specimens of the minerals found in the State, and of the native M'oods.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

671

Ohio. — The Ohio Building was located at the eastern end of State avenue, immediately west of Belmont avenue. It was the most elegant and substantial of all the State edifices, and was constructed of dressed stone furnished by twenty-one quarries of the State. All the materials used in its construction were furnished by citizens of the State of Ohio engaged in the manu¬ facture of the respective articles, and were intended as special exhibits. The building was forty feet square inside, was two

MISSOURI STATE BUILDING.

full stories and an attic in height, and was fitted up with recep¬ tion and reading-rooms and the offices of the State Commission. In the rear was a large hall or annex, of wood, sixty feet long, intended for the exhibition of articles from Ohio and for public meetings.

Indiana. — The Indiana Building stood or. State avenue, immediately 'west of the Ohio Building. It was a handsome wooden pavilion, and covered an area sixty by forty feet in size. It contained a principal hall, into which opened the

672

tiip: illustrated history

reading-room and ladies’ parlor. The walls of the principal hall consisted of different colored panels, on which were painted the population, agricultural and other statistics of the various counties of the State. The offices of the Indiana Commis¬ sioners were in this building.

Illinois. — The Illinois State Building was a handsome frame cottage, and adjoined that of Indiana on the west. It was two stories in height, and contained a large reception-hall, in which

INDIANA STATE BUILDING.

was a fine organ, a handsomely furnished ladies’ parlor, in which was an upright Chickering piano, a reading-room and the offices of the State Commission.

Wisconsin. — Wisconsin erected for her State head-quarters a plain but comfortable and neatly furnished cottage, imme¬ diately west of the Illinois Building. It contained the usual reception-rooms, ladies’ parlor, and the offices of the State Com¬ mission.

Michigan. — The Michigan Building stood on State avenue,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

673

immediately west of the Wisconsin cottage. It was an elaborate structure of frame, with a tower at the southwest corner. The interior was very handsome, being fitted up in hard wood and was divided into the usual reception-rooms and parlors. The building contained the offices of the State Commissioners. It was handsomely furnished throughout.

Iowa. — The Iowa Building was a neat and tasteful frame cottage, and stood on the slope of George’s Hill, on the east of

ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING.

the Missouri Building. It was simply furnished, and contained a reception and reading-room, and the offices of the State Commissioners.

Kansas and Colorado. — These States shared between them a large Gothic frame building, the ground-plan of which was in the form of a Greek cross. It stood immediately back of the New Jersey Building, on the slopes of Belmont valley. Each arm of the cross was one hundred and fifty feet in length. The interior was handsomely fitted up, and was devoted to a special 43

674

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

display of the agricultural and mineral resources of the States of Kansas and Colorado. The former Suite occupied the principal portion of the space.

The great seal of Kansas was painted in the north wing, and below it was a large map of the State, twenty-four feet long by thirteen feet wide. The agricultural products of Kansas were displayed in the north and east wings ; the minerals and birds in the south wing; the insects in cases around the centre; the timber and stone displays were arranged near the east wing. A

handsome bronze fountain, presented by the ladies of Topeka, occupied the centre, under the dome. Above it was suspended a facsimile of the old Independence Bell, formed entirely of Kansas products, and designed by Professor Henry V>: orrcll, of Topeka. This bell was eight feet eight inches high, and its diameter at the lower or open end was eight feet nine inches. The outer rim of the bell was formed of wheat, millet, broom- corn, and sorghum. The tongue was formed of a gourd six feet long ; the hammer was a bell-shaped gourd a foot and a half »'

MICHIGAN STATE BUILDING.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

675

diameter. Around the top of the bell, the inscription, “Pro¬ claim Liberty to all,” etc., was formed of millet and flax. The building was surmounted by forty-two flags, representing all nations exhibiting here, and presented by the ladies of Leaven¬ worth. The entire building was surrounded by a wide portico affording seats and shade. In one of the triangles formed by the intersection of the wings of the building there was a neatly- furnished reading-room, where files of Kansas newspapers were

IOWA STATE BUILDING.

kept. Opposite to this was the office of the State Board. These afforded a quiet resting-place for visitors.

The display of agricultural products was labelled, giving the name of the county where grown, and by whom grown. The yield per acre was recorded in the books of the State Board, and could be ascertained on application. By reference to the large map in the north wing, visitors could ascertain the section in which any product exhibited was grown. There was wheat on exhibition the stalks of which were from five feet to six and a half feet high, with heads from three to six inches long; the

676

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

corn was from thirteen to seventeen and a half feet in height with ears from eight to ten feet from the ground ; oats from five to six and a half feet high ; rye from five to seven feet high • broom corn over eighteen feet high ; blue grass three feet four inches high ; fourteen different varieties of wild grass, commeno-

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		J
	j
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COLORADO AND KANSAS STATE BUILDING.

ing with the buffalo grass, six inches high, and ending with blue-stem prairie grass, over ten feet high — too big for ha) and not quite large enough for cord wood ; clover from four to five feet high ; ears of corn from twelve to fifteen inches long;

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

677

one stalk of corn with thirteen ears upon, and another with seven; and many other products showing an equally remarkable growth. A fine display was made of the native woods of Kansas.

The State of Colorado exhibited its mineral resources in the west wing of the building. Here were specimens of gold quartz, silver ore, and at the north side was a representation of the Rocky mountains, in which were grouped stuffed specimens of the animals of that region. These animals were killed and

CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA STATE BUILDING

prepared by Mrs. M. A. Maxwell, of Boulder, Colorado. The State Commissioners had an elegantly furnished reception-room at one side.

California and Nevada. — These States erected a large wooden pavilion on the south side of State avenue, opposite the Mary¬ land Building. It contained a handsome hall, the pillars of which were finished in imitation of the native woods of the Pacific coast. A special exhibit was made of the agricultural

678

TITE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and mineral resources of these States. The building also contained the offices of the California and Nevada State Com- missioners.

All the State buildings had large registers in which visitors from the respective States recorded their names and addresses. Nearly all were provided with files of the State newspapers and with baggage and coat rooms, where visitors could leave their valises, bags, and useless wraps, without charge. A num¬ ber had special post-offices, and at all visitors could find facil¬ ities for writing and despatching letters. They could also have their letters sent to their State buildings during their visit to the Exhibition.

PHILADELPHIA CITY BUILDING.

The Philadelphia City Building stood at the northern end of the bridge over Lansdowne valley, and opposite the eastern end of Horticultural Hall. It was a handsome wooden structure, was elegantly furnished, and was fitted up with reception-rooms for the Mayor and Councils of the city of Philadelphia.

The Foreign Buildings.

The British Government Buildings. — St. George’s House, as the principal structure was called, and its two out-buildings, stood on the slopes of George’s Hill, south of the State build-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

679

ings, and constituted the head-quarters of the Commissioners from Great Britain and her colonies. They stood in their own grounds, which were enclosed with a pretty rustic fence, and in the yard before the principal edifice was a tall flagstaff from which floated a large English ensign.

St. George’s House was of the Elizabethan style of architec¬ ture, two stories high, and was surmounted by a roof of red tiles and a multitude of tall chimneys. The building was erected under the superintendence of the English Commission, and the furniture, upholstery and fixtures were from leading houses in England. The building covered a space of ninety

THE BRITISH BUILDINGS.

by twenty-five feet, with projections in front and a verandah and balcony in the rear. The interior decorations and arrange¬ ments of rooms, hallways, etc., were designed to reproduce the time of Queen Elizabeth as nearly as it could be done. The window panes were small; the rooms had fire-places, high mantels and broad window seats. On the first floor a suite of three apartments, finely finished in oak and opening into each other by sliding doors, were the “show rooms” of the house. They aggregated fifty-six feet in length by sixteen feet wide. There were about twenty apartments on the two stories, open¬ ing into passageways running lengthwise through the centre of

680

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the house. Apartments in this building were provided for the use of the various British Colonial Commissioners, from the Dominion of Canada, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Jamaica, Bermuda and the Bahamas. In the two adjoining houses there were accommodations for thirty-eight persons who were attached to the Commission. The British Buildings were among the handsomest in the Exhibition enclosure. They were the private residence of the Commissioners, and were not open to the public.

The French Government Building stood north of the Main Building and east of Memorial Hall, near the entrance gate which faced the Reading Railroad Depot. It was sixty feet long by forty feet wide, and was built entirely of brick and iron, the facing being highly ornamental. The top was of glass and iron, and the entrance was finished with iron.

The building was intended for an exhibit of the public works of the French Republic, and the articles displayed within it consisted of models, charts, and drawings of bridges, aqueducts, railways, docks, and improvements to navigation. There were many large and elaborately executed charts and models which illustrated the system of supplying the towns and cities of France with fresh water, and to these were affixed descriptions in both French and English. “One of the largest and most interesting models showed not only the great aqueduct at Marseilles, but the same work in the process of construction, with steam derricks, temporary railways on trestle-work, and all other appliances necessary for such an undertaking. Among the more important exhibits in the road section were models and charts of the viaduct of Dinan ; the bridge of Arcole, on the Seine, Paris; the great swing bridge at Brest. The model of the last-mentioned work was over eight feet long, and was said to be a perfect reproduc¬ tion of the original, even to the most minute details. 1 he bridge of St. Sauveur, the iron viaduct of Busseau d’Ahum, the bridge of Chalonnes, and the viaduct of the Point de Jour, were all represented in the same way, and all attracted much attention, not only from engineers, who could appreciate their construction,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

681

but from the general public, who are only supposed to be capa¬ ble of admiration. The new Paris terminus of the Orleans Railway was shown by a finely-finished model of the station, sidelings, guard-houses, signal-offices, etc., and near this was a collection of lithographs exhibiting the various types of car¬ riages, wagons, passenger and freight cars, and locomotives used by the French. The plan of navigation between Paris and Auxeme was illustrated by general charts and models of longitudinal sections. The barrages of the Upper Seine, which consist of two parts, a navigable passage and a weir, the mova¬ ble trestle barrage at Harlot, the improvement of the Seine from Roean to Havre, and the canal bridge on the Albe, were all represented by finely-carved models. One interesting section was devoted to maritime works about the various sea-ports, including the lock of the port of Dunkirque, port of Havre, and basin of the citadel, wonderful caisson of the coffer-dam in the basin at Brest, the port and lock-gates at St. Nazaire, the basin-port at Bordeaux, and the ports of Bayonne and Marseilles.

“The French light-house system was fully illustrated, both by models and charts, there being several beautiful models (five to eight feet in length) of the New Caledonia light-house, and the light-houses of Heaux-de-Breliat, Le Tour, La Banche, the Borges, and St. Purne-de-Royan. In connection with these were displayed the various kinds of lighting apparatus in use, showing lamps of the four grades, and also a full exhibit of other signals of various kinds, such as buoys, beacons, etc. The French system of life-saving service was shown in another sec¬ tion, and still in another is a geological map of France and illustration of the beds of phosphate of lime known or worked, with full descriptions of mining and machinery. The process of elevating and distributing water was shown not only by the aqueduct of Roquefavour, at Marseilles, but the barrage and reservoir of the Turens, and the elevating machines at Conde for the supply of the canal from the Aisne to the Marne. On the north side of the building was hung a large, handsome map, showing all the carriage and railroads of France, and the walls

682

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

of the building were covered with lithographs of all the more important works of the government.”

The French Stained Glass Pavilion was situated near the building just described, and was designed especially for the exhibition of stained glass. Here were three magnificent win¬ dows destined for the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Yew York.

The French Ceramic Pavilion was situated on the northern slope of Lansdowne valley, west of the German Government Building. It was constructed of iron, glass and tiles, and was devoted to an exhibit of tiles, porcelain and pottery.

BUILDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE.

The German Government Puilding stood on the northern slope of Lansdowne valley, at its head, and east of Belmont avenue. It was built of brick, was stuccoed in imitation of stone, and was an attractive structure in the renaissance style of architecture. It was eighty-two by forty-two feet in size. A spacious portico led into the main hall, which was handsome!' finished in stucco work, and the walls and ceilings were high!' frescoed. This hall served as a reception and reading-room. On one side of it were the offices of the German Commission, and on the other the ladies’ and gentlemen’s parlors. I he building

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

G83

was the head-quarters of the Imperial German Commission, and was intended as a rendezvous for visitors from the German Empire.

THE SPANISH BUILDING

The Spanish Government Building was a large frame struc¬ ture, situated on the slopes of George’s Hill, west of the Total Abstinence Fountain. It was a large wooden edifice with a basement beneath it, and was eighty by one hundred feet in size. It contained a handsome display of models and drawings of the public works, fortifications, and historical buildings of

G84

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Spain, exhibited by the Spanish government. It was similar to the French exhibit referred to above.

The Spanish Guard House adjoined this hall, and was con¬ structed of wood. It was octagonal in shape, about fifty feet in diameter, and was occupied by a detachment of Spanish engi¬ neers, who had charge of the various exhibits of the kingdom. Immediately in the rear of it was a long shed with Moorish arches along the sides, which were closed by light curtains.

SWEDISH SCHOOL-HOUSE.

This was occupied by the Spanish soldiers as a kitchen and mess-room.

The Portuguese Government Building was a plain wooden cottage, and was situated on the southern slope of the Lans downe valley, east of Agricultural avenue. It was furnish simply, and served as the head-quarters of the 1 ortuguese Commission, and as a place of resort for visitors from I ortuga .

The Swedish School-House was a pretty little building con¬ structed of native woods. It was built in Sweden and brougd over to this country in sections. It was one story in heig t, and was situated west of the Carriage Building and north o

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 685

the building of the Department of Public Comfort. No paint was used in the building, but the native wood showed every¬ where, fresh and brought to a high polish. The building was a model of the public or national schools of Sweden. It was fitted up with the furniture used in such buildings, and with the philosophical and other apparatus prescribed for the higher schools. Specimens of the text-books and books of reference used were shown, and there were models exhibited here of the

CANADA LOG HOUSE.

great schools of the cities of Sweden. Education in Sweden is compulsory, and the children of the poorer classes are furnished with a good common school education at the expense of the state. For those who desire to avail themselves of such privi¬ leges higher schools are provided, many of which are designed to fit the pupil for some particular trade or profession. The neat¬ ness and order of this little building were particularly notice¬ able, and the practical nature and thoroughness of the course were well shown by the exhibit made therein. The work of the technical schools was shown in the Main Exhibition Building, and has been alluded to elsewhere.

686

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Canadian Log House was exhibited by the government of the Dominion of Canada. It was situated near the British buildings, north of the Total Abstinence Fountain, and was forty by sixty-four feet in size. It was constructed of logs and timber of every variety, and represented the portal of a classic temple. It was unique and attractive, and its summit, to which visitors were admitted, commanded one of the best views of the Exhibition grounds. »

BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

The Brazilian Government Building stood on a wooded knoll on Agricultural avenue, east of the German Government Building. It was built of wood, octagonal in form, and had a light open piazza around it, the roof of which formed a balcony. A turret-like room was built over the main structure, and at every point were staves for flags. The main entrance faced the south, and opened into a large hall which extended the whole depth of the building. Two rooms opened upon the hall on each side. They were used for the offices of the Brazilian Com-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

687

mission and reception-rooms for visitors. The house was hand¬ somely furnished, and was one of the pleasantest and most attractive connected with the Exhibition.

THE JAPANESE DWELLING.

The Japanese Dwelling was situated on the eastern slope of George’s Hill, north of the Spanish buildings. It was built of wood, was a low structure, two stories in height, and was covered with a roof of heavy tiles of an ornamental shape. The sides of the building were made of movable panels, over the entrances

688

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

were curiously carved timbers, and the grain and finish of the wood were very beautiful. The interior was richly furnished. Carpets of an elegant design covered the floor, the rooms were fitted up in a style of elegant simplicity in the Japanese manner, and the walls were hung with finely-woven curtains of vegeta¬ ble fibre, which, while they screened the rooms and shut out the sun’s rays, did not exclude the air. The building was the private residence of the Japanese Commissioners, and visitors were not admitted to it.

PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

The Japanese Bazaar stood immediately north of the building of the Department of Public Comfort. The grounds around it were enclosed, and were laid off as a garden in the Japanese style. The building was a low, rambling structme, built around three sides of a court, was constructed entirely of carved wood, and was covered with a roof of heavy corrugated earthen tiles. The northern side was left almost entirely open, the only protection against the weather being the overhanging eaves and paper curtains. The ceilings, walls and floors were painted in imitation of tile work, and many of the counters on which the goods were displayed were richly ornamented an<

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

689

grotesquely carved. The building was intended for the sale of Japanese articles, consisting chiefly of antique bronzes, curious specimens of porcelain and pottery, wood and ivory carvings, and lacquered ware. The majority of the attendants of the bazaar wore their native costume. The duties were paid bv the exhibitors on the articles for sale here, and visitors could carry their purchases away with them.

The Turkish Coffee House and Bazaar was located on the Avenue of the Republic, north of Machinery Hall. It was a large and richly ornamented pavilion, with a dome-like roof surmounted by the crescent and the star, and with a wide portico deeply set in the sides of the building at the northern and southern ends. The sides were filled with long, pointed windows. The building was richly decorated in crimson, blue, and gold, and was exceedingly gaudy. Opening upon the porches were four small bazaars, in which a large stock of pipes, carpets, rich dresses, swords, daggers, jewelry, and other articles from the Turkish empire were sold.

The cafe occupied a large and well-lighted room in the centre of the building, like which it was octagonal in shape. Above was the ornamented dome-like ceiling, painted in Turkish colors and ornamented with Turkish designs. A luxurious divan or lounge ran around the sides of the room, and tables and chairs were scattered about. The high, breezy-looking windows were hung with heavy curtains handsomely em¬ broidered. Pipes were here in abundance, and you could enjoy the happiest of smokes for a mere pittance. Coffee was made and served here in the peculiar Turkish style, the cups being the most fragile shells of exquisite porcelain, placed in silver holders. At one corner of the room was a brazier with a char¬ coal fire in it. When a visitor ordered coffee the attendant placed a spoonful of sweetened ground coffee in a silver dipper about as large as the cup from which you were to drink, and then added hot water. He placed the dipper over the fire in the brazier and allowed the mixture to come to a boil, and then turned it out, thick and as strong as brandy, into your cup. Turkish liquors and preserves were also sold here. The atten- 44

690

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

dants were all Turks and dressed in their native costume. The building was under the control of the Turkish Commission.

The Tunisian Coffee House and Bazaar stood on the north side of Fountain avenue, north of Machinery Hall. The coffee house was octagonal in shape, was capped by an eight- panelled and much elongated dome, and was ornamented with odd designs panelled in red, blue and black, and relieved with numerous intersecting bars of green and gold. The windows of the building were set high up in the sides, and were very small, but the roof was contrived so as to keep up a constant circulation of air. The caf6 was an elaborately ornamented room, supplied with tables, chairs and divans, and at one end was a raised and cushioned platform, on which musical perform¬ ances were given. Coffee was made and served here in a man¬ ner similar to that employed in the Turkish caf6. The at¬ tendants were Tunisians, and wore their native dress.

The Bazaar adjoined the cafe on the west, and was a smaller structure — a mere shed supported by slender pillars. On a high counter which ran around the inside of the building a Tunisian merchant displayed a collection of Eastern wares for sale.

In the rear of these buildings the Bey of Tunis exhibited two black tents of camel’s hair cloth, such as are used by the Bedo- win Arabs. They were intended to show the mode of life in the desert.

On the opposite side of Fountain avenue, a little to the west of the Tunisian buildings, were three small wooden booths. These were Eastern bazaars on a small scale. T he most westerh was for tire sale of sponges from the principal 1 urkish sponge fishery; the next, going east, was the “Jerusalem Bazaar, and the last the u Bethlehem Bazaar.” In the last two some enter¬ prising Syrian merchants offered for sale articles of olive wood and mother-of-pearl from Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and other parts of the Holy Land.

To the east of Belmont avenue, near the German Government Building, was the Moorish Villa , a quaint little structure. The building was very small and unattractive without, and &

691

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

little stained glass windows set in the walls near the top. The interior was richly ornamented with tile work of different colors. Passing through the entrance hall the visitor found himself in a square room, bordered at each corner with slender columns decorated in keeping with the walls and ceiling. Overhead was a glass dome, which admitted enough light for the centre, but left the remainder of the building in a cool darkness. To the right was seen through the dim light a small counter covered with jewelry and oriental trinkets of all kinds, behind which were seated two white-turbaned and baggy-costumed Moors, both too intent on making sales to notice the curious glances of their visitois. Among the larger articles offered for sale were Arabian guns, swords, daggers, stilettos, and strangely carved knives with jewelled handles. On the left was a bed-room about eight feet long and four feet wide, and in this was a nicely made-up couch with satin pillows and handsomely embroidered spread. A small parlor, with a long, W divan and a few elegant ottomans, adjoined this, while a step farther on was another and larger parlor furnished in the same way, and two more bed-rooms of about the same size. The walls and floors of all these inner rooms were covered with heavy, dark-colored tapestry, and the ceilings were panelled in imitation of mosaic work of the most intricate devices.

The Chilian Government Building stood west of Machinery Hall, and was occupied by a display of the amalgamating ma¬ chinery used in the mines of Chili.

On the north side of Fountain avenue, east of the Tunisian Caf6, was a relief plan of Paris, constructed by Colonel Litmard, a distinguished engineer officer of the French army. The build¬ ings consisted of separate blocks or models, and stood out from each other. The formation of the land was shown and a fair general idea of the French metropolis was afforded by this plan.

Buildings of the Centennial Commission.

The United States Centennial Commission Offices were located on the right of the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds at

692

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Elm and Belmont avenues. They were established in a low one-story frame building with a wide piazza running around it The building was painted a light brown, and was ornamented with elaborate lattice work. The business offices of the Centen¬ nial Commission were located here.

The Centennial Board of Finance Building was situated on the left of the main entrance to the grounds, immediately op¬ posite the Centennial Commission building, and was an exact copy of that structure. It contained the business offices of the Board of Finance.

The Centennial National Bank was a one-story wooden strue-

TIIE JUDGES’ HAUL.

ture of tasteful design, and was situated on Elm avenue, imme¬ diately to the east of the main entrance to the grounds. It was the medium through which the financial affairs of the Exhibition were transacted, and offered banking facilities to exhibitors and visitors.

The Judged Hall. — This was a large and handsome wooden pavilion, one hundred and fifty-two by one hundred and thirteen feet in size, and was situated on the Avenue of the Republic, north of the Main Exhibition Building. It was tastefully ornamented without, and constituted one of the most attractive structures connected with the Exhibition. The interior was

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

G93

handsomely fitted up. In the centre was a large hall eighty by sixty feet in size, with a gallery running around it. Surround¬ ing this central hall was a corridor upon which opened ten com¬ mittee rooms and four private rooms for the judges. The building was for the use of the international juries charged with the determination of the prizes to be awarded by the Centennial Commission.

The Medical Department was intended to provide immediate and gratuitous medical assistance to persons injured or taken ill in the Exhibition grounds. It was provided with a plain but comfortable building situated on the north slope of Lansdowne valley near its western end, about equidistant from the great halls of the Exhibition. It contained two wards, one for female, the other for male patients, with three beds in each ward. An experienced resident physician was in charge, with competent attendants, and an ambulance was provided for the removal of patients to their own homes or to the city hos¬ pitals. Several hundred patients were successfully treated here during the Exhibition.

The Sawmill. — This was a substantial shed, and was located on Fountain avenue, west of Machinery Hall. It was two hundred and seventy-six by eighty feet in size, with a boiler house forty-eight by thirty feet in size. It contained the exhibits of direct-acting steam saw machines and e;an<r saws.

o o o

Barracks. — There were five one-story and one large two- story frame buildings located at prominent points in the grounds. These were the barracks for the Centennial Guard, or special police force of the Exhibition. These buildings were also police stations, and were provided with cells for prisoners. The two- story barrack, which was located at the southwestern extremity of the grounds, was provided with a court-room and a magis¬ trate’s office.

Fire-Engine Homes. — These were two in number, and were of wood, and one story in height. They contained halls for the steam fire-engines stationed in them, halls for the horses, and quarters for the men. One of these buildings was at the north¬ east corner of the Main Exhibition Building; the other at the

694

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

intersection of Lansdowne drive and Belmont avenue. They were supplied with steam fire-engines, hose carriages, ladders and Babcock extinguishers on wheels and portable.

The Restaurants .

Besides the restaurants and lunch-rooms in the Exhibition buildings there were seven first-class restaurants located within the grounds. These were among the largest and most com¬ pletely appointed eating-houses in the United States, and were required by the Centennial Commission to conduct their affairs in such a manner that visitors to the Exhibition could obtain the best fare at moderate prices.

The American Restaurant was the largest and handsomest of

CRAN’D AMERICAN RESTAURANT.

all these establishments. It was situated on the northern side of Belmont valley, immediately south of Agricultural Hall, and within a short distance of Horticultural Hall. It was three hundred by two hundred feet in size, and was built around three sides of a court which was open on the south. This court-yard was one hundred and twenty-five by one hundred and sixteen feet in size, and was handsomely turfed and orna¬ mented with fountains and flowers. A wide piazza extended around the building, opening upon the court. 1 here was a large and handsome dining-hall at the east end of the building, which could seat six hundred guests, and on the opposite side of the building was a pavilion for the sale of ice cream, etc.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

695

Five thousand guests could be seated at once under the roof of the restaurant. Meals were served either d la carte or table de h6te. There were private rooms for suppers, dinners, etc., and the establishment possessed every facility for entertaining a large number of guests. It was conducted by Messrs. Tobias & Heilbrunn.

The Southern Restaurant was situated on Belmont avenue, north of the Woman’s Building. It was one hundred and eighty-five feet long and ninety-four feet deep, and had four

THE SOUTHERN RESTAURANT.

large dining-rooms and sixteen private rooms for parties or others who wished to dine away from the bustle of a large, crowded hall, several parlors, a reading-room, etc. It was in¬ tended as a place of rendezvous for visitors from the Southern States, and the waiters were all colored men. The proprietor was Edward Mercer, of Atlanta, Georgia, a gentleman well known throughout the South as “ a man who can keep a hotel.” The establishment could accommodate one thousand guests.

THE GERMAN REST A GRANT,

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

697

There were two French restaurants within the grounds.

The Restaurant of the Trois Freres Rrovenceaux was situated on the west side of* Belmont avenue, on the north shore of the lake, and south of the United States Government Building. It was a simple one-story wooden building, one hundred and seventy-seven by one hundred and ten feet in size, and stood in the midst of tastefully laid-off grounds. It could accommo¬ date about one thousand guests, and was a duplicate, with re¬ spect to its management, of the famous restaurant at Paris, after which it was named. Louis Goyard, of Paris, was the proprietor.

The Restaurant Lafayette was a handsome two-story frame structure, located on the south slope of Lansdowne ravine, north of the Carriage Building. The second story was arranged

-RESTAURANT LAFAYETTE.

as an open-air pavilion, and the building contained a number of public and private dining-rooms. It was one of the hand¬ somest eating-houses in the grounds, and was conducted on the French plan. It could accommodate about one thousand guests. Paul Sud rcau, of Philadelphia, was the proprietor.

The German Restaurant, or, as it was better known, “ Lauber’s Restaurant,” was situated on the south side of the Belmont, val¬ ley, a few yards northeast of Horticultural Hall. It consisted of a large dining-hall with a lofty dome, elaborately frescoed

G98

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and fitted up in elegant style, and three wings enclosing a large space which was floored over and covered with canvas. In this court tables were set, and beer and German wines were served. The building was two hundred by one hundred and fifty feet in size, and was handsome in design and convenient in arrange¬ ment. It could accommodate about twelve hundred guests. The proprietor was Philip J. Lauber, one of the most popular

RESTAURANT OP THE TROIS FRERES PROVEN^EAUX.

and enterprising citizens of Philadelphia. It may be added here that this was the most successful and best patronized estab¬ lishment within the grounds.

The Vienna Bakery and Cafe Fleischmann was a tasteful structure of wood, one hundred and forty-six by one hundred and five feet in size, situated immediately east of the French Government Building, near the entrance gates opposite the Reading Railroad Depot. It was the property of Gaff, Ileiscb-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

699

maun & Co., of Blissville, Long Island, New York, and was designed to exhibit the advantages of compound yeast in baking. It was fitted up with a bakery in which fresh bread was con¬ stantly baked, and served to customers in the coffee-house which adjoined the bakery.

The Georges Hill Restaurant was a frame building one hun¬ dred and twelve by seventy-two feet in size, situated in the western portion of the grounds, near the State buildings. It was also called the Hebrew Restaurant, as it was designed with especial reference to the wants of the Hebrew visitors to the Exhibition. Talman & Kolin were the proprietors.

To the southwest of the George’s Hill Restaurant was a small pavilion erected by Jacob Kolin, of New York. Here were sold the delicious wines and liquors of Hungary, which were served by attendants in the national dress of that country.

The Dairy. — This was a tasteful structure, built of logs, and open in the main story, having only the roof above it. A frame pavilion was erected to the west of it, and was used for the same purpose. The buildings stood on the north slope of the Lansdowne ravine, southwest of the Horticultural Hall, in the midst of grounds handsomely laid out as a garden. They were owned by an association of dairymen residing in Phila¬ delphia and the adjoining counties, and in them fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, ice-cream and refreshments of the lighter kind were served out to visitors.

The Tea and Coffee Press Building was a handsome edifice, with a tower at each end, situated on the north side of Belmont valley, south of the Agricultural Hall. It was the property of Mr. Jonathan Miller, and was designed to show a new method, invented by him, of making tea, coffee and other extracts, by means of pressure caused by the expansion of the materials used. This invention is one of the most important discoveries of the day, and is considered by chemists and other scientific men to be a national benefit. The process of making tea and coffee was shown to visitors by the inventor and his assistants, and attracted many spectators, especially housekeepers, to whom it is of great value, as it not only gives them a fine article of

THE SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

701

coffee and tea and a quick mode of preparing them, but econo¬ mizes the materials used. The value and power of the process of making extracts is shown uy the fact that the entire proper¬ ties to be extracted are taken out in a short time by cold water, and when hot or boiling water is thrown into the press, the expansion of the material is so great as to prevent the genera¬ tion of steam. Tea and coffee made by this process, and de¬ liciously cooled with ice, were served out to visitors at a small cost, and the “ presses ” were sold at moderate prices.

Individual Enterprises.

The Shoe and Leather Building. — This building was erected by the Shoe and Leather Trade of the United States. It was built of wood, was very plain in design, was one story in height, and was three hundred by one hundred and sixty feet in size. It was situated south of Machinery Hall, and the main entrance laced the grand plaza between Machinery Hall and the Main Building. At this end of the building were the offices and committee rooms.

The building contained a large hall, at each end of which was a gallery, and smaller rooms at each extremity of the edifice. The hall was handsomely decorated with flags and hunting, each truss which supported the rooffbeing draped with red, white and blue bands. As these were very numerous, the effect of the display was very fine. At each end of the hall were elaborate decorations appropriate to the place.

The hall contained a complete exhibit of all the materials which entered into this large American industry, from the heavy and intricate machinery for cutting and finishing the leather down to the blacking for polishing it. Nearly six hundred American houses took part in this exhibit, and a few manufac¬ turers from England, Russia and Germany.

The largest display was made by Massachusetts. The ex¬ hibits from this State exceeded those from all the other States together. Newark, New Jersey, was well represented and oc¬ cupied a large space, and both New York and Philadelphia made an excellent appearance.

702

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The central aisle was taken up on both sides with a display of boots and shoes for men, women and children. The goods were contained in handsome glass show-cases, and ranged in character from the heaviest to the lightest and finest work The variety of shoes was very great. One manufacturer ex¬ hibited over five hundred distinct patterns. Another exhibitor arranged his collection with reference to the historical interest which fashion has given to the shapes and finish of coverings for the feet, showing as he did the shoe from 1776 down to the present Centennial year in its differing forms.

At the western end of the main aisle the India rubber manu¬ facturers exhibited their goods, and made a handsome display of the various articles of this material used in commerce.

At the west end of the building was a small room, or hall, containing a fine exhibit of trunks, satchels, and the different leather goods used by travellers. Adjoining this, on the north side of the building, was a display of hardware for trunk- makers, etc.

The south side of the main hall was occupied with a large exhibit of leather. Rockwell & Co., of New York, made a special exhibit of sheep leather, their imitations of Russia leather being so perfect that it was hard for any one but a skilled expert to detect the difference.

On the north side of the hall was a large display of hoot and shoe making machinery. Conspicuous among the machines exhibited here was the McKay sewing machine for boots and shoes, from Boston. This machine is regarded as one of the best in use — if not the very best — and its capabilities fordoing the work for which it is designed may be seen in the fact that the company’s books show half a million of dollars of royalties on the work done last year. The Tapley Heel-Burnishing Machine Association, of Boston, exhibited one of their ad¬ mirable machines, of which four hundred are now in use. The Union edge-setting machine was an interesting object. It is said to do its work in one-half the time it can be done by hand; and the Plummer’s Union whitening and buffing ma¬ chine performed the labor of six men. The American Shoe-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

703

Tip Company, of Boston, exhibited an interesting machine for quilting boots and shoes with wire. Many of the machines were in operation, and their workings could be seen by visitors.

The Shoe and Leather exhibit was highly creditable and gave an admirable idea of the magnitude and importance of this great American industry and of the skill and ingenuity ex¬ ercised in it.

The Brewers' Industrial Exhibition Building was situated near the northeastern corner of the Exhibition grounds, and immediately east of the Agricultural Building. It was two hundred and seventy-two feet in length and ninety-six feet in width, and was erected at a cost of §30,000. It was a large and conspicuous wooden building. Hop vines were trained along the south front, and the grounds on this side were taste¬ fully laid off as a hop vineyard.

The building contained one large hall eighty-five feet in height, and four smaller halls forty-five feet high. Over the main entrance on the south side was a statue of Kins: Gam- brinus. At the rise of the second roof was a beer-barrel orna¬ mented with the flags of all nations, and over each entrance was a handsome design made up of the implements and materials used in the business.

The interior was decorated handsomely with bunting of vari¬ ous colors, and over the eastern entrance was a large trophy surrounding a medallion on which was inscribed the following sentence: “In the year 1863, 1,558,083 barrels of beer were brewed in the United States; in 1875, 8,743,744 barrels were produced from malt liquors, on which a tax was paid of §9,144,004.” Inscriptions in English and German relative to the brewing business were placed on the wall at various points. Near the centre of the hall was an elevator which conveyed visitors to the gallery outside of the building, from which a fine view of the Exhibition grounds, the river, and the surrounding country was obtained.

The building was devoted to a display of the processes of making malt, and brewing beer, ale and porter. Mr. Charles Stoll, of New York, erected at great expense a working brewery

704

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

of the most approved plan, containing all the latest improve¬ ments. It was called the “ Centennial Brewery,” and had a capacity of 150 barrels at one time. Opposite to this display there were two malt kilns of full size, one of which was erected by William Hughes and Theodore Bcrgner, of Philadelphia. The latter was a patent arrangement, and was complete in every particular. In various parts of the building the manner of steeping, germinating, and drying the malt was shown, to¬ gether with the cleaning and separating machines. Malt- grinding mills, hop-grinding mash machines, vats, tubs, and beer-cooling apparatus, from Austria, were also shown. Models of malt-houses and breweries were exhibited, and among these was a model of the brewery of one hundred years ago, when all the labor was done by hand. The brewery then was simply a rough shed with a rudely thatched roof of straw. Close bv was a model of a modern brewery of to-day, with all its machinery and improvements. Samples of hops, barley, and other cereals from which malt liquors are made, were shown, one firm dis¬ playing five varieties. Samples of malt liquors of all kinds, in glass and wood, were also exhibited.

On the northern side of the Brewers’ Building was an annex known as the “ lee House.” It was seventy feet in length and eighty feet in width, and the walls were double and were lined with shavings to assist in maintaining a low degree of tempera¬ ture. It was fitted up with three compartments: one for ale, which does not require so low a temperature; a second for beer, which requires great cold; and the third for use as a sample room. All the malt liquors intended for competitive exhibition were kept in this building.

The Butter and Cheese Factory was a large wooden building situated near the northeastern end of the Exhibition grounds and east of the Brewers’ Building. It was one hundred and sixteen by one hundred feet in size, and was two stories in height. It contained a special exhibit of the dairy products of the United States, and illustrations of the processes of making butter and cheese.

The Department of Public Comfort was a peculiar and very

705

BUILDING OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC COMFORT.

706

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

important branch of the great Exhibition. As its name indicates it was designed to supply additional comforts and conveniences to visitors to the Exhibition. It was controlled by a company of which Mr. \Vr. Marsh Kasson was the President. The sum of §20,000 was paid to the Centennial Commission for the privilege of establishing this department, and it was made a condition of the concession that all the accommodations provided by the department should be of the best quality, and that the charges for them should be moderate.

The principal building of the Department of Public Comfort ■ stood on the corner of the Avenue of the Republic and Agri¬ cultural avenue. It was a handsome edifice of wood, two stories in height, two hundred and sixty-lbur by one hundred and twelve feet in size, and consisted of a central building with two win trs. The central building was used by the department, and contained a large reception-room for visitors, which was abun¬ dantly supplied with chairs and sofas, and was free to all who chose to avail themselves of its facilities. A register was kept here, free of charge, in which visitors could enter their names, address in the city, and date of intended departure, so that friends might readily learn of their whereabouts. Special arrangements could be made for the reception of visitors’ letters addressed to the care of the Department of Public Comfort. These were kept until called for, or forwarded to any desired point. Reserved seats at the theatres and principal places of amusement in the city could be obtained here.

At the north end of the reception-hall was a lunch-counter, at which refreshments were sold at moderate prices. Stands for the sale of fancy articles, newspapers, periodicals, etc., were to be found in the reception-room, and attached to it were barber¬ shops for gentlemen, dressing-rooms for ladies, water-closets, lavatories, boot-blacking rooms, and coat and baggage rooms, where baggage and other small articles could be leit at a small cost, the owner receiving a check for his property.

In connection with the coat and baggage room were ten sta¬ tions in and about the Exhibition buildings, where articles of wearing apparel, small baggage, bundles, baskets and umbrellas

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

707

could be deposited and cared for, or checked for delivery to other stations. Stands for supplying newspapers, periodicals, and all the current literature of the day, were provided in the reception- room and in and about the different public buildings; stationery, postage stamps, and all conveniences for writing, were also supplied. In the Art Gallery, stands for the sale and hire of object and opera glasses were established. Five pavilions for boot-blacking were also located at desirable points about the grounds. At all the coat and baggage stations umbrellas were kept for sale and hire. Telegraphic stations for ordering rolling- chairs and calling messengers of the American District Telegraph Company could also be found there.

Over the central portion of the building was an open air gal¬ lery, which was covered with a canvas awning and was free to all visitors. It was intended, like the reception-room, as a place of general resort for visitors.

The eastern wing was occupied by the General Telegraph Office of the Exhibition, also under the control of the Depart¬ ment of Public Comfort. Messages could be sent from here to all parts of the world. The room contained an exhibit of the various instruments used in telegraphing, the greater number of which could be seen in operation.

The western wing was fitted up for the accommodation of the United States Centennial Commission and the members of the press of the country. It contained some of the offices of the Commission and a large and airy hall, which looked out upon the wooded slopes of the Lansdowne valley, and was fitted up with tables and chairs for the use of the army of correspondents and reporters who were daily engaged in making the attractions of the Exhibition known to the public.

The Singer Sewing Machine Building was a pretty frame cot¬ tage erected on the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north of Memorial Hall, by the Singer Manufacturing Company, at a cost of $20,000. It was handsomely frescoed within, and was fitted up in elegant style. It was devoted to a special exhibit of the Singer sewing machines. Among the novelties on exhibition here were a wax-thread lock-stitch machine, and

708

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

button-hole and eyelet machine, a book-binding machine and several others that were new to the public, one of which was capable of making 30,000 different styles of stitches. Numer¬ ous samples were shown of the work performed with the Singer machine, and these were among the most beautiful and .skilful

SINGER SEWING MACHINE BUII/DING.

specimens of needlework to be seen in the Exhibition. A reg¬ ister was kept in the reception-parlor for the names of visitors. At the close of the Exhibition the company presented to one of the lady visitors whose name was inscribed in the register the two millionth machine of their manufacture, the choice being

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 709

determined by lot. Sixty-one machines, each of a different style, were in operation here.

The Pennsylvania Bible Society Pavilion was located on the north side of the Lansdowne valley and south of the Horticul¬ tural Hall. It was a plain structure of wood, oval in shape, and surmounted by a carved roof with a projecting cornice. It bore the inscription, “ The Bible without note or comment,” The front was ornamented with an open Bible, above which was the text, from Jeremiah xxii. 29: “O earth, earth, earth, hear the word of the Lord.” Bibles and Testaments, in all the writ¬ ten languages of the world, were sold here at cost.

The “ Times" Pavilion was a small frame structure erected by the proprietors of the Philadelphia Times as a Centennial business office. It stood on Belmont avenue, opposite and east of the lake.

The Glass Magazine stood on Belmont avenue opposite the lake, and north of the Photographic Association Building. It was forty feet square and two stories in height. It was con¬ structed mainly of plate glass from the works of Messrs. Klaut- sheck, Thomas & Stuart, of Philadelphia, and was devoted to a special exhibit of plate and window-glass, glass shades, hand mirrors, etc., made by the above firm. All the articles in the building were for sale.

The American Fusee Company’s Building was a small plain structure, situated on Lansdowne drive, north of the Judges’ Building. It contained an exhibit of the safety match of this company, the head-quarters of which are in New York.

The Centennial Photographic Association Building was the property of the company the name of which it bore. It was a one-story frame building with a wide balcony around it, and was situated on the east side of Belmont avenue, north of the grand plaza. It was one hundred and fifty by thirty feet in size, and contained one room for the exhibition of photographs, and three rooms for photographic manufacture. The company had the exclusive right of making photographs of the buildings and exhibits which were on sale here and at various points in the buildings and within the grounds. This was the only

710

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

place where visitors could have their pictures taken at the Ex¬ hibition.

The American Railroad Ticket Office was a handsome building octagonal in shape, and constructed of wood. It was seventv-

TICKET-OFFICE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD IN TIIE EXHIBITION

GROUNDS.

five feet in diameter and two stories in height, and was situated on the northeast corner of Belmont avenue and the Avenue of the Republic, immediately west of the Judges’ Hall. It was used as a general ticket office for the four great trunk lines of the country — the Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, Erie, and hew

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

711

York Central Railroads. Tickets were sold to all points in the United States, and information furnished respecting routes of travel, rates of fare, etc. A portion of the building was used as the office of the Adams Express Company for the transaction of their Centennial business.

The Bankers' Building was a handsome cottage, painted in dark rich colors, and situated east of the Art Gallery, between the Photographic Annex anc^the Vienna Bakery. It was built by the contributions of the bankers of the principal cities of the Union and their clerks, and was designed for the exhibition of coins and currency, and as a place of rendezvous for bankers and their families while visiting the Exhibition.

The Empire Transportation Company's Building was a plain wooden structure, seventy by sixty feet in size, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, north of the cast end of the Main Exhibition Building. It was built in the style of a railroad freight station-house, and was devoted to an exhibit of the method of transporting “fast freight,” as practised by the Empire Transportation Company and its connections. A number of handsome working models of lake steamers, grain elevators, oil tanks, railroad cars and locomotives, were arranged around the room, and were in constant operation. They showed the system of bringing grain in steamers from the great lakes to prominent points on the great trunk lines, and of transferring it by elevators to the cars which are to convey it to the eastern markets ; and also from the cars to the large elevators of the terminal points in the east, from which it is discharged into vessels bound for foreign ports. A series of working models also exhibited the method of operating petroleum wells, and of ship¬ ping the crude oil in tank cars and conveying it to distant markets. The models to be seen here were among the most perfect in the Exhibition, and the display made in this building was as interesting as it is suggestive.

The Burial Casket Building was a one-story frame structure, with turrets, situated on the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north of the Annex to the Art Gallery. It was devoted to an exhibition of the various styles of burial caskets.

BUILDING OF T1IE CAMPBELL PRESS COMPANY.

TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

713

The Gas Machine was an octagonal one-story frame structure, fifteen feet in diameter, situated south of Machinery Hall, and was devoted to an exhibit of a new process of generating a fixed illuminating gas. The exhibitor was J. C. Tiffany, of Boston.

Starr’s Iron Works were located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the fence which separated the Exhibition grounds from Elm avenue. They were the property of Messrs. Jesse W. Starr <fc Son, of Camden, New Jersey. The display consisted of iron pipes for water and gas, fire hydrants, stop valves, lamp posts, etc. The chief feature was a complete set of gas apparatus for the manufacture and distribution of gas, from the benches and retort house to the gas-holder. Included in the apparatus was a set of cast-iron purifiers, with wet and dry centre valves, and an improved carriage (first introduced by this firm) for removing the lids of the purifiers. Another feature was an automatic compensating governor, circular, multitubular and pipe condensers, jet, spray and cataract washers, with wooden and wrought-iren lime sieves. The exhibit was the largest and most complete made by any of the iron workers of the Union, and reflected the highest credit upon the Messrs. Starr. The extent of the business of this firm may be imagined by the reader when it is stated that their patterns alone are valued at §250,000.

The Gunpowder Pile Driver was exhibited by the Gunpowder Pile Driving Company, of Philadelphia. It was built in the open air, and was situated southwest of Machinery Hall, and afforded a practical demonstration of the advantages of driving piles by this process.

The Automatic Railroad was situated west of Machinery Hall, and was exhibited by Charles W. Hunt, of New York. It was an exceedingly ingenious invention, and illustrated the mode of unloading vessels by means of a railroad worked by a self¬ acting apparatus.

The Glass Works were situated west of Machinery Hall, near the Fifty-second street entrance to the grounds. The building was one story in height, and contained a large brick furnace and chimney in the centre. It was gayly decorated with globes and

/

714

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

other objects of colored glass. All the various processes of pressing, blowing and cutting glass were carried on here by a corps of experienced workmen. Tumblers, goblets, mugs and other articles were manufactured and sold to visitors. The building was the property of the well-known firm of Gillinder & Sons, of Philadelphia, who are among the most prominent glass-makers of the United States. The work-room was thronged

GILLTNDER & SONS’ GLASS WORKS, IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

all through the day with visitors watching the process of manufacture.

The Saw-Mill was a one-story frame building, with a boiler- house attached, and was situated southwest of Machinery I a > near Fountain avenue. It was the property of E. '

Co., of Fulton, New York, who exhibited here a fine direct-

acting circular saw of improved construction. (

The Campbell Printing Press Building was situated immeu

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 715

ately west of Machinery Hall. It was built of wood ; was two stories in height ; was one hundred and forty-four by eighty- eight feet in size, and was handsomely decorated. An elaborate fluyule stood at the eastern end, and was surmounted by a statue of the inventor of the art of printing. A balcony crossed this front on a level with the second story. The building was in all respects one of the handsomest and best arranged erected by private enterprise within the Exhibition grounds. It was the property of the Campbell Printing Press and Manufacturing Company, of Brooklyn, New York, who here exhibited all

VIEW OF TIIE INTERIOR OF THE GLASS WORKS.

their specialties in printing presses, from the immense and splendid “Rotary” to the smallest card printing presses.

The company had the exclusive right to do printing for the exhibitors and other persons connected with the great fair, and offered them peculiar facilities in this respect. For this pur¬ pose the company established a large and complete printing office in this building, in which all the branches of the art were carried on. Type-setting, stereotyping, electrotyping, printing and book-binding were in operation here, and those interested

716

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

in these matters could here study all their details. The Camp¬ bell Building thus constituted one of the features of the Exhibi¬ tion, and received a generous recognition at the hands of visitors to the great fair.

Fuller, Warren & Co.’s Stove Building was a handsome one- story frame pavilion, situated at the east end of Machinery Hall and opposite the Total Abstinence Fountain. It was devoted to an exhibition of stoves, heaters and ranges in operation from the famous works of Fuller, Warren & Co., of New York, Chicago, Cleveland and Troy. These were richly worth an examination, and were among the handsomest as well as the best in the world.

The Liberty Stove Works was the name of an ornamental wooden structure west of Machinery Hall and south of the Total Abstinence Fountain. It was occupied with a display of stoves, heaters and ranges, manufactured by Charles Noble ct Co., of the Liberty Stove Works, of Philadelphia. These offered a sharp competition to those of the establishment just mentioned, both in beauty of design and good workmanship.

The Pavilion of the Boston “ Herald” and Boston “ Daily Advertiser” was a small one-story frame building, situated on Fountain avenue, north of the western end of Machinery Hall. It was the head-quarters of the correspondents and attach6s of the journals to which it belonged, and a centre of New England news.

Pop- Corn Buildings. — There were two of these buildings located in the grounds, one on Fountain avenue, opposite the north end of the lake, the other on Agricultural avenue, east of the New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen. They were one-story frame structures, and were devoted exclusively to the sale of pop-corn. They were the property of J. A. Baker, of Dayton, Ohio, to whom the concession for the sale of this article belonged.

The American Newspaper Building was a handsome two-story frame structure, seventy by forty-six feet in size, and was situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake and south of the United States Government Building. The edifice was thirty-three feet

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

717

in height, and the style of architecture was light and graceful, affording a pleasing contrast to the great buildings of the Exhi¬ bition. It was painted in cool and pleasant neutral tints, and had a most attractive and inviting appearance. Prom the exte¬ rior it appeared to be two stories in height, but the central hall rose clear to the roof. A long tabic extended down the middle of this hall, and on it were arranged copies of all the newspapers published in the United States. Chairs and sofas were scattered about the hall for the convenience of visitors, who were cordially

iPIrWKST.PHILA.

53 AJJlIlBUST

THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER BUILDING.

welcomed and made to feel at home by the courteous manager and his assistants. All visitors were invited to come and read the local papers from their distant homes, and the building was thus one of the most convenient of all the features of the Exhibition.

On each side of the reception-hall were long, narrow, but well- lighted alcoves, in the innumerable pigeon-holes of which were files of all the daily and weekly papers published in the United States. The admirable system upon which the establishment

718

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

was conducted rendered it easy for the attendants to find at once any paper of any date that the visitor might desire to see. For¬ eign visitors were thus enabled to make a study of American journalism. The height of the side chambers, where these alcoves were placed, was about ten feet, and over them were long galleries or sheltered balconies which extended all around the interior of the building. These were most tastefully fitted up with comfortable chairs and neat walnut writing desks, while from the large open windows could be obtained a charming view of the lake, or glimpses of almost any other portion of the grounds. The representatives of all the newspapers in the country were welcome to the free use of these writing-rooms, and pens, ink, paper and envelopes were furnished editors and reporters free of charge. When it is remembered that the building was located on one of the loveliest spots in the enclosure, and when it is stated that no noise of any kind, except the subdued voices of visitors, broke the stillness so necessary to all higher classes of composition, it will be seen at a glance that no more desirable place in which to prepare descriptive reports of the Exhibition could be found, and the liberal accommodations were taken advantage of by large numbers of visiting journalists, as well as by those resident in this city.

The building and its contents were the property of Messrs. George P. Rowell & Co., of New York, well known to the American people as the leading advertising agents of the United States. The energy and generosity with which they carried out this unique and important branch of the Exhibition should render them even more popular with the business men of the country than their past extraordinary career has shown them to be.

The New York “ Tribune ” Pavilion was a tasteful one-storv structure, octagonal in shape, with verandahs and a high-peaked roof. It stood on the west side of Belmont avenue, near the north end of the lake, and was used as the head-quarters ol the Tribune correspondents and as the Centennial business office of that journal.

The Pressed Fuel Company's Building was a small but hand-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

719

some iron pavilion, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, west of the lake and opposite Machinery Hall. It was devoted to an exhibit of the pressed fuel prepared and sold by E. F. Loiseau, of Philadelphia.

The World's Ticket Office. — The well-known firm of Cook, Son & Jenkins, whose main house is in London, but whose branches arc now established in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Washington, New Orleans, San Francisco and Pitts¬ burgh, have already gained a world-wide reputation by their system of cheap and attractive tours in all parts of the world. They erected a handsome building of wood, hexagonal in form, and sixty feet square, and situated on Belmont avenue, imme¬ diately north of the eastern end of Machinery Hall. The inte¬ rior consisted of a main hall extending to the roof and four private offices. The hall was lighted by six tasteful dormer windows placed in the roof, which rose from the sides to the central por¬ tion. Counters were arranged around the hall, at which tickets to all parts of the civilized world were sold. Guide-books to foreign countries, based upon the system of tours adopted by Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, were for sale.

A number of articles of olive wood made in Palestine were offered for sale in the hall, and in the vestibule leading from the western entrance a number of Eastern curiosities were on exhibition. Among these was the mummy of an Egyptian priest¬ ess or princess of the age of the Pharaohs. In addition to the mummy, which, though three thousand years old, was in an excellent state of preservation, the mummy-case was rich in Egyptian figures and inscriptions, which described her ladyship as a priestess or princess of noble rank; and the inscriptions, while, as usual, giving some biographical details, contained extracts from the “Book of the Dead,” or “Ritual of the Dead.”

The mummy and case were the property of the Rev. Dr. J. L. M. Curry, President of the Richmond (Yindnia'l Colleo'e who obtained them at Luxor, while making a trip up the Nile, under the escort of a member of this firm. Weapons and other curiosities from Upper Egypt were also shown.

In the grounds in the rear of the building Messrs. Cook, Son,

o

l -

cook’s world’s ticket offices, centennial grounds.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

721

& Jenkins showed a model of the camp which they provide for persons journeying through Palestine under their charge. It consisted of a dining-room tent, large and square in shape, fitted up with a long table, chairs, etc.; and a sleeping-tent containing two single iron bedsteads, a wash-stand, dressing-case etc. Attached to these was a kitchen. The camp was in charge of a Syrian dragoman and cook.

Frank Leslie's Building was a pretty one-story frame pavilion on the east shore of the lake, just north of the World’s Ticket Office. It was used as a head-quarters for the artists and corre¬ spondents of Frank Leslie’s illustrated publications.

The Women's School-House, or Kindergarten, was situated northeast of the Woman’s Building and a few yards distant from it. It was a one-story Gothic cottage, one of the most charming and attractive structures on the grounds. It was thirty-five by eighteen feet in size, and was built of pine wood, which was brought to a beautiful hue by varnishing and polish¬ ing. Not a particle of paint was to be seen about the building, but the native wood showed everywhere bright and rich in color. The interior consisted of a large hall with an alcove at the side for spectators. The system used was that of Fred¬ erick Froebel, the inventor of the Kindergarten. A low table stood in the centre of the room, and around it were a number of little rocking-chairs for the little pupils. Every Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday the operations of the Froebel system were shown from ten until half-past twelve o’clock. The teacher was a lady from Boston, and the class was composed of sixteen bright little ones from the Northern Home for Friendless Chil¬ dren in Philadelphia. A more delightful sight than these happy children at their studious play can scarcely be imagined. The advantages of the Kindergarten are so well known that it would be useless to dwell upon them here.

The American Kindergarten was a small frame building lying immediately north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It was in charge of Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, an experienced teacher, whose system is said to be an improvement upon Froe- bel’s, or rather an adaptation of his system to American wants.

4 6

722

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

A school for the training of Kindergarten teachers constituted a distinctive feature of this establishment. It was open daily

Clark & Co.’s Building was situated between Belmont avenue and Lansdowue drive. It was forty feet square, one story in height, and was surmounted by a tower. It was devoted to a special exhibit of self-coiling shutters.

The Warren Foundry and Machine Shop represented cast-iron gas and water pipes unprotected from the weather. It was located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the southern edge of the Exhibition grounds.

THE NEW ENGLAND LOG CABIN AND MODERN KITCHEN.

The New England Farmer’s Home and Modern Kitchen con¬ stituted one of the most interesting features of the Exhibition.

They were situated on State avenue, west of Agricultural avenue, and not far from the Woman’s Building. The New England Farmer’s Home was a plain one-story log house, and was built and arranged in the style of the New England farm¬ houses of a century ago. It contained a parlor, or “settin-room, a kitchen, and bed-rooms, all of which were furnished with veri¬ table heirlooms contributed by the people of New' England. Many of the articles were exceedingly valuable for their historical interest. In the “ set tin-room ” was a chair made for Governor Endicott, who led the first colonization of Massachusetts two

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

723

centuries and a half ago. In one of the chambers was the Ful¬ ler cradle, in which was rocked little Peregrine White the child who was born on board the “ Mayflower” on the voyage of ti e Pilgrims to Plymouth. The rockers have been worn away in the long years that have elapsed since then, but the cradle still remains a mute witness of the wonderful story of American progress with which all tongues are busy now. What a contrast between the scene when it held its little charge in the hamlet of Plymouth, amid the fierce storms that howled along the bleak and barren coast of New England, and the grand assemblage of the nations and wealth of the world in which it took its part! Here was John Alden’s writing-desk, on which* he penned those tender epistles in which

“ Every sentence began or closed with the name of Priscilla,

Till the treacherous pen to which he confided the secret Strove to betray it by singing and shouting the name of Priscilla.”

Here also was an ancient spinning-wheel which is known to have belonged to Plymouth for more than two hundred years, and which may be the very one which Priscilla, the Puritan maiden, whirled so deftly that poor John Alden could find no wav out of the web she wove about him. Here was the dressing- case of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the first minister in Rhode Island, one hundred and twenty-eight years old ; and against the wall hung the first clock brought to Andover, Massa¬ chusetts.

Everything in the house had the ripe flavor of antiquity, and the visitor might sec in the place an exact reproduction of the homes that bis ancestors, the Minute Men of the Revolution, left so promptly and bravely when the news of the battle of Lexington called them to arms. The farm-house was occupied only by ladies, who were dressed in the quaint costumes of their great-grandmothers, and who conducted visitors through the house, and explained to them the story and uses of its contents.

Adjoining the farm-house was a frame building fitted up as a Modern New England Kitchen. It contained all the improve¬ ments of the present age, and showed the progress of the century in this department of domestic industry.

724

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Pacific Guano Company’s Buildings were situated at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. The principal structure was a handsomely ornamented Moorish pavilion two stories in height, containing specimens of the guano; and north of this was a shed containing models of the company’s warehouses at Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina.

The grounds around the pavilion were plentifully fertilized with the guano, and were planted with cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, which grew finely under the warm sun and the generous stimulus of the fertilizer.

The Averill Chemical Paint Company’s Building was’ situated on Fouutaifi avenue, east of the saw-mill. It was a handsome pavilion of wood, and was ornamented with colored panels showing the various colors and qualities of the paints manufac¬ tured by this company. Specimens of the paints were on exhibi¬ tion within the building.

The New York Slate Roofing Company’s Building was a small wooden structure with a pointed roof. It was situated on the slope of Lansdowne valley, north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It was devoted to an exhibit of the rubber roofing and the patent slate roofing paint manufactured by this company.

George Ilayes, of New York , had a wooden building painted in imitation of brick, north of the Carriage Annex and imme¬ diately west of the edifice j ust described. It was devoted to a special exhibit of patent window blinds, constructed so as to admit the air and at the same time exclude the dust and insects.

The Sheet Metal Pavilion stood on the north slope of the Lansdowne valley, south of and opposite the Geiman Govern ment Building. It was a handsome and elaborate edifice con¬ structed entirely of sheet metal. A massive balustrade, orna mented with eagles and vases with flowers, all of metal, extern e( around the roof. The building was the property of Marshall Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia, manufacturers of metal roofing sheets, and the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament ( ompanv, 0 Salem, Ohio, manufacturers of architectural sheet rneta an ornaments. The building, which was itself a her atiful sped

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

725

men of the work of these firms, contained a large exhibit of the wares manufactured by them.

The Caffe do Braz'd was situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake. It was a small, one-story pavilion of wood, and was conducted as a coffee house by a firm of Brazilian mer¬ chants.

The United States Life-Saving Station was a handsome two- story building, situated on the north shore of the lake, imme¬ diately west of the Trois Freres Provengeaux Restaurant. It was intended to show the system in use at the life-saving sta¬ tions established by the general government at the dangerous points along our coast, and was provided with a full equipment of the articles necessary to this purpose.

The Elevated Bailway spanned the Belmont valley, and con¬ nected the Agricultural and Horticultural Halls. It rested upon a series of pillars which had foundations of masonry placed in the bed and on. the sides of the valley. It consisted of one upper rail and two lower ones placed in a triangular position, the lower rails being about four feet and a half below the central or upper rail. The car rested on the eentral rail, on which the principal wheels worked, and it extended down to the level of the lower rails, thus making it a two-story struc¬ ture. Horizontal wheels revolved on the lower rails, and thus kept the car steady and prevented it from jumping the track or being thrown off. The adhesion of these wheels to the rails could be increased at pleasure. The car was divided into three compartments, one upper and two lower ones. The locomotive was provided with La France rotary engines, and had an ordin¬ ary horizontal boiler. It carried its fuel and water in the com¬ partments below the centre rail. It is claimed for this road that it is cheaper to build, more economical to operate, and safer than any other elevated road in use. It conveyed passengers across the Belmont valley for the moderate sum of three cents.

The Windmills. — A number of patent windmills of various kinds were located in the extreme northeastern corner of the grounds, on the hill overlooking the Schuylkill. They were in constant operation.

EXHIBIT OF FURS IN MAIN BUILDING.

726

CHAPTER XXI.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY,

President of the U. S. Centennial Commission.

OSEPII RUSSELL HAWLEY was born in Richmond county, North Carolina, on the 31st of October, 1826. His father, a Congregational ist minister, and a native of New York, was at that time engaged in some mis¬ sionary work in North Carolina, but in a few years removed to central New York, and settled at Peterboro. Here young Hawley grew up, gaining his education at the free schools of the district, and closing it at Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1847. Having resolved to become a lawyer he began the study of his profession at Cazenovia, New York, and continued it at Farmington, Connecticut. In 1850 he removed to Hartford, Connecticut, at the suggestion of his uncle, David Hawley, a well-known city missionary, and began the practice of law there. He had a hard struggle at first, in his efforts to establish himself in his profession, but went to work with an energy and determination that finally brought him success. He continued to prosper, and five years after his settlement in Hartford he was able to marry, and on Christmas day, 1855, was united to Harriet, daughter of General A. Foote, of Guilford, Connecticut.

Mr. Hawley early distinguished himself in Hartford as one of the leaders of the Free Soil party. lie was conspicuously active in State conventions, and was regarded as one of the most eloquent and forcible speakers in his party. Although enjoying a successful law practice his preference for politics led

727

728

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

him a few years later to abandon his profession and devote him- self to journalism. Associating himself with Mr. Faxon he bought out the Hartford Republican, and changed it into’ the Hartford Evening Press, of which he assumed the editorship The new journal was a success from the first, and Mr. Hawley soon found himself ranked among the leading journalists of New England, a position which he maintained with ability and profit until the breaking out of the civil war.

Upon the receipt of Governor Bucking¬ ham’s proclamation, after the fall of Fort Sumter, Hawley and two friends met at the office of the Press and signed their names to an enlist¬ ment paper as volun¬ teers in the 1st regi¬ ment. A public meet¬ ing was held at Hart¬ ford the same evening and was presided over by the Lieutenant- Governor of the State. The list was presented to the meeting aud was at once tilled up, and Company A of the 1st regiment was formed. Hawley was made first-lieutenant of this company, which was mustered into the service for three months, on the 22d of April, 1861. The colonel of the regiment being pro¬ moted soon after, Hawley became captain of his company. He exerted himself with ardor to organize and equip his men, and armed them with Sharpe rifles at his own expense. His regi¬ ment was promptly sent forward to Washington, and in the

GENERAL J. R. HAWLEY, PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

729

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

battle of Bull Run, which soon followed, Captain Hawley’s

company was one of the few that did ‘not take part in the shame¬ ful panic and flight.

The company was mustered out of the service on the 31st of July, 1861, their term of enlistment being ended. In the fol¬ lowing month the 6th Connecticut Regiment was organized for three' years’ service, and of this body Hawley was made lieu¬ tenant-colonel. Upon reaching Washington the regiment was assigned to the Department of the South. It took part in the attack on lort Wallace, under Colonel Terry, on the 7th of November; in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah, in April and May, 1862; in the battle of James Island, on the 14th of June; and in the fight at Pocataligo, on the 22d of October, 1862, in all of which engagements it was especially distinguished for gallantry. During this period Terry had been made a brigadier-general and Hawley had been promoted to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment in nearly all these affairs.

Colonel Hawley commanded his regiment during the opera¬ tions of General Gilmore, at Morris’ island and Fort Wagner, in the campaign against Charleston in the spring and summer of 1863. He was subsequently placed in command at Fer- nandina, Florida, and had the good fortune while there to secure for his regiment the breech-loading Spencer rifle, which vas ignored by the AY ar Department during the war, but which he regarded as a most valuable weapon. On the 19th of

February, 1864, he took part in the hard-fought battle of Olustee, Florida.

On the 4th of May, 1864, the 6th Connecticut was trans-r ferred to the Army of the James, where Colonel Hawley was given the command of a brigade in Terry’s division. ' lie par¬ ticipated in this capacity in Butler’s attack on Bermuda Hun¬ dreds, and in the fights at Chester Station, Deep Bottom, Deep Rim, Chapin’s Farm, New Market Road, Darbytown Road, Chat lcs City Road, and in nearly all the engagements which occurred north of the James river during the year.

In September, 1864, he was commissioned a brigadier-gen-

O &

730

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

eral of volunteers, and in November was placed in command of 3000 Connecticut troops, and sent with General Butler to New York to maintain order in that city during the Presiden¬ tial election of that year. He returned to the army when the elections were over, and in January, 1865, took part in the storming and capture of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, North Carolina, one of the most brilliant operations of the war.

In the spring of 1865 General Terry was placed in command of the city of Richmond, and General Hawley was at his request made his chief of staff. He held this position until September 28th, 1865, when he was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers ; and on the 15th of January, 1866, was honorably mustered out of the service. In quitting the army he left behind him the reputation of a brave and able officer, who had rendered good service to his country and whose every promotion had been won by the faithful and efficient discharge of duty in the field, and often under the most trying circumstances.

Returning home he was nominated bv the Republican party as its candidate for Governor of Connecticut, and in April was elected over Governor English in one of the most exciting con¬ tests ever held in the State. lie held the office for one term, and then, declining a renomination, returned to his editorial duties, having during his service in the army and his guberna¬ torial term retained his connection with the Press, which had been consolidated with the Hartford Courant under the latter title. Of this paper General Hawley was the chief proprietor and editor. In 1868 he was sent as a delegate to the National Republican Convention, at Chicago, and was chosen President of that body, which nominated Grant and Colfax for the Presi¬ dency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. On the 5th of November, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-second Con¬ gress, and was re-elected in 1874.

General Hawley was one of the first to espouse and work fot the project of an International Centennial Exhibition, and both in Congress and in his journal gave himself heart and soul to the effort. Upon the passage of the act of Congress organizing

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

731

the United States Centennial Commission, lie was appointed by President Grant a Commissioner from Connecticut. Upon the fn>’t mcctm„ ot that bod\ , in March, 1872, General Hawley was chosen President of the Commission, to which position he has since been regularly re-elected. The ability and energy with which he has discharged the difficult, burdensome and often delicate duties of his position are shown in the magnifi¬ cent success with which his labors have been crowned.

In person General Hawley is about five feet eight or nine inches in height, with a stout, well-built figure. His face in¬ dicates firmness and decision of character, and the expression of his clear gray eyes is straightforward and earnest. You would single him out in a crowd as a man of unusual ability, and as a man utterly incapable of an equivocal action.

JOHN WELSH,

Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance.

John Welsh was born in the city of Philadelphia, in 1805, and was bred to mercantile pursuits. He is seventy-one years old, and was for many years a member of the well-known firm of J. & W. Welsh, general shipping and commission mer¬ chants, on Delaware avenue, near Walnut street. He is one of the most successful merchants of Philadelphia, and for half a century has been closely and honorably identified with the business interests of that city.

Mr. \\ elsh was one of the earliest advocates of the plan for the International Centennial Exhibition, and when the Board of Finance was organized, at the instance of the Centennial Commission, in June, 1872, he was appointed a member of it, and was unanimously chosen Chairman of the Board. In this capacity he has served for four years, and has discharged his duties with signal ability and fidelity. The general financial usiness of the Exhibition has been managed by the Board °I Finance. Upon this body devolved the task of making the contracts for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the proper completion of the same, the provision of the thousand

732

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and one things necessary to the complete success of the Exhi¬ bition, and the raising and disbursing of the revenue necessary for carrying out the great scheme.

The reader will thus see that the duties of Mr. 'Welsh have been of the most difficult and arduous nature. For the past two years he has devoted his whole time to the affairs of the Exhibition, and under his vigorous and able management they have been conducted with a vigor, promptness and success

which are character¬ istic of the man. The best evidence of the high esteem in which Mr. Welsh is held by the solid businessmen of the city is shown in the eagerness with which the leading capitalists of Phila¬ delphia affixed their names as sureties to the bonds for $500,- 000, which Mr.M elsh, in connection with Mr. Fraley, the Treasurer of the Board of Fi¬ nance, was required to give for the faith¬ ful disbursement of the sum of $1,500,- 000, appropriated by the Congress of the United States in aid of the Exhibition. His popularity with his fellow-citizens generally was shown in the enthusiasm with which he was greeted 1>J the vast throng which witnessed the inaugural ceremonies on t e 10th of May.

ALFRED T. G0SH0RN, Director-General of the Exhibition.

Alfred T. Goshorn was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1834.

JOHN WELSH, CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

733

He received his early education at the common schools of that city, and completed his studies at Marietta College, from which he graduated with distinction. He studied law, and in due time entered upon the practice of his profession, but soon left the bar and engaged in manufacturing, becoming subse¬ quently the proprietor of extensive white lead works near Cincinnati.

He entered heartily into the Exhibition scheme, and, upon the organization of the United States Centennial Commission, was appointed by President Grant a Commissioner from Ohio. At the first meeting of the Com¬ mission he was elect¬ ed one of the Vice- Presidents of that body and Director- General of the Ex¬ hibition.

The Director-Gen¬ eral is the chief ex¬ ecutive officer of the Exhibition. Upon him devolved the trying charge of su¬ pervising the work generally, conducting A' T- G0SH0R*’ sector-general

J. ° EXHIBITION.

negotiations, corre¬ spondence, and leading as one harmonious body to the objective point of success an army of artists, contractors, superintendents, clerks, exhibitors, railroad companies and State and national commissioners, previous to the opening of the Exhibition, and of managing all the daily details of the great enterprise afler its public inauguration* and during the Exhibition period.

Such a position requires executive ability of the highest order, and the brilliant success with which General Goshorn’s

734

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

labors have been crowned lias demonstrated the fact that he possesses this quality in an eminent degree.

PROFESSOR JOHN L. CAMPBELL Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission.

John L. Campbell was born at Salem, Indiana, on the 13th of October, 1827. His father was a prominent merchant and manufacturer of southern Indiana, and was able to give his son

an excellent education.

The young man entered Wabash College in 1844, and graduated from it with distinction in 1818. In 1851 he was appointed principal of the Preparatory De¬ partment of Wabash College, and held this position for two years, devoting lii.s leisure time to the study of the law, receiving his license to practise in 1853.

He did not enter upon a legal career, however, for, in 1853, he was appointed Pro¬ fessor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Wabash College, and accepted the position which he has since held with great distinction to himself and

PROFESSOR J. L. CAMPBELL, SECRETARY OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

benefit to the college.

In February, 1864, Professor Campbell, at the especial request of Professor Henry, delivered at the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, the address on the life and teachings of Galileo, in commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

735

of the great philosopher. The occasion of this address suggested to Professor Campbell the idea of commemorating the approach¬ ing Centennial of American Independence with an International Exhibition to be held at Philadelphia, and from this time he brooded over the scheme.

In 18GG Professor Campbell was appointed by the President of the United States a member of the Board of Visitors to West Point, and during this year he took the first public step in behalf of the Exhibition scheme — a plan which appears about this time to have suggested itself to the other gentlemen mentioned in an earlier part of this work. He addressed letters to the Hon. Morton McMichael, Mayor of Philadelphia, and the Hon. Henry S. Lane, United States Senator from Indiana, susrjjestina and giving an outline of a plan for the Centennial Exhibition of 187G, at Philadelphia. These gentlemen cordially responded, promising cooperation. Professor Campbell, thus encouraged, continued to urge his scheme, and at length had the satisfaction of seeing it an accomplished fact.

Upon the organization of the United States Centennial Com¬ mission, Mr. Campbell was appointed a commissioner from Ind iana. At the first meeting of the Commission, on the 4th of March, 1872, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee on the permanent organization, and was subsequently placed at the head of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a position of great responsibility. At the session of the Commission in May, 1873, he was chosen Permanent Secretary of the Centennial Commission, and has since then discharged the burdensome duties of that important office.

GENERAL CHARLES B. NORTON,

Secretary of the Bureau of Revenue.

Charles B. Norton was born at Hartford, Connecticut, and received a thorough education in his boyhood and youth. Upon reaching man’s estate he adopted journalism as his profession, and won considerable reputation as publisher, editor and author. For many years his special business was connected with the

736

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

supplying of the principal libraries of the United States with rare and valuable .works from foreign countries.

At the breaking out of the civil war, Mr. Norton gave up his business, and organized a regiment. He was elected a second lieutenant, and took part with his command in the first battle of Bull Run. He was subsequently present in nearly every battle of the army of the Potomac. He was soon taken from the line, and placed on the staff of General Butterfield, after which he served on the staffs of Generals McClellan, Porter and Barry. He was brevetted a brigadier-general of volunteers for his gal¬ lant meritorious services, and remained in the army until the close of the war.

In 1867 General Norton was appointed by President Johnson a commissioner from the United States to the Paris Exposition, and at the same time received a special military appointment to that Exposition from the State of New York.

General Norton, as has been stated in an earlier portion of this work, was one of the first to conceive and advocate the plan of an International Exhibition. As soon as the scheme began to take a definite shape, and more especially after its incorporation by act of Congress, he became personally identified with the great undertaking.

H. J. SCHWARZMANN,

Engineer and Architect of the Centennial Board of Finance.

One of the most successful features of the Centennial Exhibi¬ tion was the admirable manner in which the buildings provided for it were adapted to the wants of the Great Exhibition. The credit of this achievement belongs in a great measure to the gentleman whose name stands at the head of this brief notice..

IT. J. Schwarzmann was born at Munich, in Bavaria, in 1843. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy o Bavaria, and upon graduating entered the Bavarian army, in which he served with credit as an officer of the Artillery. ® took part in the war of 1866, between Austria and 1 1 ussia, an after the close of that struggle retired from the militaiy scn ice’

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

737

and devoted himself to the study of architecture. Soon after completing his studies he emigrated to the United States, and settled in Philadelphia, where he obtained employment as Land¬ scape Architect and Engineer of Fairmount Park. In this

H. J. SCHWARZMANN, ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT OF THE CENTENNIAL

BOARD OF FINANCE.

capacity he gave satisfaction to his employers, and was sent by the Park Commission in 1873, to the International Exhibition at Vienna to study and report upon those features of the Exhi¬ bition pertaining to his department.

47

738

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Upon the organization of the Centennial Commission, Mr. Schwarzmann submitted to that body plans for two of the build¬ ings to be erected — the Memorial Hall, or Art Gallery, and the Horticultural Building. His plans were selected, and lie was thereupon appointed Chief Engineer of the Centennial Grounds. His two buildings, Memorial Hall and the Horticultural Build¬ ing, and the admirable arrangement of the Exhibition Grounds,, displayed his abilities in a most favorable light. Besides these labors Mr. Schwarzmann designed thirty-two of the buildings which stood in the Exhibition Grounds. Ilis efforts were highly appreciated by the Centennial authorities.

JOHN L SHOEMAKER.

A very great part of the success of the Centennial Exhibition was due to Mr. John L. Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, the Coun¬ sel and Solicitor of the Centennial Commission. Pie was the direct cause of a large part of the liberality with which Phila¬ delphia treated the Exhibition, and throughout the whole work his professional judgment was constantly relied upon by the Centennial Commission.

John L. Shoemaker was born October 7th, 1832, in Upper Dublin township, Montgomery county, being the son of Jesse Shoemaker, and a descendant of Peter Shoemaker, who settled in Germantown in 1686, and built the first house in that settle¬ ment. In 1853 Mr. Shoemaker entered the office of Charles M. Wagner, Esq., as a student at law, and also the Law Depart¬ ment of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating with honor in 1856. In October, 1857, he was admitted to practise in the Courts of Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions and District Courts, and in March, 1858, in the Supreme Court. In the fall of 1861 he was elected to Common Council from a Democratic district, but refused to accept the position, deeming the election returns incorrect, and wrote a letter denouncing the frauds with the words, “ I believe it to be my moral, legal and political dut) to the community, to my party, and to myself, not to sustain what seems to be a fraud.” In the spring of 1863 he was appoint® to a position of importance in the Provost Marshal s office, a October, 1866, he was re-elected to Common Council from tie

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

739

thirteenth ward, re-elected in June, 1868, and resigned January 1st, 1870, and took his seat in Select Council, to which he had been elected in the tall of 1869. He was re-elected to Select Council in 1872 and again in 1875, and was chairman of important committees. On January 20th, 1870, he took the first practical step towards carrying out Mr. Campbell’s idea of the Centennial Exhibition, and was appointed Chairman of the Centennial Committee to prepare a memorial to Congress. When the United States Centennial Commission met March 25th, 1872, Mr. Shoemaker was unanimously elected Counsellor and Solicitor of the Commission, and was re-elected in 1873, and on declination of Mr. Biddle was again re-elected in 1876, and during that time rendered valuable service.

Soon after the close of the Exhibition, to the success of which he had contributed so greatly, Mr. Shoemaker was seized with a dangerous illness. He lingered some time, and died on the night of December 26th, 1876, amid the universal regret of his fellow-citizens.

DANIEL J. MORRELL

Daniel J. Morrell was born at Berwick, Maine, on the 8th of August, 1821. His youth was spent on a farm, and he received a plain common .school education. One of his teachers ;vas Joseph Hoag, the great Quaker preacher. At the age of sixteen years Mr. Morrell entered mercantile life, in which he spent the next eighteen years, residing during this time in New York and Philadelphia. In 1855 he was made manager of the Cambria Iron Works, at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He achieved a marked success in this capacity, and has acquired the reputation of one of the most skilful and successful manufac¬ turers of Pennsylvania.

Mr. Morrell has been twice elected to Congress. On the 9th of March, 1870, he introduced into the House of Representa¬ tives the bill to provide for the celebration of the one hun¬ dredth anniversary of American Independence by an Inter¬ national Exhibition. He contributed actively to the adoption of this measure by the House, and upon the organization of the United States Centennial Commission, under this Act of Con-

740

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

gress, Mr. Morrell was chosen Chairman of the Executive Com¬ mittee of the Commission. He discharged the duties of this important position with ability and credit, and greatly con¬ tributed by his labors to make the Exhibition the great success of which the country is justly proud.

MRS. E. D. GILLESPIE.

To Mrs. Gillespie is chiefly due the credit of originating, organ¬ izing, and successfully carrying out the exhibition of the work of woman, which formed so prominent a feature of the Centen¬ nial Exhibition.

Mrs. Gillespie comes of a race noted for energy as well as ability. She is the daughter of William J. Duane, who was Secretary of the Treasury under Andrew Jackson, and the great- granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin. She was one of the first to conceive the plan of organizing a Woman’s Department of the International Centennial Exhibition, and having embraced the enterprise labored with unusual energy and ability to make it a success. The Centennial Commission having adopted the scheme, a Woman’s Executive Committee was organized in 1873, with Mrs. Gillespie as its President. Upon this Committee devolved the work of making the Woman’s Department of the Exhibition a success, and the labor performed by it was simply enormous. Through the efforts of this Committee subscriptions were obtained to the stock of the Exhibition to the amount of $95,000. The additional sum of $30,000 was then raised by the Committee for the erection of the beautiful Woman’s Build¬ ing, for the display of woman’s work in all its branches.

Mrs. Gillespie performed her full share of these labors, and upon her devolved the organization and direction of the exhibit contained in the Woman’s Building. That her work was well done was shown by the praise which her department received from the thousands who visited it during the Exhibition.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT

PHILADELPHIA.

Arrangements for the Great Celebration— Action of the Centennial Commis¬ sion-Independence Hall Decorated— The Centennial Legion— The Bine and the Gray — Brilliant Scenes in Philadelphia — Ceremonies of July 1st — Congress of Authors — The Great Civic Parade of July 3d — Ushering in the “Fourth” — The Midnight Celebration — Stirring Scenes — Dawn of the Fourth — The Military Parade — A Grand Demonstration — The Exercises in Independence Square — Other Celebrations — Illumination and Fireworks.

^JfHE arrangements for the proper celebration of the 4th of July, 1876 — the one hundredth anniversary of American independence — were at an early day confided ^ to the United States Centennial Commission, and ex¬ tensive preparations were made to conduct them on a scale of splendor worthy of the glorious occasion. The city of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania lent their cordial cooperation to the effort to have all things in readiness for the Fourth, and the work went forward with a heartiness and visor that could not fail of success.

It was wisely resolved by the Commission that as the Decla¬ ration of Independence was signed in Independence Hall and proclaimed to the people in Independence Square, the com¬ memorative ceremonies should be so conducted as to. make the venerable building the grand central figure of all the demonstra¬ tions. The city authorities caused the building to be hand¬ somely draped in the national colors, and enormous stands, covered with canvas awnings and ornamented with flags and streamers, were erected in Independence Square for the accom¬ modation of the singers and invited guests who were to take

741

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

743

part in tne rejoicings. A new bell of vast proportions — the gift of a patriotic and public-spirited citizen— was hung in tiie State House tower, ready to join its deep tones to the shouts of the multitude when the moment of rejoicing should arrive.

Being anxious that the Centennial celebration should do its share in cementing the reunion of the Northern and Southern States, the Commission began, at least a year before the occasion, the formation of a “ Centennial Legion,” consisting of a detach¬ ment of troops from each of the thirteen original Suites. The command of this splendid body of picked troops was conferred upon General Ambrose E. Burnside, of Rhode Island, and General Henry Heth, of Virginia, was chosen Lieutenant- Colonel. Both were veterans of the late civil war. The Le¬ gion was readily made up, the best volunteer commands of the original State's being eager to serve in it.

For a week previous to the 4th of July crowds of people be¬ gan to pour steadily into Philadelphia. Volunteer organiza¬ tions from the various States were constantly arriving, and were either encamped at various points in and around the Exhibition grounds or were quartered at the various hotels. The city was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and the view down any of the principal streets was brilliant by reason of the clouds of bunting with which it was decorated. The principal build¬ ings were almost hidden by the flags which adorned them, or were ornamented with patriotic inscriptions, and at various points on Chestnut street triumphal arches were erected. By the night of the 3d of J uly it was estimated that at least 250,000 strangers were assembled in Philadelphia.

1 he Centennial ceremonies were begun on the morning of Saturday, the 1st of July. The leading writers of the Union had been invited to prepare memoirs of the great men of our revolutionary period, which were to be deposited among the archives of the State House, and all who were able to accept the invitation assembled in Independence Hall at eleven o’clock on the morning of July 1st, 1876, where they were joined by a number of invited guests. The ceremonies were opened by an

744

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

address from Colonel Frank M. Etting, t|ie Chairman of the Committee on the Restoration of Independence Hall and a prayer by the Rev. William White Bronson. Whittier’s Cen¬ tennial Hymn was then sung by a chorus of fifty voices. The names of the authors were then called, to which each responded in person or by proxy, and laid his memoir on the table in the hall. The exercises were then brought to a close, and the com¬ pany repaired to the stand in Independence Square, where a large crowd had assembled.

The ceremonies in the square were begun at half-past twelve o’clock with Helfrieh’s Centennial Triumphal March, performed by the Centennial Musical Association. Mr. John William Wallace, the president of the day, then delivered a short address, after which Whittier’s Centennial Hymn was sung by a chorus of one hundred and fifty voices, and Mr. William V. McKean reviewed at some length the great historical event in commemo¬ ration of which the ceremonies were held. After the band had played “God Save America,” the Hon. Leverett SoltoDstall, of Massachusetts, delivered an address, which elicited warm ap¬ plause. “ The Voice of the Old Bell,” a Centennial ode, was then sung, and Governor Henry Lippitt, of Rhode Island, made a short speech. The band followed with a number of patriotic airs, and Mr. Wallace announced the unavoidable absence of General John A. Dix, and introduced in his place Frederick De Peyster, President of the New York Historical Society, who made a few remarks. After a Centennial Ode, by S. C. Up- ham, had been sung by the chorus, the Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewster delivered an eloquent address, at the close of which another Centennial Hymn, by William Fennimore, was sung. Senator Frank P. Stevens, of Maryland, then said a few words, after which the “Star Spangled Banner” was sung, and the exercises were brought to a close by a prayer from Bishop Stevens.

All through Sunday, the 2d, the crowds continued to pour into the city, and on Monday, 3d, the streets were almost im¬ passable. Business was generally suspended from the 1st to the 5th of July.

THJl WiSCOA’SLN STATE JJUJLLWEO.

V45

746

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The celebration ushering in the 4th of July was begun on the night of the 3d. A grand civic and torchlight procession pa¬ raded the streets, which were brilliantly illuminated along the whole line of march. The procession began to move abut half-past eight o’clock at night, and consisted of deputations representative of the various trades of the city, the Centennial Commissioners from the various foreign countries taking part in the Exhibition, the governors of a number of the States of the Union, officers of the army and navy of the United States, civic and political associations, and officers of foreign men-of- war visiting the city. Some of the deputations bore torches, and these added to the brilliancy of the scene. All along the line fireworks were ascending into the air, and cheer after cheer went up from the dense masses of enthusiastic spectators which filled the sidewalks.

The illumination of the streets along the route of the proces¬ sion was superb. Chestnut and Broad streets flashed resplcn- dently in lines of fire and colored lanterns. The dense masses which thronged these streets stood out boldly in the clear light of the illumination, and the long, slow-moving line of the pro¬ cession flowed through them like a vast river.

Crowds had collected around Independence Hall, filling the street before it and the square in the rear of it. An orchestra and chorus were stationed on the stands in the square to hail the opening of the Fourth with music. The movements of the procession were so timed that the head of the column arrived in front of Independence Hall precisely at midnight. 1 he crowd, which had been noisy but good-natured, was hushed into silence as the hands of the clock in the tower approached the midnight hour, and one hundred thousand people waited in breathless eagerness the strokes which were to usher in the glorious day. As the minute hand swept slowly past the hour there was a profound silence, and then came rolling out of t ie lofty steeple the deep, liquid tones of the new liberty e , sounding wonderfully solemn and sweet as they floated down to the crowd below. Thirteen peals were struck, and the r tone had hardly died away when there went up from the ciow

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

747

such a shout as had never been heard in Philadelphia before. It was caught up and re-echoed all over the city, and at the same time the musicians and singers in the square broke into the grand strains of the “Star Spangled Banner.” All the bells and steam whistles in the city joined in the sounds of rejoicing, and fireworks and firearms made the noise tenfold louder. When the “Star Spangled Banner” was ended the chorus in Independence Square sang the “Doxology,” in which the crowd joined heartily, and the band then played national airs.

The festivities were kept up until after two o’clock, and it was not until the first streaks of the dawn began to tinge the sky that the streets of the city resumed their wonted ap¬ pearance.

The lull in the festivities was not of long duration. The day was at hand, and it threatened to lie mercilessly hot, as indeed it was. As the sun arose in his full-orbed splendor the thunder of cannon from the Navy Yard, from the heights of Fairmount Park, and from the Swedish, Brazilian, and Ameri¬ can war vessels in the Delaware, and the clanging of bells from every steeple in the city, roused the few who had managed to snatch an hour or two of sleep after the fatigues of the night, and by six o’clock the streets were again thronged.

In view of the extreme heat of the weather the military parade had been ordered for an early hour of the day. At a little after seven o’clock the line was formed, the right resting on Chestnut street, facing west, in the following order:

Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, Commander-in-Chief, and Aides.

General Bankson, commanding First Division N. G. P., and Aides.

Philadelphia City Troop.

Black Hussars.

Keystone Battery.

Brigadier-General Thayer, Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P., and Aides.

Cadets United States Military Academy.

United States Marines.

Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P.

Third Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Ballier.

Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Maxwell.

748

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Gray Invincibles (Pa.), Captain Jones.

First Brigade, First Division, N. G. P. Brigadier-General Brinton and Staff.

Second Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Lyle.

United Train Artillery, Providence, R. I.

Detroit National Guards, Captain O’Keefe.

First Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry, Colonel Benson. Twenty-second Regiment New York N. G., Lieutenant-Colonel Camp. Albany Zouave Cadets, Captain Reynolds.

Weccacoe Legion, Captain Denny.

B Company First Regiment N. G., District of Columbia.

D Company Eighth Regiment N. G. P., of Harrisburg. Washington, D. C., Grays.

Pierce Light Guards of Boston.

Centennial Legion.

Three companies Virginia National Guards, Colonel Ordway. Seventh National Guards, New York, Colonel Clark. Twenty-third National Guards, New York, Colonel Ward.

Two companies First Regiment N. G. of Vermont.

Two companies Detroit Independent Cadets Visiting troops from Texas.

Cadets of Northern Home.

Girard College Cadets.

Visiting Governors and their Staffs.

The Centennial Legion, composed of detachments from the thirteen original States, occupied a prominent place in the line. It was commanded by General Henry Heth, of Virginia, and was composed as follows :

Rhode Island — Light Infantry Regiments.

Georgia — Clinch Rifles.

New Jersey — Phil Kearney Guards.

Delaware — A merican Ri fles.

Maryland — Detachment Fifth Regiment.

Massachusetts — Boston Light Infantry.

South Carolina — Washington Light Infantry.

New York — Old Guard.

North Carolina — Fayetteville Light Infantry.

New Hampshire — First New Hampshire Battery. Connecticut — New Haven Grays.

Pennsylvania — State Fencibles.

Virginia — First Light Artillery Blues.

The troops numbered about ten thousand men, rank and fik, and the whole column was under the chief command of General

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

749

Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, and a gallant veteran of the civil war. The command was made up of troops who during that bloody struggle had fought each other gallantly, and who had now come to testify their devotion to their com¬ mon country, and to show to the world that in trusting its defence to its well-regulated militia the American republic is stronger than the most powerful monarchies of the old world.

At half-past eight the column began to move down Chestnut street towards Independence Hall, in front of which the troops were reviewed by General W. T. Sherman, the Commanding General of the armies of the United States ; the Secretary of War; Prince Oscar, of Sweden; Lieutenant-General Saigo, of the Imperial army of Japan; the officers of the Swedish men- of-war in the harbor; the governors of several of the States; and General Hawley, the President of the Centennial Com¬ mission.

As the troops passed along they were greeted with enthu¬ siastic cheers by the crowds on the street. The Centennial Legion and the troops from the Southern States were the objects of an especially hearty demonstration. The route chosen was a short one, the extreme heat forbidding an ex¬ tended parade, and by ten o’clock the military ceremonies were over.

As soon as the parade was ended the crowd turned into Independence Square, which was soon filled. The approaches to the building by way of Chestnut and Sansom streets were kept clear by the police, in order that those who were entitled to seats on the stand might reach their places. Four thousand persons were given seats on the stand, and a vast crowd filled the square. As the invited guests appeared and took their seats on the platform the prominent personages were cheered by the crowd. The Emperor of Brazil received a welcome that was especially noticeable for its heartiness.

It was hoped that the President of the United States would be present and preside over the ceremonies ; but General Grant declined the invitation to do so, which it was at once his privi¬ lege and his duty to accept, and remained in Washington,

woman’s centennial concert garden, broad street,

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

751

preferring his selfish ease to a little patriotic exertion and exposure to the heat on this grandest of his country’s festivals. His absence was generally remarked and severely condemned by his countrymen.

At a few minutes after ten o’clock General Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Commission, ap¬ peared at the speaker’s stand and signalled to the orchestra to begin. The opening piece, which was an overture entitled "The Great Republic,” based on the national air, “ Hail Columbia,” and arranged for the occasion by Professor George F. Bristow, of Xew York, was rendered in fine style by the orchestra under the leadership of Mr. P. Gilmore. As the music ceased General Hawley again came forward and intro¬ duced as the presiding officer of the day the Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Vice-President of the United States, who was received with loud cheers. After a few remarks appropriate to the occasion Vice-President Ferry presented to the audience the Right Reverend William Bacon Stevens, D. D., the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania, whom he introduced as the ecclesiastical successor of the first chaplain of the Continental Congress. The bishop was in his canonical robes, with prayer book in hand. He delivered a solemn and impressive prayer, during the utterance of which the whole audience stood with uncovered heads, silent and attentive, unmindful of the blazing sun which poured down upon them.

When the prayer was ended the “Hymn, ‘Welcome to All Nations,’ words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, music, ‘Keller’s Hymn,”’ was sung. The Vice-President then announced that Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, a grandson of the patriot of the Revolution, who offered the resolution in Congress that “these United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent States,” would read the Declaration of Independ¬ ence from the original manuscript, which the President had intrusted to the mayor of Philadelphia. The faded and crumbling manuscript, held together by a simple frame, was then exhibited to the crowd and was greeted with cheer after cheer. Richard Henry Lee, a soldierly-looking Virginian,

752

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

then came forward and read the Declaration ; but the en¬ thusiasm of the crowd was too great to permit them to listen to it quietly.

At the close of the reading the orchestra performed a musical composition entitled “A Greeting from Brazil,” a hymn for the first Centennial of American Independence, composed by \ Carlos Gomez, of Brazil, at the request of His Majesty Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. It was received with cheers by the crowd, which were repeated for the Brazilian Emperor, whose hearty interest in the Centennial celebrations and the Exhibition had made him a favorite in Philadelphia.

Mr. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance, then, at the suggestion of Vice-President Ferry, in¬ troduced Bayard I ay lor, the poet of the day, who recited a noble ode, which was listened to with deep attention, the audience occasionally breaking out into applause. When the poem was ended the chorus sang “Our National Banner,” the words by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts, the music by Sir Julius Benedict, of England.

As the music died away the Vice-President introduced the lion. William M. Evarts, of New York, the orator of the day. Mr. Evarts was greeted with hearty cheers, after which he proceeded to deliver an eloquent and able address, reviewing the lessons of the past century and dwelling upon the great work America has performed for the world.

When Mr. Evarts retired from the speaker’s stand General Hawley gave the signal to the leader of the orchestra, and the “Hallelujah Chorus,” from “The Messiah,” was sung; after which the vast audience, at the request of the Vice-President, joined in the One Hundredth Psalm, with which the mem¬ orable ceremonies came to an end.

During the day the Humboldt Statue and the Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain, in the Exhibition grounds, were dedi¬ cated with appropriate ceremonies.

■ At night the city was brilliantly illuminated, and a magnifi¬ cent display of fireworks was given by the municipal authorities at old Fairmount.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA.

Arrangements for the Regatta— The Prizes— Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy- Programme of the Races— Biographical Sketch of Commodore James M. Ferguson— Description of the Races — The Winners.

[NE of the most prominent features of the Centennial Exhibition was the Grand International Regatta of the rowing clubs of the world, which was begun on the Schuylkill during the latter part of August. As was expected, it was the most imposing demonstration of its kind that has ever taken place.

The course over which the races were rowed is one of the best in the world. The river is broad, deep, and still, and without an obstacle to interrupt the contestants in their efforts.

The leading boat clubs of the United States and British provinces were present, and the English universities, and the city of London, the chief boating centre of the world, were fairly and handsomely represented by picked crews which offered a generous but active competition to the American oarsmen.

The races were held under the auspices of the United States Centennial Commission, which awarded the prizes to the suc¬ cessful contestants. These consisted of medals of gold, silver and bronze, vases, punch-bowls, etc., and are as handsome in both design and execution as the silversmith’s art can make them. The gold medal was for the winning crew, silver for the .second in the race, and the bronze for all the participants.

The regatta brought together the boating men of the world ; and as these are amateurs and men of the better walks of life —

48

753

110AT HOUSES OF THE SCHUYLKILL NAVY.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

755

many of them gentlemen of wealth and culture — it was one of the pleasantest and most beneficial features of the Exhibi¬ tion.

The members of the Schuylkill Navy entered with enthusi¬ asm into the arrangements for the regatta, and contributed more than liberally to the expenses of the fete, which, unlike the Exhibition itself, brought no pecuniary return to its pro¬ jectors. Besides furnishing quarters in their own boat-houses to the boats of visiting crews, they erected temporary boat¬ houses in the park, which furnished ample accommodations to all who came to take part in the races.

Great credit is due to the navy as a whole for its generous support of the regatta, but the man who is entitled to the chief praise is James M. I erguson, the able and efficient Commodore of the Schuylkill Navy, who was the first to conceive the plan of an international regatta as one of the features of the Exhibi¬ tion, and to whose energy, pluck and determination the success of the scheme is mainly due.

James M. Ferguson was born at Cookstown, in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, on the 1st of August, 1834, and comes of that North of Ireland Presbyterian stock which built up western Pennsylvania and Americanized itself by its gallant services during the Revolution. His father was a linen merchant, but becoming unfortunate in business, emigrated to the United States in 1847. One week after the arrival of the family in Philadelphia, the father was laid to his eternal rest, and the subject of this memoir, a lad of thirteen, was set to work to earn his own living. He was placed in a wholesale notion house in Philadelphia, but did not remain there long. He was anxious to become a printer, and soon entered the office of A) ill iam S. Young as an apprentice.

In this office he was a fellow-apprentice with many young men who have since become distinguished in journalism. Among these may be mentioned John Russell Young, manag¬ ing editor of the New York Herald; II. J. Murdoch, of the United Presbyterian , of Pittsburgh ; Major John M. Carson, of the JVashington Republican. He succeeded so well in his

756 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

efforts to learn, that, before his apprenticeship expired his em¬ ployer released him to allow him to take charge of the office nf the Westminster Herald , of New Wilmington, Pennsylvania He had a double object in securing this position. It not only gave him an independent position, but enabled him to enjoy the benefits of a two years’ course of study at Westminster College. During tin's time lie attended regularly to his duties

in the printing office, and maintained an enviable position in his classes at college. At the close of his collegiate term he removed to Pittsburgh, and became the publisher of the United Presbijtcrian , one of the most influential journals of that denomi¬ nation in the United States.

Mr. Ferguson was anxious to return to the city of his hoy- hood, and an opportunity was soon offered. He purchased an interest in the Chi'istian Instructor, a weekly paper published bv

COMMODORE JAMES M. FERGUSON.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

757

his old employer, and at the same time established the Youth's Evangelist , a semi-monthly for Sabbath school children. Under his able and energetic management these papers were soon placed upon an assured footing of success. In January, 1870, lie entered into partnership with S. A. George in the business of printing, electrotyping, and stereotyping, the firm-title being S. A. George & Co. lie is still a partner in this house, which possesses one of the largest and most perfectly appointed print¬ ing establishments in the United States.

Soon after his return to Philadelphia, Mr. Ferguson became a member of the Quaker City Barge Club, one of the rowing organizations of the Schuylkill Navy. The war put an effectual damper upon all enterprises of this kind, but upon the return of peace the public interest in boating matters began to revive. Mr. Ferguson was quick to perceive this, and exerted himself with characteristic energy to promote the interests of the Schuyl¬ kill Navy. He was especially active in organizing and carrying out the regattas of the navy, and his services were so highly appreciated by his comrades that early in 1868 he was elected to the post of Vice-Commodore of the navy. His administra¬ tion of this office gave such marked satisfaction that in 1869 he was elected Commodore. At the close of 1869 business engage¬ ments compelled him to decline a re-election as Commodore, but he was still the representative of his club in the naval board. At the urgent solicitation of the members of the navy, he accepted the position of Vice-Commodore a second time in 1872; and in August, 1873, upon the resignation of Commodore Coxe, was unanimouslv elected Commodore once more, and has held that position ever since.

As early as the fall of 1873 Commodore Ferguson conceived the plan of a grand International Rowing Regatta on the Schuylkill in 1876, and at once set to work to bring the navy to the support of his scheme. In this he was successful, and at the meeting of the naval board in March, 1874, he was author¬ ized to visit Europe and invite the principal rowing clubs of the old world to take part in the proposed regatta. He sailed in July. Upon reaching Europe, Commodore Ferguson visited

758

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the leading rowing associations and extended to them the invi¬ tation of which he was the bearer. He was everywhere received with marked cordiality, and brought back home the gratifying assurances of the hearty cooperation of these associations in the regatta.

Upon his return home he gave himself with renewed energy to the effort to bring the scheme to success. It was his personal effort that induced the United States Centennial Commission to adopt it, and make it a part of the programme of the Exhibi¬ tion, and, as Mr. Lynch, of the Centennial Commission, declared in a recent public speech, “ If the regatta is the grand success it promises to be, it will chiefly be due to the indomit¬ able energyr, pluck and determination of Commodore Ferguson, who conceived it and carried it to triumph in the face of everv obstacle.”

In person, Commodore Ferguson is a little above the medium height, with a compactly knit, active figure, light sandy hair and whiskers, and clear unfaltering eyes, which glow with the genial light of the warm and generous nature which has endeared him to his host of friends on both sides of the Atlantic.

The most active preparations were made for the International Regatta by the gentlemen having it in charge, and no efforts were spared to make the occasion the most memorable aquatic carnival ever held. The course was carefully marked off with flags and buoys, and the distances measured with exactness. A grand stand was erected at Rockland, the finishing point, and another on the opposite side of the Schuylkill. The starting point was immediately below the bridge of the Reading Rail¬ road, at the Falls of the Schuylkill, and the “ finish ” at Rock¬ land, just above the Columbia bridge. The stands and the banks of the river were thronged with spectators daily, the crowds frequently numbering as many as one hundred thousand persons, and the utmost good nature and enthusiasm prevailed. The winning crews were greeted with deafening cheers as they came in, and were made to feci that the sympathies of the vast throng were heartily with them. The regatta was in all re-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 759

spects a brilliant success, and the result more than rewarded the generous efforts of its projectors.

The regatta was opened on Monday, August 28th, and closed on Wednesday, September 6th, 1876. The amateur races oc¬ cupied the first five days, and the professional races the last three days. The result of the amateur races was as follows :

Final Heat Four- Oared Sheds.

1. Bcaverwyck, Albany, New York — Bow, J. T. McCor¬ mick ; 2, J. H. McEntee ; 3, R. T. Gorman ; stroke, T. J. . Gorman. Time, 9.06 minutes.

2. London Rowing Club, England — Bow, R, II. Rabat; 2, F. S. Gulston ; 3, A. Trowcr ; stroke, J. Howell. Time, 9.06} minutes.

3. Watkins, New York — Bow, A. McLafferty ; 2, F. Stoll; 3, A. Tyrell • stroke, F. Wakeman. Time, 9.16 minutes.

Single Sculls— Final Heat.

1. C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York. Time 10.48} minutes.

2. J. McCartney, Friendship, New York. Time, 11.12J minutes.

Pair Oars— Final Heat.

1. Northwestern, Illinois— Bow, J. Killorin; stroke, H. Smith. Time, 10.02 minutes.

2. Atalanta, Aevv York — Bow, W . II. Downs; stroke, J. E. Eustis. Time, 10.16 minutes.

Intercollegiate.

1. Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut— Bow, R. J. Cook ; 2, \\ . W. Collin ; 3, D. II. Kellogg; stroke, J. Ken¬ nedy. Time, 9.10£ minutes.

2. Columbia College, New York City— Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, (». Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd; stroke, J. T. Goodwin. Time, 9.20 minutes.

3. Trinity College, Cambridge, England — Bow, J. A. Jamieson; 2, G. S. N. Man; 3, W. B. Close; stroke, J. T. Penrose. Time not taken.

760

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Double Sculls— Final Heat

1. Union Springs, New York— Bow, F. E. Yates; stroke C. E. Courtney. Time, 9.52 J minutes.

2. Atalanta, New York— Bow, P. C. Ackerman ; stroke, H. W. Rodger. Time, 9.54 minutes.

The result of the professional races was as follows:

Whaleboat Race.

1. Whaleboat Yesta, time 25.51 minutes. 2. Whaleboat Centennial, time 26.01 minutes. 3. Whaleboat Sixth Ward, time 26.03 minutes.

Final Heat Four- Oared Shells.

The committee having decided that the four-oared shells should be the first race of the last day of the regatta, the two crews, the Thames and the Halifax, drew up towards the start¬ ing point, the former having the best position — the west— and the latter placed some distance towards the east. Both crews made a remarkably fast stroke, the Englishmen forty-eight to the minute, and their opponents forty-six. The race was severe and sharp from the start, but the colonists, by the middle of the island, had a lead of half a length. They then dropped to forty-two and the London to forty-four. Opposite Sedgeleytlie cockneys sheered into the west shore, and Halifax increased the lead to a length and a half. At the willows a half more had been gained, London still keeping up to forty-four and Halifax dropping to thirty-six. Before the mile-post the former pulled directly into the latter’s wash, and spurted, making a great effort to reach their leaders. They gained half a length and were pulling up gradually, and there was every appearance of a foul. Before they could come close enough for this purpose the Halifax people pulled over to the east shore to make the turn. London, who were a length behind when the stake-boats were reached, straightened up at least a length and a half ahead, and now the struggle commenced. Both crews drew away towards the west shore, and putting forth every bit of strength there

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

761

was in them, pulled for home. Halifax gained so rapidly that it was hardly conceivable that they had the best four in ' Eng¬ land ahead of them, and just here it was where the mistake was made by their bow oar; he did not straighten up quite soon enough, and got into London’s water, and as they neared them the latter refused to give an inch, and a foul necessarily fol¬ lowed. An appeal was made by both crews, and they must have understood the umpire to say “Go on,” as after drawing apart London started, and had covered two lengths before the Halifax men seemed to understand the situation. Then, buckling to their work, they followed their opponents and at each stroke neared them.

When the tug came the Londoners were not there, and as soon as the fishermen put the nose of their boat in front they ceased rowing and paddled over the remainder of the course. Below Columbia bridge both crews were listened to by the umpire, and he then gave the race to the Thames crew on a foul.

Final Heat— Single Sculls.

There is but little to say about this race, except that Hanlon, of Toronto, won from the start from Brayley, of St. John’s. The latter pulled a most plucky stern chase, but he is evi¬ dently not the equal of his younger and more scienced opponent. The time for the winner was 21.09 minutes; Brayley, 21.16f.

Pair Oar— Final Heat.

It was hardly looked forward to as a good race between Green and Thomas and the Faulkncr-Regan pair, after the hot work the former had had in the first race. Still the English¬ men for three-quarters of a mile put forth all the power that was in them, and pulled away up to fifty, the Bostonians only making forty-four, and at this rate they led from the start, and by the time the willows were passed, the Londoners slackened up, and never made an attempt to win the race, contenting themselves with second money. Faulkner-Regan covered the three miles in 21.20 minutes.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS.

Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock— Regulations of the Bureau of Agriculture, governing these Exhibits— Description of the Grounds— The Horse Show — The Noted Animals — The Dog Show— A Fine Collection of Canines — The Cattle Show — A Superb Exhibit — Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats — Description of the Animals— The Poultry Show— The Scene in the Pomological Annex.

HE arrangements for the display of live-stock, in con¬ nection with the Centennial Exhibition, were intrusted by the Executive Committee to the Bureau of Asrri- culture. The following regulations for these displays were thereupon issued by the Chief of the Agricul¬ tural Department, with the approval of the Director-General of the Exhibition :

United States Centennial Commission. International Exhibi¬ tion, Philadelphia, 1876. Bureau of Agriculture.

1. Live-Stock. — The live-stock display at the International Exhibition will be held within the months of September, Octo¬ ber, and November, 1876 ; the periods devoted to each family being as follows :

Horses, mules, and asses, from September 1st to 14th.

Dogs, from September 4th to 8th.

Horned cattle, from September 21st to October 4th.

Sheep, swine, and goats, from October 10th to 18th.

Poultry will be exhibited from October 27th to November 6 th.

2. Animals to be eligible for admission to the International Exhibition must be, with the exception of trotting stock, walk¬ ing horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle, of such pedi-

7G2

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

7G3

gree that the exhibitor can furnish satisfactory evidence to the Chief of Bureau, that —

As applied to thoroughbred horses, as far back as the fifth generation of ancestors on both sides, they are of pure blood, and of the same identical breed.

As to short-horned cattle, they are registered in cither Allen’s, Alexander’s, or the English herd-books.

As to Holsteins, Herefords, Ayrshires, Devons, Guernseys, Britannys, Kerrys, and other pure breeds, the}’ are either im¬ ported or descended from imported animals on both sides.

As to Jerseys, that they are entered in the Herd Register of the American Jersey Cattle Club, or in that of the Royal Agri¬ cultural Society of Jersey.

As to sheep and swine, they are imported or descended from imported animals, and that the homebred shall be of pure blood as far back as the fifth generation.

3. The term breed, as used, is intended to comprehend all family divisions where the distinction in form and character dates back through years of separation; for instance, it is held that the progeny of a pure-blood Jersey and a pure-bred Guernsey is not a thoroughbred, but a crossbred animal, and as such is necessarily excluded.

4. In awarding prizes to animals of pure blood, the judges will take into consideration chiefly the relative merits as to the power of the transmission of their valuable qualities; a cardinal object of the Exhibition being to promote improvement in breeding stock.

5. In case of doubt relative to the age of an animal, satisfac¬ tory proof must be furnished, or the animal will be subject to examination by a veterinary surgeon j and should (he state of dentition indicate that the age has not been correctly stated, the person so entering as an exhibitor will be prohibited from ex¬ hibiting in any class.

6. The forms of classification for awards, as given under each head, are intended (excepting in the case of trotting stock, walking horses, matched teams, flit and draught cattle) to apply to the animals of any pure breed that are entered for competition.

764

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

7. The Exhibition being open to the world, it is of the first importance that the best of their kind only be brought forward as the character of the stock will be judged by the genera! average of those exhibited.

8. Exhibitors will be expected to furnish their own attend¬ ants, on whom all responsibility of the care of feeding, watering,

and cleaning the animals, and also of cleaning the stalls will rest*

9. Forage and grain will be furnished at cost prices, at depots conveniently located within the grounds. Water can be had at all hours, ample facilities being provided for its convey¬ ance and distribution throughout the stock-yards.

10. Exhibitors must supply all harness, saddlery, vehicles, and other appointments, and all such must be kept in their appointed places.

11. The Commission will erect ample accommodation for the exhibition and protection of live-stock, yet contributors who may desire to make special arrangements for the display of their stock, v ill be afforded facilities at their own cost. Fractious animals, whether stallions, mares with foals, or bulls, will he provided with stalls of suitable character.

12. All stalls will be regularly and distinctly numbered; corresponding numbers on labels, of uniform character, will he given to each exhibitor; and no animal will be allowed to pass I? from its stall without its proper number attached.

18. Numbers alone will distinguish stock in the show-yards, preceding the awards of prizes.

14. The judges of live-stock will make examination of all animals on the opening day of each serial show, and will for that day have exclusive entrance to the show-yard.

15. No premium will be awarded an inferior animal, though there be no competition.

16. All animals will be under the supervision of a veter¬ inary surgeon, who will examine them before admission, to guard against infection, and who will also make a daily inspec¬ tion and report. In case of sickness, the animal will be removed to a suitable enclosure especially prepared for its comfort and medical treatment.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

7 1)5

17. When animals are taken sick, the exhibitors may either direct the treatment themselves, or allow the veterinary surgeon appointed by the Commission to treat the case. In this latter event, the exhibitor will be charged for all expenses incurred. All possible care will be taken of animals exhibited, but the Commission cannot be held responsible for any injury or accident.

18. A ring will be provided for the display and exercise of horses and cattle.

19. On the last day of each serial show, a public auction may be held of such animals as the exhibitors may desire to sell. Animals may be sold at private sale at any time during their exhibition. During the period of a serial show, no animal, even in the event of being sold, will be allowed to be definitely removed.

20. An official catalogue of the animals exhibited will be published.

21. Exhibitors of thoroughbred animals must, at the time of making their entries, file with the Chief of the Bureau a statement as to their pedigree, affirmed or sworn to before an officer authorized to take affidavits, and the papers so filed shall be furnished to the jury of experts.

22. The ages of live-stock must be calculated up to the opening day of the exhibition of the class to which they belong.

23. Sheep breeders, desiring to exhibit wool, the products of the flocks, will display not less than five fleeces.

24. All animals must be entered according to the prescribed rules as given in forms of entry, which forms will be furnished on application to the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture.

Breeding Horses..- — Mares entered as breeding animals must have had foals within one year of the show; or, if in foal, cer¬ tificates must be furnished to that effect.

All foals exhibited must be the offspring of the mare with which they are at foot.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

Pure bred turf stallions, six years and over.

Pure bred turf stallions, over four years and under six years.

TOG

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Pure bred turf stallions, over two years and under four years

Pure bred turf mares, six years and over.

Pure bred turf mares, over two and under six years.

Awards will be made for:

Trotting stallions, six years and over.

Trotting stallions, over four years and under six.

Trotting stallions, over two years and under four.

Pure bred draught stallions, six years and over.

Pure bred draught stallions, over four years and under six.

Pure bred draught stallions, over two years and under four.

Pure bred draught mares, six years and over.

Pure bred draught mares, over two and under six years.

Trotting brood mares, six years and over.

Trotting fillies, over four years and under six.

Trotting fillies, over two years and under four.

Running and Trotting Horses — Shall be judged accord¬ ing to their record up to August 15th, 187G, due regard being had to present condition.

Awards will be made for :

Running horses having made fastest record.

Trotting stallions having trotted a mile within two-thirty.

Mai •es and geldings having trotted a mile within two- twen tv-five.

r

Walking Horses. — Fast- walking horses, whether bred for agricultural purpose or the saddle, will compete in the ring ior awards.

Matched Teams. — Awards will he made for:

Matched teams having trotted a mile in two-thirty-five.

Matched stallions for heavy draught, over sixteen hands high) and over 1500 pounds weight each.

Matched geldings for heavy draught, over sixteen hands high, and over 1500 pounds weight each.

Matched mares for heavy draught, over fifteen hands high, and over 1400 pounds weight each.

Matched mules for heavy draught, over fifteen and a half hands high, and over 1.300 pounds weight each.

Breeding Asses. — Awards will be made to respective breeds of;

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

767

Pure bisxl jacks, over six years.

Pure bred jacks, over three years and under six.

Pure bred jhe-asses, over six years.

Pure bred Jie-asses, over three years and under six.

Neat Cattle. — No cow will be eligible lor entry unless accompanied v/itli a certificate that, within fifteen months pre¬ ceding the shew, she had a living calf, or that the calf, if born dead, was born at its proper time.

No heifer entered as in calf will be eligible for a prize unless accompanied w.th a certificate that she has been bulled before the first of April, or presents unmistakable proof of the fact to the j udges.

No bull above one year old can be entered unless he have a ring in nose, and the attendant be provided with a leading- stick, which must be used whenever the animal is taken out of stall.

Awards will be made for the best herd of each respective breed, consisting as follows :

One bull.

Four cows, none under fifteen months.

Neat cattle, of each respective breed, will compete individually for awards.

Bulls, three years and over.

Bulls, over two years and under three years.

Bulls, over one year and under two years.

Cows, four years and over.

Cows, over three years and under four years.

Cows or heifers in calf, over two years and under three years.

Yearling: heifers.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best bull of any breed.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best cow of any breed.

Fat and Draught Cattle. — Animals entered as fat and draught cattle need not be of pure blood, but will compete on individual merits.

Fat cattle must be weighed ; and, in general, those will be

768

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least sur¬ face and offal.

Awards will be made for:

Best fatted steer of any age or breed.

Best fatted cow of any age or breed.

Most powerful yoke of oxen.

Most rapidly-walking yoke of oxen.

Most thoroughly trained yoke of oxen.

Most thoroughly trained team of three or more yokes of oxen.

Breeding Sheep.— All sheep offered for exhibition must be accompanied with a certificate to the effect that they have been shorn since the first of April, and the date given.

If not fairly shorn, or if clipped so as to conceal defects, or with a view to improve the form or appearance, they will be excluded from competition.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

The best pen of five animals of same flock, and including one ram ; the ewes all having had living lambs the past spring.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

Rams, two years and over.

Shearling rams.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best ram, respec¬ tively, of long, middle, and finc-wooled breeds.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

Ewes, in pens of three, all having had living lambs.

Shearlings, in pens of three.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best pen of three breeding ewes, respectively, of long, middle, and fine-wooled breeds.

Fat Sheep. — Fat sheep entered for competition must be weighed; and, in general, those will be judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least surface and offal.

Awards will be made for:

Pen of three best fatted sheep of each breed.

Pen of three best fatted sheep of any breed.

Breeding Swine. — Every competing sow above one year

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

769

old must have had a litter or be in pig, and the owner must bring proof of these facts, if required.

J{ a litter of pigs be sent with a sow, the young pigs must be sucklings— the offspring of the sow, and must not exceed the age of three months.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

The best pen of one boar and two breeding sows.

For pen of sow and litter.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Boars, two years old and over.

Boars, one year old and under two years.

Boars, between nine months and one year.

Breeding sows, two years old and over.

Breeding sows, one year old and under two years.

I cn of three sow pigs between nine months and one year.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best boar of any breed.

A sweepstake award will be made for best sow of any breed.

h at Swine. — hat swine entered for competition must be weighed; and, in general, those will be judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least surface and offal.

Awards will be. made for:

Pairs of best fatted hogs of each breed.

Pairs of best fatted hogs of any breed.

Dogs. — Benches will be furnished free of charge. Exhibitor* may themselves assume the costs of attendance upon their animals; but, to provide for them who cannot conveniently at¬ tend the Exhibition, the Commission will assume the expenses of feeding and daily care free of charge.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Dogs of two years and over.

Dogs of one year and under two.

Pups.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best dog of any breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred dog of any breed.

49

770

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

Bitches of two years and over.

Bitches of one year and under two.

Bitch pups.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best bitch of any breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred bitch of any breed.

Poultry. — Poultry can only be exhibited in coops made after specifications furnished by the Bureau of Agriculture.

The Commission will furnish coops and attendance free of charge.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for:

Pairs of one year and over of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, swans, pigeons, guineas, and ornamental birds.

For pairs under one year.

Fish. — Living fishes will be displayed in both fresh and .salt-water aquaria.

Awards will be made for :

Largest display of fish of each species.

Largest display of fish of all species.

A. T. Goshorx,

Burnet Landretii, Director-General.

Chief of Bureau of Agriculture .

Philadelphia, March 22 d, 187G.

The grounds assigned to the live-stock displays were situated about five hundred yards south of the main Exhibition enclos¬ ure. They comprised twenty acres in the form of a trapezium with the wider end in front, bounded on the north by the Penn¬ sylvania Railroad, on the south by Westminster avenue, on the east by Forty-first street, and on the west by Belmont avenue. They were surrounded by a high wooden fence, containing three groups of entrances similar to those at the main Exhibition enclosure. Two of these groups were on Belmont avenue, and the other at the corner of Westminster avenue and Forty-first street. The buildings and improvements cost over §25,000.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

t <

1

There were 826 stalls for cattle and 540 stalls for dogs. All these were comprised in twenty-nine frame buildings, each 170 b\ 14 feet in size, and having a root projecting four feet on each side and end. Eighteen of these sheds were on the northern border of the grounds, perpendicular to the fence, and the eleven others on the southern border, in the same position with respect to the fence. The offices of the superintendent and the judges tvere in a frame building fronting on Belmont avenue, ami two stands for the judges were erected in the centre of the large area between the sheds. This area was left open for the pur¬ pose of exercising the animals and of exhibiting their perform¬ ances to the judges and the spectators.

Ute Horse Show. 1 he exhibition of horses, mules, and asses was opened in accordance with the official programme on the 1st of Septembei, but was not fairly in operation until several days later. It was in many respects a surprise to the visitors, being on the whole much better than was anticipated.

The palm was worthily borne off by the Canadian exhibitors, m hose stal Is were located immediately on the left of the entrance, their display being the best arranged and to the farmer the most valuable and instructive on the grounds. The animals here exhibited consisted mainly of Clydesdale and English draught horses, which are a specialty of Canadian stock -raising, dhere are two branches, if we may so express it, of the Clvdes- dale breed. One of these is known as the English Clyde, the other as the Scotch. Both branches are originally from Scot¬ land, but the English breeders have made certain modifications in the horse. Both branches were well represented at the Ex¬ hibition. All the animals exhibited there in the imported class were of the very best specimens of the breed, and it is rather a difficult matter to select particular horses for special mention.

I he chief praise, among the Clydesdales, however, was given to Royal Tom, an English-bred horse, four years old, and weighing 2133 pounds. He was a rich mahogany bay, and so evenly and symmetrically built that while standing in his stall his immense size was scarcely noticeable. When brought out with other horses in the ring, however, the young giant at once

772

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

showed his magnificent proportions in their true light. He was a very compact, closely coupled and ribbed horse, with broad flat legs, exceptionally clean for a horse of his great size. He wore upon his collar twelve medals, won by him at fairs in England, and has never yet been beaten at such an exhibition.

A very fine specimen of the Scotch-bred Clyde was seen in Scotsman, a light bay four years old, and weighing 2000 pounds. He was not so compactly built as Royal Tom, and was not so fine in the characteristic points of the breed, but was still a magnificent young draught stallion. In the same row of stables were two very fine specimens of the Lincolnshire, or English draught horse. One of these was Simon Pure, a beautiful blood bay, of excellent style, but somewhat more leggy and lighter limbed than the Clydesdale, but rangy and possibly more active. The other was Lord Dufferin, a re¬ markably smooth two-year old. He is of a rich brown color, very compactly built, and entirely free from blemish; an ex¬ ceedingly promising young horse, a little smaller than some specimens of the breed, but making up in quality what he lacks in size.

In the next range of sheds were shown the practical results of the infusion of this draught blood in the exhibit of cross-bred stallions and mares — an exhibit of the greatest value to breeders and farmers. Here were to be seen horses of great size, but of more active and graceful build than their somewhat clumsy sires. One of the handsomest draught stallions on the ground was Lord Logan, one of those cross-bred or grade stallions, three years old, of a rich blood bay, smooth limbs, devoid of the exaggerated hairy fetlock which marks the pure Clydesdale, and more rangy and free in action, with a weight of 2000 pounds. Especially noteworthy among these grades were three mares exhibited by George Doidge, of Columbus, Ontario. They were fillies of extraordinary size and attracted especial attention from those interested in the breeding of horses.

In the next row of sheds were displayed stallions of the breed especially raised for coach purposes, called by 'ariotls names, and produced by no very exact course of breeding. The

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

773

most noted of these were exhibited by Mr. Lon°\ of Lansiner. Ontario, and were styled by him Cleveland Boys. One of these was Lord Zetland, bred by the nobleman of that name, of the celebrated thoroughbred Yoltigeur by a grade mare; the other was Emperor, bred by the late Emperor Napoleon III. out of the thoroughbred Esculape. These horses are of large size, with blooded heads, clean and sinewy limbs, and well adapted for carriage service, being stylish and of excellent action, but not very fast. They will scarcely supersede the trotting stallion with Americans as breeders of carriage horses. The Canadians exhibited very few thoroughbreds or trotters, and only two Percheron stallions, which, though fair animals, were not as handsome specimens as could be found in the United States exhibit.

Passing the Canadian exhibit, we come next to the exhibit of horses from the United States. First of all we noticed a row of sheds devoted mainly to the display of the Chestnut Grove Stock Farm, of Easton, Pennsylvania, which exhibited horses of all kinds. We noted the very handsome imported four-year-old draught stallion Oxford, a Clydesdale of pure type; Highland Golddust, a beautiful chestnut sorrel stallion, a splendid specimen of the well-known Golddust trotting stock, and several other stallions and geldings of approved trotting and draught strains. Crossing to the other side of the grounds we came to the stables devoted to the thoroughbred and trotting stock exhibited by our own breeders. In the first stall we found, in strong contrast with the draught stallions described on the Canadian side, the beautiful but small Jenifer Arabian, a very light gray, almost white, and a strong exponent of the points of that poetic breed, delicate in all his proportions, but perfection in form. We noticed, in passing, the very handsome stallion Andes, out of Bonnie Scotland, and the beautiful blood-brown stallion Bingaman, out of Asteroid, active as a deer and playful as a kitten, with beautiful limbs, and grand muscles playing with easy grace under his sleek and supple skin. Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, exhibited four fine stallions, which were among the most notable on the

774

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

grounds. Two of them were aged horses — one, Tom Allen out of the celebrated Ethan Allen, a strong-limbed, serviceable

trotter, well up in the points of the Allen stock; the other, Montgomery, out of Alexander’s Ab¬ dallah, the very aristoc¬ racy of trotting pedi¬ grees, and a very good example of the strain. The others were promis¬ ing colts. Among the trotting stallions particu¬ lar curiosity was excited by Graphic No. 3(>, a two-year old colt, nut of the stallion Smuggler, whose wonderful per¬ formances during die past summer have made him the sensation of the hour. Graphic is a rangy, heavy-limbed colt, and looks as if lie would he a goer. The best- known trotting stallion on exhibition wasT lionias Jefferson, a noble black horse of wonderful beauty, whose long tail actually trails upon the ground, and whose per* forrnances, under the

1 DIANA.

- . FIGURE IN TERRA-COTTA, F.XHIB-

ITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN TIIE MAIN skilful reillS of BlUltl

building. Doble, are matters of

turf history. The next most notable horse was Mr. F. G. Wolbert’s stallion Bismarck, out of Hambletouian. Bismatck

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

I i 0

is sixteen and a quarter bands high, of a rich bay color, closely coupled with broad, flat legs of enormous range, and muscles of exceptional size. He has no record, but could doubtless establish one low down in the twenties. There were a number of other exceedingly fine horses, but none of national reputation.

After the trotters and runners came the United States dis¬ play of draught horses. Prominent among these was the exhibit of James A. Perry, of Wilmington, Illinois, which consisted of imported Percheron horses. At the head of his stud was the Duke de Chartres, probably the finest Percheron stallion ever imported, light dapple-gray in color, sixteen and a half hands high, weight 2050 pounds, limbs and muscles of enormous size, but perfect symmetry, and, despite his immense size, active as a mustang. Mr. Perry also showed Holland, a horse of great size and power, and especially noteworthy as to color, being a rich dapple-brown, which is somewhat rare in this breed, which runs mostly to grays. J. J. Parker, of West Chester, Pennsylvania, made an excellent display of Percherons of the smaller, and, as some hold, the purer type, horses ranging from 1200 to 1500 pounds. lie exhibited two colts which were very interesting to breeders. They were the offspring of the delicate thoroughbred Jenifer Arabian and the somewhat coarse but purebred Percheron mares. These colts were too young to judge of the result as yet, but Mr. Parker deserves the thanks of breeders for making the experiment. Mr. George Murray, of Racine, Wisconsin, exhibited the largest Clydesdale on the grounds — Donald Dinnie, a horse of enormous size, but of fine quality as well. Our local breeders were well represented. William Meikle, of Indiana, Pennsylvania, exhibited three Clydesdales of recent importation ; Charles S. Taylor, of Bur¬ lington, New Jersey, exhibited the Clydesdale stallion, Sam¬ son, a very handsome brown four-year old ; and also an ex¬ ceed in glv fine Clvdesdale mare, Mayfield. The smallest animal on the grounds was the Arabian Jack, exhibited by Bonis Lienau, a little creature not much larger than a Newfoundland dog, but exceedingly attractive in its quaint ugliness.

776

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

At ten o’clock in the morning and again at four o’clock in the afternoon, during each day of the horse show, the animals

were led out in the ring, and were there, either in harness or under the charge of attendants, put through the performances best calculated to show their speed and display their most attractive and valuable qualities. The sight at such times was beautiful and inspiriting, and drew large numbers of persons to witness it. Prominent among the animals exhibited in the ring was a team of beautiful dapple-gray horses, the property of Mr. A. 11. Murdoch. Their aggregate weight was 3500 pounds. Especial admiration was excited by two milk-white mares, twin-sisters, granddaughters of Dan Rice’s old horse Excelsior.

The number of entries at the horse show was 216, of which 170 were American. The remainder belonged to Canada.

The following gentlemen were the judges of the horse exhi¬

bition :

John R. Vi ley, Lexington, Kentucky ; I)r. J. W. Weldon, New "York; Basil Duke, St. Louis, Missouri; Colonel E. T. Stowell, Cornwall, Vermont; George Murray, Racine, Wis¬ consin; Thaddeus Holt, Macon, Georgia; Thomas D. Dowry, Owossa, Michigan; Milo Smith, Clinton, Iowa; General T. G. Williams, Austin, Texas; S. P. Brown, Washington, Dis¬ trict of Columbia ; A. McAllister, Springfield Furnace, Penn¬ sylvania; S. H. Tewksbury, Portland, Maine; John Miller, Columbus, Ohio ; F. Parrington, England, and Dr. Tetu, Quebec.

The horse show was well patronized, the attendance and the interest in it increasing each day. It was formally closed on the 14th of September.

The Dog Show. — The dog show was opened, according to arrangement, on the morning of the 4th of September, and was closed on the evening of the 8th. It was a perfect success, and was pronounced, by competent judges, the most complete and satisfactory exhibition of its kind ever held . The entries num¬ bered 722, of which 681 were American, twenty-six English and Irish, and fifteen Canadian dogs. The collection embraced

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

1 1 1

sporting and fancy dogs, imported and domestic English and Irish Jordan setters, and pointers of fifty pounds weight over and under. Harriers, beagles, Chesapeake Bay dogs, Irish water spaniels, and a large variety of hounds and terriers of all sizes and colors made up the list, with a liberal display of New¬ foundlands, St. Bernard’s, mastiffs, bull-dogs, poodles, etc. The different breeds were classified according to sections, and by reference to the catalogue the visitor was enabled to familiarize himself with the distinguishing characteristics of the breeds. A\ ith the list of entries was incorporated a description of typical characteristics, and a scale of points such as is made use of in judging dogs in England.

“Long before the visitor reaches the show,” wrote the cor¬ respondent of the New York Tribune , “ he is greeted with such a medley of dog voices as he has assuredly never heard before. From the deep bay of the fox hound to the sharp yelp of the terrier, from the full tone of the English mastiff to the uncer¬ tain squeak of the poodle, there are numberless gradations, with variations for each mood of the dog mind. Setters are more largely represented than any other variety of the dog race, and there are many fine, highly bred animals here. There are some excellent red Irish setters here, including a few that are valued at two hundred guineas apiece, and some black-and-tan Gordon setters so finely marked that they would form fine sub¬ jects for the animal painter. Many English setters are exhib¬ ited, and some of them not only show the points of good dogs, but have pedigrees of remarkable extent. Most noticeable among the latter are two dogs recently imported from England, late the property of Edward Laverack, of Shropshire. They are descended from stock which Mr. Laverack obtained in 1825, and which, it was supposed, had been pure for thirty-five years. He has kept a continuous strain of pure blood since that time. The pedigree of the two dogs for nine generations is shown, and the number of names in it is adapted to give a person an enlarged idea of the dimensions of the graveyard which might contain the bones of his ancestors. There are comparatively few pointers, but some arc good animals. Some Irish terriers

778

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

are shown of a very high strain of blood, as may be judged from the price, two hundred guineas in gold, asked for one or two of the best. Very curious in appearance are the Irish water spaniels, with long curly top-knots and shaggy ears. There are quite a number of Dachshunds, a medium-sized dog, with singu¬ lar crooked forelegs. Among the other canines are English fox-terriers, used to unearth the fox when the hounds have run him into his burrow; many Skye terriers, Scotch terriers black-and-tan terriers, poodles, and lap-dogs, Spitz dogs, Sibe¬ rian bloodhounds, a fine English mastiff, English and Italian greyhounds, Chesapeake Bay duck dogs, vicious-looking 1,,,)]. terriers, English pug dogs, sheep dogs, and two queer hairless Mexican hounds.”

The attendance upon the dog show was large, many of the visitors being ladies. The judges and their specialties were as follows: John E. Long, Detroit, Michigan, pointers and span¬ iels; Col. T. G. S! sinner, New York, hounds; I)r. L. II. Twaddell, Philadelphia, non-sporting dogs; John Swain, Bal¬ timore, Maryland, English setters; George Drolet, Montreal, Canada, Irish and Gordon setters. Among the more prominent awards were the following :

o

The Forest and Stream prize to Ailleen, owned by Frank Roan ; prize for Duchshunds to Dr. L. IT. T waddell’s Unser Fritz ; Turf, Field, and Farm prize for fox hounds to J. Shaner’s Dandy and Chip ; C. L. Westcott’s prize to J. E. Long’s Juno; John Krider’s prize to J. A vre’s Glen ; Captain A. A. II. Clay’s prize to Boss ; the Chicago Field's prize to Rufus 2d. The Philadelphia cup for the best setter in the show was awarded to Paris, owned by L. H. Smith, of Strathroy, Ontario, Canada. The cup for the best imported English setter, over one and under two years, was awarded to L. H. Smith’s Llewellin. The Detroit Gun Club cup was awarded to Juno, owned by J. E. Long, of Detroit. The Philadelphia sportsman’s cup for pointers was awarded to G. A. Strong’s Pete.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

779

The Cattle Show.

The display of horned cattle began on the 21st of September, and lasted until the 4th of October. Though the entries were light at first they increased daily, until they finally numbered 550 head of cattle, so that the exhibition may be fairly consid¬ ered a success. It attracted many visitors, especially those interested in the raising of cattle.

Among the animals on exhibition were four large buffaloes from Colorado, which were especially noticed by reason of their immense size. The largest animal displayed was the General Grant, whose weight was almost five thousand pounds. There were also shown two steers, one from Kentucky, the other from Canada, whose weight was almost equal to that of the General. Two rows of sheds were set apart for draught cattle, of which a fine display was made. All the oxen on exhibition were thor¬ oughly trained to the voice of the driver, and the greater part of them belonged to the finest breeds of this country. Among the entries were 150 Jersey milch cows from various parts of the United States, and 12 from England ; about 70 Shorthorns from Canada and Pennsylvania, principally for beef; 50 Avr- shires, for dairy purposes ; a large number of Devons, intended for both the dairy and the meat market; and a number of fine specimens of Hereford, Galloway, Kerry, Holstein, and Dutch breeds, most of which were bred for the market. The display of fat cattle for beef was also fine, although the entries from each State were small. A number of the more valuable Short¬ horns were imported from England by a well-known Kentucky cattle-raiser. They were valued at from $4000 to $9000 apiece, and one of them, a gigantic bull, was valued at $10,000.

On the 4th of October a number of the Shorthorn or Jersey cattle were sold at auction, the cattle show being over. The prices were fair, the sale opening with the disposal of the heifer Cassandra for $180, and the roan bull Lord Cranham for $100.

780

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Display of Sheep , Swine, and Goats

Began on the 10th of October, and lasted until the 18th. The entries were as follows : sheep, 400 ; swine, 375. The Ameri¬ can animals were exhibited by prominent breeders in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Virginia. Can¬ ada sent a considerable number of sheep of the breeds of Cots- wolds, Leicester, Southdowns, and Oxford-downs, and some fine swine of the Suffolk, Yorkshire, Berkshire, Essex, and Chester white breeds. Among the Southdowns were some of the most valuable specimens of sheep in existence, some of which were valued as high as $6000 apiece. One of the largest was a breeding ram weighing four hundred pounds, whose hire fur a single season is about $250 gold. Mr. Russell Swanwick, of England, exhibited some noticeable Cotswold sheep, the average weight of which reached the rare figure of three hun¬ dred pounds, a weight not often attained by this breed.

Among the swine herds Mr. T. S. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, exhibited the finest animals. These were imported Berks!) ires, all of which are said to have carried off premiums at various European exhibitions. The heaviest hog in the display was exhibited by Messrs. Shaner, Ashbridge & Walter, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, who exhibited some splendid Chester whites.

The Poultry Show. — The exhibition of poultry was held in the Pomological Annex to the Agricultural Building, and was opened on the 27th of October and closed on the 6th of Novem¬ ber. The large hall was specially fitted up for the occasion with long rows of coops. Above these were placed a number of cages containing Canaries. The entries of chickens and birds amounted to more than six thousand, but the fowls present fell short of this number. The finest displays were from Pennsyl¬ vania, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Michigan. A considerable number ot fine fowls from Canada and England were also on exhibition. The majority of the States of the Union were well represented, and

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

781

the visitor was afforded a fair idea of the excellence and variety of the fowls raised in this country.

The exhibition was under the charge of J. E. Diehl, Esq., the Vice-P resident of the Pennsylvania Poultry Association, who acted as Superintendent.

Of the fowls and birds on exhibition our limits will allow us to speak but briefly. The Light Brahmas attracted particular attention. They were large, beautiful chickens, with all the perfect marks of that breed. Immediately to the south of the coops containing them were a number of coops of fine Bantams. Of the large Cochin Chinas there were several varieties. Some of them were pure white, others pure black, and others again of the buff varieties. Dr. H. H. Lowrie, of Plainfield, New Jersey, exhibited three handsome white Leghorns. Mr. Mc¬ Laren, of Mead vi lie, Pennsylvania, sent some silver duck¬ winged Game chickens j whilst Benson & Burpee displaced sixty cases of fine fowls, among which were puie white and black Leghorns, black Spanish chickens, and black Hamburgs with red combs and white wattles. There were also some beau¬ tiful silver and gold-spangled Hamburgs, and golden-pencilled and silver-pencilled Hamburgs. G. H. Warren, of New York Mills, and G. F. Seavey, of Massachusetts, exhibited some beautiful golden and silver Sebright fowls— very beautiful ban¬ tams, spotted all over the body, wings, tail and neck. Probably the most attractive exhibit to the ordinary visitor, as well as to the poultry fancier, consisted of a number of pairs of silver Pheasants from Pennsylvania and Connecticut. These were of a very rare breed, and were, without doubt, the most beauti¬ ful fowls in the Exhibition.

Turkeys were well represented, a number of varieties of do¬ mestic and wild fowls being shown. The black, light and daik bronze and white, and the wild turkey had each its well-selected representative.

Among the ducks we may notice the Ra\cn duck, laigo, dark-colored and beautifully marked j the Cayuga duck, pure black, even to the bills, legs and feet; and the Ayl&bun oi the Centiary, pure white, and equal in size to the Ca\ uga. M . A.

782

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Burpee exhibited a curious duck, hatched in the spring of 18TG and perfect in every way except that its feet instead of hein* webbed were perfect chicken’s feet. This duck could swim & well as any other, notwithstanding this defect.

There were two Egyptian geese on exhibition. They were very handsome and attracted much attention. The breast is of black, white and gray, spotted like canvas; the back of a reddish-brown, black and gray mixed; and there is a reddish- brown ring around the throat, with the same tinge in different shades on the neck and head. There were also several varie¬ ties of the Toulouse, China, Bremen, Hong-Kong and Wild goose.

The display of pigeons was very extensive and very fine, comprising some of the best and rarest breeds, besides such fav¬ orites as Tumblers, Jacobins, Fan-tailed and Crested birds, Cameras, Turbets, Antwerps, and numerous others. One dis¬ play of a breed which lias been increased in size, until the birds arc almost as large as common chickens, attracted exceptional

attention.

There were also exhibited a number of swallows, African, Chinese and English owls, magpies, starlings and Canary birds.

A fine display was made of patent incubators, and other ap¬ paratus for the better care and raising of chickens.

CHAP TEE XXV.

THE STATE DAYS.

Arrangements for the State Celebrations— New Jerse c

Spectacle— Connecticut Day— Massachusetts Day— New York Dav— A

Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State— Scenes and Incidents in the Grounds Pennsylvania Day — The Giandest Celebration of All — A

* ,|''U a no x n v n V/ 1 t\c

—Rhode Island Day— The Italian Day— Inauguration of the Columbus Monument— New Hampshire Dav — Delaware. Maryland and Virginia iw

Crowning the Queen of Love and Beauty— Ohio Day— Magnificent Tribute to the Governor of Ohio— The Merchants’ Reunion— Vermont Day.

X order to add to the attractiveness of the Exhibition,

day determined to inaugurate a series of “ State Days/’ on each of which a special celebration should be held in the Exhibition grounds in honor of the State of the Union to

which the day should be assigned. It was decided that the ceremonies on these occasions should consist of an address de¬ voted to a review of the history and progress of the State hold¬ ing the celebration, a reception by the Governor of such State at the State building in the Exhibition grounds, and such other festivities as should be decided upon by the committee. It was understood that these celebrations would of necessity be con¬ fined to the States nearest Philadelphia, as it would be com¬ paratively easy for their people to be present in force on such occasions. The more remote States by reason of their distance would find it impossible to take part in these festivals. Ar¬ rangements were promptly entered into between the Centennial

7°Z

784

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Commission and the authorities of the States desiring to cn<m"e in these celebrations, and the utmost enthusiasm was displayed by all parties in carrying out the programmes decided upon.

New Jersey Day.

The first State to engage in these special celebrations was New Jersey. Thursday, the 24th of August, was the day selected by the State authorities, and for several weeks previous to that date energetic efforts were made to induce such a num¬ ber of the people of New Jersey to be present at the Exhibition that the occasion should be an event memorable in the history of the State. New Jersey had done so much to make the Exhibition a success, and had given it such warm and efficient support at its most critical periods, that it was peculiarly appro¬ priate that this generous commonwealth should open the series of State festivals.

Thursday, August 24th, was bright and fair. All through the morning trains were arriving from points in New Jersey, brinsdnor thousands of visitors, and other thousands came by way of Camden, the Delaware river ferries, and the city car lines. By eleven o’clock the grounds were thronged and the various buildings of the Exhibition were filled with a merry, eager crowd of “Jersey folks,” bent on seeing the beauties and wonders of the “Centennial.”

At ten o’clock the New Jersey Reception Committee, consist¬ ing of native Jerseymen residing in Philadelphia, assembled at the Centennial depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad to act as an escort to Governor Bedle and party, who were to come from Trenton. The Committee was constituted as follows:

E. C. Knight, Chairman ; Hon. Morton McMichael, Ik. Joseph Pancoast, Hon. B. II. Brewster, Samuel Bispham, Samuel E. Stokes, J. B. Lippincott, Richard J. Dobbins, Fur¬ man Sheppard, Edward Browning, James H. Stevenson, John W. Stokes, Louis A. Godcy, Dr. E. C. Jayne, and Joseph H. Campion.

The unusual demand upon the transportation facilities of t ic road threw all the morning trains behind time, and it "as not

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 785

until after eleven that the arrival of the train containing the gubernatorial party was announced by the cheers of the crowd around the depot. As Governor Bedle and his party alighted from the train they were met by the Reception Committee, the

NEW JERSEY STATE BUILDING.

chairman of which greeted them with a brief address of wel¬ come, to which the Governor made an appropriate response.

The company with their escort now formed in line, and pro¬ ceeding across the street, entered the grounds through the gate adjoining the Board of Finance head-quarters. Here were drawn 50

786

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

up in two lines on either side the chiefs of the departments of the Centennial management, with President John Welsh, of the Centennial Board, Thomas Cochran, Clement L. Biddle, Amos R. Little, and other members. Headed by the o-reat First Brigade Band of forty-five pieces, then playing at the Centen¬ nial, the procession filed around the Bartholdi fountain and up to the Judges’ Hall. The following is a list of the more prominent among the visitors in line, and subsequently in attendance at the Jersey State Building :

Governor Betlle and lady ; Hon. Abram Browning, the orator of the day ; ex-Governors Parker and Newell ; ex-United States Senator Stockton ; Hon. A. L. Runyon, State Comptroller; Major-General Mott, keeper of the State Prison ; Vice-Chancel¬ lor Dodd ; Supreme Court Judges Van Sickle, Reed and Dixon; Speaker of the State Senate General Sewell, and State Senators Leon Abbett and lady, John Hill, Dayton, Thorne, Potts, Schultze, Jarrard, Kirk and Hopper; Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly Carscaller, and Assemblyman Sidney B. Berans; Hons. Orestes Cleveland and J. G. Stevens, New Jersey" Centennial Commissioners-at-large ; aides-de-camp to the Governor, Colonels Garretson, Hendrickson, Spencer, Hoy, Holcombe and Vredenburg; Adjutant-General Stryker; Quar¬ termaster-General Perrine; Judge John T. Nickerson, United States District Court ; State Treasurer Wright; Ashbel Welch, Esq., ex-President of United Companies of New Jersey; Super¬ intendent J. A. Anderson, of Belvidere division; General N.N. Halstead; Hon. Alexander Wurtz, ex-State Senator, and Ben¬ jamin F. Lee, Clerk of New Jersey Supreme Court. The pro¬ cession also included the Reception Committee, members ol the Centennial management, and many Jerseymcn who had previ¬ ously arrived on the grounds, General Hawley and President Welsh accompanying Governor Bedle and Mr. Browning respectively.

When the audience had assembled in the Judges Hall, which, for the first time in its history, was entirely filled, Go\- ernor Bedle introduced the orator of the day, the Hon. Abram Browning. Mr. Browning then delivered an eloquent am

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 787

instructive address, in which he reviewed the history and pro¬ gress of the State of New Jersey, and explained its agricultural, industrial and commercial resources. He was listened to with marked attention, and was frequently applauded.

At the conclusion of the address, the company formed in line and marched from Judges’ Hall to the splendid New Jersey State Building, on Belmont avenue. This building and the grounds around it were thronged with people awaiting the arrival of the Governor. From every spire of the building above the red tiled roof floated the national colors. The sur¬ rounding structures gayly flaunted their bunting, bands of music at the adjoining restaurants gave forth their sweetest strains, and Machinery Hall chimes rang out their peals of melody in honor of “ Jerseymen’s day.” Every county in the State, from Sussex to Cape May, and from Hudson to Camden, was represented in the thronging multitude which from nine A. m. till evening tested the strength and capacity of the spacious structure, and4 surged restlessly through and around it. The procession from Judges’ Hall, headed by the First Brigade Band, arrived at the building at fifteen minutes after one o’clock, when many of the State officials were escorted into the private rooms of the State Commissioners. Soon after, Governor Bedle appeared in the main hall of the building, and mounting a chair addressed the crowd. A formal reception was held by the Governor at the close of his speech, and lasted until three o’clock, the citizens of the State present and many strangers being severally presented to his Excellency. This reception brought the ceremonies to a close.

The attendance during the day was as follows : paying vis¬ itors, 56,326 ; free, 10,727 ; total, 67,053. The receipts were $28,063.75. '

Connecticut Day.

The day selected by the authorities of Connecticut for their State celebration at the Exhibition was Thursday, September 7th. Several days previous to this the Third and Fourth Regiments of Connecticut Volunteers arrived in Philadelphia, and went into camp in Fairmount Park, near the Exhibition

788

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

grounds. On the 6th, Governor Ingersoll arrived from Hartford.

The 7th of September was an exceedingly disagreeable day A dull and cheerless rain fell all through the day, and com¬ pelled the abandonment of a portion of the ceremonies that had been determined upon. In spite of this, however, the crowd of visitors poured steadily through the gates, and long before twelve o’clock the principal buildings and all the main avenues were thronged.

At one o’clock Governor Ingersoll held an informal reception at the Connecticut State Building, on State avenue, which was largely attended. It was estimated that fully ten thousand citizens of Connecticut were present at the Exhibition during the day.

The total attendance was as follows: paying visitors, 64,059; free, 10,985; receipts, §30,853.75.

Massachusetts Day. *

Thursday, September 14th, was Massachusetts day. The chief interest of the occasion centred about the Massachusetts building, on State avenue. All the surrounding buildings, American and foreign, displayed their bunting, while trom the cupola of the Massachusetts house floated the old Pine Tree flag, an emblem of colonial days, with the national colors from the flagstaff in front, and a pretty collection of many colored ensigns tastefully arranged above the main entrance. The doorways of the interior were decorated with flags. During the afternoon an orchestra, stationed in the hall, furnished the music for the occasion, while from the towers of Machinery Hall the chimes rang out the national airs, and gave a salute on the bells thirteen times, in honor of the day.

At one o’clock Governor Rice, attended by his staff, took his stand in the Governor’s room of the building, and held a foimal

reception, which was largely attended. The people were pre¬ sented to his Excellency by Commissioner A. L. Coolidge. D'e visitors entered by the main door, and, passing through the hall, repaired to the Governor’s room. After paying their

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

789

respects to his Excellency they passed through the press and reading-room, and made their exit from the building by way of the rear door of the hall, the passage ways being kept open by a detail of the Centennial Guard.

During the reception, the Sons of Massachusetts, an organi-

MASSACITUSETTS STATE BUILDING.

zation of Massachusetts men residing in New York city, and led by Colonel Frank E. Howe, presented a handsome flag to the State through the Governor. The presentation was made in an appropriate address by Mr. Nathan Appleton, of Boston, and was acknowledged in fitting terms by Governor Iliee.

790

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

After the reception was over, the Governor, his staff, and the members of the executive council dined in the State building At night the Governor was serenaded at the Transcontinental hotel, where he was lodging.

It was estimated that fully ten thousand visitors from Mas¬ sachusetts were present in the grounds during the day.

The cash admissions to the grounds were 85,795; the free admissions, 12,073; total, 97,868. Receipts, $4 1,1 93.

New York Day .

The 21st of September was set for New York day, the fourth of the series of State Centennial celebrations. The day was bright and clear, and at an early hour throngs of visitors began to pour through the gates into the Exhibition grounds. By noon it was evident that the occasion would be memorable jus drawing the largest attendance since the opening of the Exhibition, and by one o’clock the crush was tremendous. Thousands came in from New York city and other {joints in the Empire State during the morning, and each arriving train over the New York division of the Pennsylvania Railroad was crowded to its utmost capacity.

At one o’clock Governor Tilden reached the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds in a carriage, and was received by the Centennial authorities and escorted to the New York State Building. His arrival was greeted with deafening cheers, and he was followed by a vast multitude eager to do honor to the chief magistrate of the Empire State. The Governor was ac¬ companied by ex-Governor Bigler, of the Centennial Board of Finance, and was followed by about forty members of the United States Centennial Commission, headed by General Hawley and Commissioner Beckwith, of New York. Gover¬ nor Tilden acknowledged the hearty greeting of the crowd by repeatedly bowing from his carriage.

Upon reaching the New York building, Governor Tilden at once entered it and took his stand in the principal parlor. The formal reception immediately began. The visitors were pio- sented to the Governor by Mr. Frank Leslie, President of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

791

^ew York Centennial Commission. As the people received the Governor’s recognition, they passed out by a door and stairway in the rear of the building. After the lapse of a con¬ siderable time it was found that to receive the increasing mass

NEW YORK STATE BUILDING.

of people on the outside, who were then being admitted through the front entrance at the rate of twenty per minute, would re¬ quire the time allotted to the ceremony to be extended several hours. An intimation was also given privately that the floor

792

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of the building was not of sufficient strength to stand the un¬ usual weight being put upon it. It was accordingly suggested to Governor Tilden to repair to the portico and address the multitude gathered around the edilice. This suggestion beim> acquiesced in by the Governor, the formal reception was brought to a close, and the Governor, descending to the portico, was introduced by General Hawley, who said : “Fel¬ low-citizens, you anticipate what I have to saw I have the great honor of presenting to you to-day his Excellency, Gov¬ ernor Tilden, of New York.” When the cheers with which lie was greeted had subsided, Governor Tilden said :

"Ladies and Gentlemen: My right arm is not wearied with the hearty grasp of the thousands who have seized it with the force of a single shake [A voice: There are 40,000 here who can’t get in], but your committee have warned me that the ceremony could not possibly be brought within the time allotted to them, and have therefore instructed me to make mv acknowledgments to you en masse. Ladies and gentlemen, I tender to you my cordial salutation, one and all. I have come here to-day to perform an official duty, to put the moral power and the official authority of the great State of New York bv the side of Pennsylvania, to testify our appreciation and our sympathy. In behalf of five millions of people I thank you for your kind attendance, and I thank you for your expressions of respect, and, tendering to you my cordial and complete salu¬ tation, one and all, I bid you adieu.”

The ceremonies of the day now came to a close, and Gov¬ ernor Tilden, accompanied by Colonel Frederick A. Conkling and Henry Havemeyer, Esq., of the State Board of Centennial Commissioners, left the New York building for a tour through the grounds. They were followed by a large crowd of people who repeatedly gave loud cheers for Governor Tilden. T he party entered Machinery Hall, through which they passed, and then proceeded to the Main Building and Memorial Hall, and returned to the New York house by way of the Government Building.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

793

A battalion of the New York City Police was drawn up in front of the State building awaiting the Governor’s return. As he approached the men came to a present arms. The Governor passed through the ranks, inspecting the force, and then as¬ cended to the portico. Superintendent Walling, in charge of the force, introduced the Governor to the men, who received him with three cheers. The Governor thereupon addressed them briefly, congratulating them upon their proficiency in drill and discipline, after which the patrolmen passed in review before him. Shortly after this the Governor entered his car¬ riage and left the grounds.

It was estimated that forty thousand persons from the State of New York were present during the day.

The total attendance was as follows: Cash admissions, 122,- 003; free admissions, 12,585; total, 134,588. The receipts

were $59,980.

Pennsylvania Day.

Thursday, the 28th of September, was set apart by the Cen¬ tennial authorities for the celebration of the State ol Pennsyl¬ vania. The day was particularly well chosen, inasmuch as it was the one hundredth anniversary of the adoption of the first Constitution of Pennsylvania. It was declared by special proclamation of the Governor of the State to be a legal holiday, and in all parts of the State preparations were set on foot and enthusiastically carried out to make it the most memorable occasion in the history of the Exhibition. It was not doubted that the State which had been the mainstay of the Exhibition in all its trials, and which, more than any other, had carried it through to success, would eagerly avail itself of this opportunity of testifying emphatically and unitedly its approval of the man¬ ner in which the great enterprise had been carried out.

With the rising of the sun on the morning of September the 28th the city of Philadelphia was astir. Business was generally suspended, and thousands of citizens and visitors sojourning in the city took the early trains for the Exhibition. All through the day the steam and horse railroads, and the various vehicles

794

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

engaged in the work of transporting passengers, were crowded to their utmost capacity. Trains were arriving all the forenoon from distant points in the State, each bringing hundreds of visitors to swell the great throng.

The entrances to the Exhibition grounds were opened at half-past eight o’clock, and immediately there was a rush for the turn-stiles. This continued without intermission for several hours. By ten o’clock the crowd had settled down into a steady stream, and the turn-stiles revolved with the regularity of water-wheels, receiving and discharging an unbroken stream of

humanity, and the constantshowerof half dollars fall¬ ing into the (“ash- boxes soon showed that theday wasto be a success finan¬ cially as well as in other respects. At one o’clock the reports from the turn-stiles showed that one hundred and seventy-five

SUGAR BOWL PRESENTED BY REED & BARTON TO THE thousand paving

emperor of japan. visitors had passed

the gates, and still the crowd kept pouring in.

“ No pen, however inspired,” says the Philadelphia Press, in its account of the celebration, 11 could adequately describe the scene presented inside the Centennial grounds an hour after the gates wrere opened. If the whole world was not centred there, it was very evident that a considerable portion of a State had converged to a focus, and though every broad avenue was alive with humanity, the multitudes seemed to double every hour. The Main Building, being the nearest and chief point of attrac¬ tion to the main entrance, soon became uncomfortably crowded, and the tens of thousands of delighted guests surged on and on,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

795

until every open structure on the grounds was filled, and every wide avenue turned into a gay boulevard. Among these thronging thousands all classes of society possible to find in a single State were represented, from the most highly cultured to the most ignorant, from the wealthiest to the poorest; but though high and low were mingled together in a seemingly inseparable mass, the best of good nature prevailed, and all so¬ cial distinctions were forgotten in the common feeling of love for the old Keystone State. Usually nearly the whole number of daily visitors are in the grounds at one o’clock, but yesterday they continued to arrive until very much later, and at three o’clock in the afternoon the scene was indescribably brilliant. In addition to the immense numbers of visitors who came as individuals, there were many thousands belonging to permanent or temporary organizations who came in a body. Many of these were the employes of large firms, and in most cases, where their admission fee was paid by their employers, they proceeded to the grounds in a body, and remained together for some hours afterwards. The men from the Baldwin Locomo¬ tive Works were there in full force, and presented a very creditable appearance. The Veteran Corps of the First Infan¬ try, N. G., under Colonel Charles S. Smith, and Company D, of the First Regiment, acted as an escort to the Governor dur¬ ing the day, and their handsome uniforms added greatly to the beauty of the grand spectacle. They were accompanied by the First Regiment Band. The Battalion of Patriarchs, I. O. O. F., was headed by the Weccacoe Band. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics, the students of Girard College, with their excellent band, the children of the Soldiers’ Orphans’ Institute, and the Lincoln Institution, and the members of the Constitutional Convention, all marched through the grounds in a body at different times, and thus one excitement followed another until the two hundred thousand visitors wearied from mere excess of enjoyment. What lent a peculiar charm to the scene was the presence of a large number of school children, and although the little ones must have endured much incon- venience making their way through the crowd, it was evident,

796

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

from their beaming faces, that the day was one of intense de¬ light. The fiftieth graduating class of the Central High School arrived at the grounds about one o’clock, and proceeding to Belmont, renewed old friendships in the enjoyment of a grand banquet. As the shadows grew longer there was a general movement toward the gates; but it at once became so evident that only a small portion of the outpouring throng could be trans¬ ported away at one time that thousands returned, in order, as they fondly hoped, to avoid the rush, and also gain at least another hour of enjoyment amid the splendors of the occasion.”

Various entertainments were offered to the visitors during the day. There were concerts and musical recitals at the music stand in the Main Building, and performances upon the great organs. The various exhibitors of musical instruments gave performances at their respective stands. The chimes of Machin¬ ery Hall were rung at frequent intervals, patriotic and other airs being executed upon the bells by Professor AViddom 1 he little folks were amused by the frequent ascent of paper balloons from the open space in the rear of Agricultural Ilall. The day was glorious, the beautiful autumn weather being all that could be desired.

At ten o’clock in the morning Governor Hartranft left his quarters at the Globe Hotel, accompanied by a number of dis¬ tinguished citizens of the State, and proceeded to the Exhibition grounds, under the escort of the First Regiment of Pennsyl¬ vania Infantry. The Governor’s party and his escort entered the Exhibition grounds by the principal gates on Belmont avenue, and proceeded at once to the Pennsylvania State Building. There they were formally received by General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, and Mr. John \\ elsh, on behalf of the Centennial authorities, and were at once conducted to the Judges’ Hall, where the ceremonies of the day were to take place. The building was beautifully decorated inside with the flags of all nations, the colors of the State of Pennsylvania being tastefully draped over the doorway. A raised platform, with a canopy of the national colors, covering a beautiful and mammoth cactus, was reserved for the Governor and the dis-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

707

tinguished gentlemen who accompanied him. The hall was densely crowded in all parts, and the audience listened patiently and attentively to the numerous addresses that were made.

The ceremonies were opened by the Hon. Morton McMichael, who introduced, as the presiding officer of the day, Governor Jolm F. i la r trail ft, who was received with loud cheers. Gov¬ ernor Hartranft acknowledged this greeting in a brief but eloquent address, and introduced to the audience General Joseph II. Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Com¬ mission. General Hawley in fitting terms expressed the obliga¬ tion of the Centennial Commission and of the whole country to . the people of Pennsylvania for the part they had taken in the Exhibition. He was followed by Mr. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance, whose address was brief and to the same effect. Governor Hartranft then introduced to the audience the Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewster, the orator of the day, who delivered a lengthy and able oration, reviewing the first century of the history of Pennsylvania. He was fre¬ quently applauded. Addresses were then made by ex-Governor Bigler, ex-Governor Pollock, Senator Cameron, Justice Strong, of the United States Supreme Court, and ex-United States Senator Scott. At the close of Senator Scott’s remarks, Governor Hartranft declared the ceremonies at an end, and the audience dispersed.

In the afternoon Mrs. Gillespie and the other ladies of the M omen’s Centennial Executive Committee held a reception in Judges’ Hall, which was largely attended, many of the most distinguished men of the country being present.

In the afternoon Governor Hartranft held a reception at the State building. The building had been elaborately decorated both inside and out. The walls were festooned with United States flags, and similar flags waved from every turret, window, and other possible point on the roof. The entrance was hung with bunting, and in the west room was placed over the large portrait of the Governor the word “ Welcome.” A number of distinguished persons gathered in the building early in the afternoon, and the grounds without were thronged with a dense crowd.

798

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Shortly after two o’clock the Veteran Corps of the First Penn¬ sylvania Regiment, which had acted as the Governor’s escort dur¬ ing the day, marched up the Avenue of the Republic, preceded by Company D, of the First Regiment, and headed by Beck’s Band. At the southwest corner of the building the. troops turned and marched along the south side, to the west, where they entered the building, and cleared a passage-way for the Governor, who, accompanied by his staff, came in at the eastern or main entrance. Proceeding to the Governor’s room, Governor Hartranft received the Centennial authorities and a number of other distinguished gentlemen. ^

The public reception was now begun. The first to be pre- * sented to the Governor were the Soldiers’ Orphans, from the State Schools, who passed in review before his Excellency, and were cordially received by him, each being greeted with a hearty handshake and a pleasant smile. The officers and men of the Keystone Battery next filed in and paid their respects to the Governor. Then came the Mayor and the Select and Common Councils of the city of Philadelphia; and finally the escort of troops, which had accompanied the Governor, filed by and shook hands with him. The doors were now thrown open to the people, and until five o’clock they passed by in rapid succession, nearly all managing to take his Excellency by the hand. It was estimated that at least 10,000 persons were received by the Governor. During the reception the Corinthian Quartette, of the American Vocal Union, rendered several songs. Promptly at five o’clock the doors of the State building were closed, and the Governor, retiring to his own room, held an informal recep¬ tion of his staff officers, and a number of lady visitors. His Excellency then repaired with his escort to the Philadelphia City building, at the eastern side of the grounds, and paid his respects to the Mayor of the city.

At three o’clock Mayor Stokley held a formal and largely attended reception at the Philadelphia building, near Horticul¬ tural Hall.

There was now a lull in the festivities, and the crowds flocks to the various restaurants to obtain their evening meal, 01 scat

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

799

tered themselves about the grounds. The eating-houses were filled to such an extent that it was almost impossible for the guests to receive attention at the hands of the waiters. The utmost good humor prevailed, however, and all through the day there was no rowdyism, no violence or misbehavior on the part of the vast crowd within the grounds.

Towards nightfall the people began to drift steadily towards George’s Hill, and by six o’clock the slopes of the hill and the tops of the surrounding buildings were densely crowded. The crowd continued to grow larger until half-past seven, the hour for beginning the display of fireworks, which was to conclude the celebration of the day. At least 175,000 people were gathered within the Exhibition grounds at this hour, and as many more were assembled in the streets and the Park out¬ side of the enclosure. The display was in charge of Messrs. Brock & Co., of London, and was one of the finest ever wit¬ nessed in this country.

The display began promptly at half-past seven o’clock. From the first salute of aerial maroons to the final display of variously-colored rockets, the interest of the crowd never flagged. The simultaneous illumination of the entire grounds bv mag¬ nificent colored lights was the first feature of the entertainment, and was peculiarly effective. There were several set pieces, embodying devices emblematic of heroic deeds and suggestive of patriotic purposes. One was a portrait of Washington, another a device in red, white and blue, containing the words “ Welcome to All Nations.” Large balloons, having dazzling artificial lights, were sent heavenward. As they drifted off toward the northeast, colored fireworks were discharged with fine effect. The bursting of the large shells in mid-air, setting fire innumerable stars of every color and tint, so lit up the grounds that the effect was suggestive of dazzling sunlight. Mostly all of the large rockets happily burst just as their down¬ ward course was begun, thus sending their showers of stars toward the gazers below with indescribable effect. The pro¬ gramme included nearly every variety of fireworks, from the most simple devices to the most intricate combinations of the

800

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

kind that human ingenuity and skill have ever devised T1 scene was peculiarly impressive. This was especially true toward the last of the programme and at its close. A calcium light of the utmost power had been arranged on the top of Machinery Hall, and as its illuminating rays were turned toward different portions of the grounds in succession, the effect was imposing in the extreme. The dazzling artificial light shone upon the lake, fountain, and the waving trees, and the result was one of awe and grandeur. The spray of the fountain seemed like spray of burnished silver; the trees, already as¬ suming the varied and beautiful tints of autumn, seemed like a weird fancy picture instead of a beautiful reality. When the final bouquet of rockets had been fired from George’s Hill and the enthusiastic Pennsylvanians turned toward the points of exit at the end of Machinery Hall, their upturned faces, sug¬ gesting hope, energy, and unfailing courage, were typical of the towering strength and resources oi the Keystone State.

The celebration was now at an end, and the crowd made a rush for the gates, which were flung open wide, in order to allow the people to pass out. The street and steam cars and all the other available vehicles were soon filled, hut it was long after midnight before the depots and the streets around the Ex¬ hibition were cleared.

I he total attendance was as follows : Cash admissions, 257,168; free, 17,751; total, 274,919. The receipts were $118,673.75.

Rhode Island Day.

Thursday, October 5th, the day appointed for the Rhode Island celebration, was cold and raw, but in spite of this the Exhibition grounds were crowded at an early hour. The State building, on the slopes of George’s Hill, was handsomely decorated with flags and bunting, and was visited by thousands of people during the day.

At half-past eleven o’clock General Hawley, accompanied by Generals Bradley and Lewis Merrill and Commodore Calhoun, of his staff, and Mr. John Welsh, President of the Centennial

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

801

Board of Finance, repaired to the United States Hotel, where Governor Lippett was lodging, and escorted the Governor and his staff’ to Gate A, where a number of the members of the Centennial Commission and the Board of Finance were waiting to receive them. A procession was then formed, and headed by a detachment of the Centennial Guard and the band of the First Brigade of the First Division, the visitors proceeded alon«- Belmont avenue to State avenue, where they turned off towards George’s Hill and the Rhode Island State Building.

As the State building was too small to accommodate much of

RHODE ISLAND STATE BUILDING.

an audience, and moreover had but one entrance, it was decided that Governor Lippett should hold his reception on the porch. The guards at the head of the procession soon cleared a passage¬ way through the crowd, and the Governor and his companions advanced to the porch of the building. Here General Hawley welcomed his Excellency and his attendants in the heartiest manner, and was answered by Governor Lippett with happy effect.

At the close of his Excellency’s speech, the reception of visitors began. The Governor standing on the steps of the building received the people one by one as they came up in 51

802

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

line, and as each one paid his respects to the Governor he passed over to the west side of the building. The reception ended at three o’clock. Governor Lippett and party then re¬ paired to Machinery Hull, where they were received bv Mr George H. Corliss, Centennial Commissioner from Rhode Island, who explained to them the construction and working of the great engine.

The attendance during the day was as follows: Cash admis¬ sions, 89,060 ; free, 1 1,886 ; total, 100,946. The receipts were $44,496.

The Italian Day.

One of the most memorable celebrations connected with the Exhibition took place on Thursday, October 12th, on which day the Italian residents of the United States presented to the city of Philadelphia the magnificent marble statue of Christo¬ pher Columbus, which now ornaments the West Park. The day was the 386th anniversary of the discovery of the New World by Columbus.

The various Italian civic and military organizations of Philadelphia and other cities which decided to take part in the ceremonies assembled in South Eighth street on the morning of the 12th of October, and proceeded up Eighth street to Chestnut, and thence to Fifth, where they were reviewed by his Honor the Mayor, after which the Mavor and members of both branches of City Councils entered carriages and took the place in line assigned to them in accordance with the programme. Chief Marshal J. Ratto, Esq., headed the line and was followed by a platoon of twenty-four reserve officers, commanded by Lieutenant Crout. The visiting Columbus Guard (Bersaglieri), of New York, came next, headed by the Black Hussar Band dismounted. The riflemen numbered about seventy men, and made a handsome appearance, the officers having an abundance of green ostrich feathers in their low-crowned hats, while those of the privates and non-commissioned officers were black. TJie red, white, and green of Italy, together with t he stars and stripes, were borne by the color-bearers. Following these came

“KEYSTONE SODA WATER APPARATUS,” EXHIBITED* BY CHARLES LIPPIN- COTT & CO., IN MACHINERY HALL.

803

804

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the Columbus Monument Association in barouches, ami then the Mayor and members of Councils. Attired in their hand¬ some winter uniform, the State Fencible Band preceded the Italian Beneficial Society of Philadelphia, wlio carried a hand¬ some blue banner, with the proper inscription. Delegations from New York, Washington, Boston, Baltimore, and other cities were in one body, and bore at the front the banner of the Boston Mutual Relief and Beneficial Society, on which was an elegant painting in oil representing the landing of Columbus. The Italian Colony of Philadelphia, and G. Garibaldi Society, of New York, brought up the rear of the line. The line of march was up Fifth to Arch, thence to Broad, to Fairmount avenue, through the Park to Girard avenue, to Belmont avenue, and to the Globe Hotel, where Governor Hartranft and staff were in waiting to accompany them to the site of the monument The movement to erect a monument to Christopher Columbus originated in Philadelphia about two years ago, when the Co¬ lumbus Monument Association was organized, the call for aid in the enterprise being heartily responded to, not only by the various Italian societies in the country, but by individuals who made personal contributions. Professor Salla, of F lorence, Italy, being applied to, sent over a design for a monument, which was adopted, and the artist began his work at once. It arrived in this country in July, 1876, but as the officers of the associa- tion desired to have it placed in position not more than a few days before the time fixed for its dedication, it was not con¬ veyed to the grounds until needed, when it was erected on the site originally selected for it. The entire monument cost $18,000, and stands twenty-two feet from the ground, the statue of Columbus being ten feet in height, and the pedestal twelve feet. The base is seven feet long by six feet in width- The figure represents Columbus in the costume of his age an clime, standing on a ship’s deck; near his feet being an anchor, coils of rope, and a sailor’s dunnage bag; his right hand rest ing on a globe fifteen inches in diameter, with the New °r outlined on the front face, and supported by a hexagons column. Ilis left is gracefully extended, and holds a chat to

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

805

wlmt was once an unknown sea. The head of the statue is bare, and the physiognomy about as represented in the bust of the great navigator at Genoa. The statue faces cast, and on the front cap of the pedestal are the words: “ Presented to the City of Philadelphia by the Italian Societies.” Beneath this is a medallion representing the landing of Columbus. On the opposite side of the cap is inscribed: “Dedicated October 12th, 1876, by the Christopher Columbus Monument Association, on the Anniversary of the Landing of Columbus, October 12th, 1492.” Tjnderneath is the Genoese coat-of-arms and the words: “In Commemoration of the First Century of American Inde¬ pendence.” On the remaining two sides of the pedestal are the coats-of-arms of Italy and the United States.

The military escort to Governor Hartranft formed on Girard avenue east of Belmont avenue at about two o’clock. It con¬ sisted of the following regiments and organizations of the First Brigade, headed by General Brinton and staff: First Regiment, Colonel Benson; Second Regiment, Colonel Lyle; Weccacoe Legion, Captain Denny; Washington Grays, Captain Zane; hirst City I roop, Captain Fairman Rogers, acting as personal escort to the Governor. The military marched up Belmont avenue, and halted opposite the Globe Hotel, at which point Governor Hartranft took his place in the line. At about three o’clock, the procession from the city having in the meantime arrived, marching through the Exhibition gates at the Belmont avenue entrance, the line proceeded along the avenue to its junction with Fountain avenue, the site of the monument.

The monument was veiled with two large American and Italian colors, and around its base had been erected a platform capable of accommodating about one hundred persons, the space m front being enclosed and supplied with seats for invited guests. The rear of the stage was festooned with American and Italian colors, studded with the coats-of-arms of all nations, and from all sides waved green, red, and white Italian ban¬ nerets and red, white, and blue streamers. A force of guards, under Captain Snyder, were in attendance to prevent the anxious multitude from pressing too closely upon the speakers’

SO G

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

stand. At half-past three o'clock the military had taken position in a semi-circle skirting the crowd, with the First City Troop in the centre. Governor Hartranft, Mayor Stokley, and Baron Blanc, the Italian minister, advanced to the stage, fol¬ lowed at intervals by the officers of the Italian societies the orator's appointed for the occasion, and the Fairmount Park Commission. Governor Cheney, of New Hampshire, with his staff, in full uniform, also appeared on the platform, and the Black Hussars’ Band, of Philadelphia, were assigned a position in front.

After an overture by the band, the exercises were opened by Mr. Charles S. Keyser, of Philadelphia, with whom the sug¬ gestion of the memorial statues in the Park originated several years since, and who lias long been identified with the work. Mr. Keyser officiated in the conduct of the ceremonies, and introduced Mr. Alonzo M. Yiti, Honorary Consul of Italy, and Member of the Royal Commission to the International Exhibition. Mr. Yiti briefly stated the motives which had led to the presentation of the statue, and at the close of his remarks the statue was formally unveiled by Governor Hartranft and Baron Blanc, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten¬ tiary, from his Majesty the King of Italy to the United States, and Royal Commissioner to the International Exhibition. As the two gentlemen, standing on either side of the platform, pulled vigorously at the halyards, the colors entwined around the statue slowly rose from the marble and floated on the breeze from the top of the flagstaff? to which they had been drawn, and disclosed to the cheering multitude the beautiful effigy of the great discoverer. The Italian hymn was given by the band, followed by the Star-Spangled Banner, and a salute of artillery was fired from a battery stationed on Georges Hill. An address was then delivered by Governor Hartranft, after which Mr. Nunzio Finelli, the President of the Columbus Monument Association, formally presented the statue to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The address of acceptance was delivered by’ the Hon. Morton McMichael, President of tic Park Commission. Brief addresses from a number of dbtm guished gentlemen present closed the ceremonies.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION

80?

New Hampshire Day.

Thursday, October 12th, the day of the Italian celebration, was also celebrated as “New Hampshire Day.” The pro¬ gramme of each festival was so arranged that the New Hamp¬ shire ceremonies were over before those of the Italian societies began.

At a quarter to eleven, in the morning, Governor Cheney

NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE BUILDING.

and staff, the latter being in full uniform, with the Amoskeag Veteran Corps, numbering ninety-six men, in Continental uni¬ form, commanded by Colonel Wallace, as the Governor’s body¬ guard, the entire party being escorted by the cadets of the Vir¬ ginia Military Institute, numbering one hundred and eightv- five youths, under the command of Colonel Scott Ship, left the United States Hotel, where the gubernatorial party were quar¬ tered, marched up Elm avenue, entered the Exhibition grounds by the main entrance, and were there received by a detachment

808

the illustrated history

of the Centennial Guard, under Major E. H. Butler who escorted the body to the New Hampshire building.

Presidents Hawley and Welsh acted as the escort of Gov¬ ernor Cheney, the three proceeding on foot, followed by the Governor’s staff, members of the Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, and several thousand citizens of New Hamp¬ shire, the escort of military and police taking the lead. The march was enlivened by the music of Brown’s Cornet Band, of the Veteran Corps. In the vast throng that soon surrounded the State building it is estimated that there were between G000 and 7000 people from New Hampshire. The rest of the crowd were mainly New Englanders also, of whom it is esti¬ mated that there were upward of 13,000 in the city. The Veterans having drawn up to guard the front of the building, Presidents Hawley and Welsh, accompanying Governor Cheney, appeared on the porch of the latter, and were received with great applause.

General Hawley now came forward, and in a few character¬ istic remarks welcomed the Governor and people of New Hamp¬ shire to the Exhibition, and introduced to the throng gathered about the building his Excellency, Governor Cheney, of New Hampshire, who was received with hearty cheers. The Gov¬ ernor in a brief address expressed his appreciation of the cordial welcome given to himself and the people of his State. A prayer was then offered by the Rev. Mr. Powers, of Manches¬ ter, after which the Governor introduced the Hutchinson Family, who sang the well-known song called “The Old Granite State.” Governor Chenev then introduced to the an-

J

dience Professor E. D. Sanborn, of Dartmouth College, who delivered a lengthy oration on the history of New Hampshire. Brief addresses followed from ex-Governor Straw and others, after which the Governor took his stand in the reception-room and the formal reception of visitors began. It lasted a little more than an hour, and at its close Governor Cheney and staff, with most of the distinguished gentlemen present, proceeded to the Columbus Monument, and assisted in tiie ceremonies there

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

809

The attendance on the 12th of October was as follows: Casli admissions, 101,541; free, 11,881; total, 113,422. The re¬ ceipts were $50,536.

Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Day.

The 19th of October, the anniversary of the surrender of the army of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington at Yorktown was set apart for the joint celebration of the States of Delaware Maryland and Virginia. The State government of Virginia

“old VIRGINIA” BUILDING.

declined to take part in the celebration, so that the participation of the “ Old Dominion ” in it was purely informal. It was re¬ solved by the authorities having the affair in charge that the occasion should be one of the most memorable in the history of the Exhibition, and extensive preparations were made for it. A display of fireworks was announced for the night of the 18th of October, while the 19th was to be taken up with the State celebrations and a grand tournament and ball.

The Fireworks. — The second grand display of fireworks was given on the night of the 18th of October, on George’s Hill, by Messrs. Brock & Co,, of London. It was witnessed by about 60,000 persons within the grounds and a much larger

810

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

number outside. Precisely at seven o’clock the grounds, upon which both the mist and darkness had settled, were suddenly made brilliant by the imultaneous appearance of several hun¬ dred lights of many colors fixed to short poles. This lasted over five minutes, during which one hundred large rockets the contents of fifty five-inch shells, and six large magnesium bal¬ loons shot high into the air. Then followed the simultaneous flight of fifty five-inch shells, that showered thousands of tur¬ quoise and ruby stars over the heads of the spectators and veiled the fireworks of nature in the heavens. Then ascended one hundred brilliant tourbillions, thirty large rockets, with twinkling stars; a fountain of fire that rose as if from Vesu¬ vius to the height of one hundred feet; a battery of fifty mines of saucissons; seven pigeons flying along wires to and from their cote; two figures seventy feet in width and sixty feet in height; portraits of President Welsh and Director-General Goshorn, in a burning condition, and one about half the size of one of the others; a portrait of General Hawley; a volley of one hundred eight-inch shells, sending innumerable and daz¬ zling fire-balls of every variety of color up against the sky.

A representation of Independence Hall, one hundred and fifty feet, long and one hundred feet high, the greater part of it being hidden from most of the spectators by its own smoke; a volley of one hundred mines of saucissons; the simultaneous discharge of fifty ten-inch shells, and the flight of fifty large rockets, each of which liberated twin parachutes carrying several thousand feet high and over two miles from the starting point; fiery representations of balloon baskets, which then burst and showered down countless stars of red, green, blue, white, purple and other colors. These were doubtless seen for forty miles or more on all sides. Then followed a grand salvo of shells fired in rapid succession, and causing a many-colored shower of such vastness and dazzling bewilderment as to cause in the case of many persons no small degree of fright. It seemed as if all the stars of a hundred heavens were concentrated in that shower.

Next came the grandest and most successful of the fixed pieces — a great cascade of fire two hundred and ten feet long

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

811

and one hundred feet high. To describe it is to say that a real cascade, if flame-colored, could not have been more natural¬ looking. Hardly less imposing, and far more startling and dazzling, 'was the finale a bouquet of two thousand large rockets. When the last spark had died away a powerful calcium light was thrown over the grounds from the north central tower of Machinery Hall, and the chimes rang out “ Home, Sweet Home,” the gates were thrown open, and the crowd dispersed.

The Delaioare Celebration. — Thursday, October 19th, was a beautiful day, and as bright and balmy as the loveliest Indian summer weather could make it. About eleven o’clock the State authorities of Delaware, and the city officials of Wilmington, arrived at the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, where they were received by the officials of the Centennial Exhibition, and escorted by them to the Delaware State Building, adjoining the Maryland building on the east, and which, like the latter, was profusely and tastefully decorated with State and national colors. Above each building floated the flag of its State, and the Delaware structure displayed the coats-of-arms of the Old Thirteen. The procession entered the grounds and marched to the building in the following order: detachment of the Cen¬ tennial Guards, Major E. H. Butler commanding; First Brigade Band, Carl Heinemann, leader; Governor Cochran, accompanied by Presidents Hawley and Welsh of the Commission and Board of Finance, and escorted by the American Rifles of Wilming¬ ton, numbering seventy-five men ; the State and national officials of Delaware and the city authorities of Wilmington ; Governor Cochran’s staff; Colonel George Truitt Maxwell, Chief Mar¬ shal ; Firemen’s Centennial Association of Wilmington ; State Centennial Commissioners, members of the United States Cen¬ tennial Commission and Board of Finance, and the people of Delaware, who dropped in the line along the way until their number exceeded five thousand.

The line having drawn up along State avenue, in front of the Delaware building, where some ten thousand people had as¬ sembled, the gubernatorial party arrived upon the porch, and were greeted with cheering, after which General Hawley, on

812

T1IE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

behalf of the Centennial management, welcomed Governor Cochran and all the people of Delaware. He referred to the part which that State bore in the work of founding the govern¬ ment, and to the propriety of its holding such a celebration as the present. Governor Cochran then addressed the assemblage.

When Governor Cochran ended his speech, the Hon. William G. Whitely was introduced by Chief- Justice Comegys. Mr. Wkitely delivered an address, giving a history of Delaware from its first settlement to the present day.

Mr. Whitely ’s address being ended, Governor Cochran began his reception of visitors, first receiving the respects of the Cen¬ tennial Commission, Board of Finance, and other prominent officials of the Exhibition. The guests were introduced by Colonel Maxwell, chief of staff. As many as could shake hands with his Excellency in an hour and a quarter, at the rate of about forty-five a minute, did so. By this time their neigh¬ bors of Maryland had assembled in such numbers and become so enthusiastic that the Delaware building began to grow deserted, all attention being drawn to the former quarter.

The Maryland Celebration.— At a quarter past twelve o’clock the participants in t lie Maryland celebration entered the Exhi¬ bition grounds by the main entrance, and proceeded to the Maryland State Building in the following order : Detachment of the Centennial Guard, under Major E. H. Butler; hirst Brigade Band, Governor Carroll and staff, on horseback, the staff being in full uniform and the Governor in citizen’s dress; the Second Brigade, Maryland National Guard, under General James R. Herbert, and composed of the b ifth and Sixth lugi inents, commanded, respectively, by Colonel II. 1. Lone) and Colonel Clarence Peters. As the procession entered the grouncs it was reviewed by Presidents Hawley and Welsh, vhh ether representatives of the Centennial Commission and Lonid Finance, who afterwards fell in line at the head oi the })tolu of Maryland, who brought up the rear of the line. Gexeinor Carroll "and staff halted in front of the Maryland building an reviewed the military, which marched past and up George s i the First Brigade Band performing martial and patriotic airs.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

813

The marching of the Fifth was noticeably fine, and elicited great applause.

The Governor and staff then dismounted, and were received by President Welsh and other members of the Board of Finance, who escorted the gubernatorial party to the porch of the Mary¬ land building, amid the strains of “ Maryland, My Maryland,” by the First Brigade Band, their favorite air; and the noble form of their Governor, who now confronted them from the porch, aroused the enthusiasm of the people to its highest pitch, and their cheers drowned the music. Then followed a medley of “Away Down South in Dixie,” “ Yankee Doodle,” and kindred airs by the band, after which Governor Cochran, who had stolen a few moments from his own celebration, arrived, under the escort of General Hawley, to pay his respects to Gov¬ ernor Carroll. Governor Hartranft, who, all the morning, had been everywhere that he should be, and done everything that he could do for the honor of the visitors, fell in at this point, and made it a gubernatorial trio. Presently the members of the Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, most of them accompanied by ladies, and several foreign gentlemen, including Mr. Wu Ying Ding, the Chinese mandarin (in full native cos¬ tume), arrived and entered the building, after which the oratory began.

General Hawley, addressing Governor Carroll, said that the United States Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, likewise all connected with the management of the Centennial, bade him and his people a most hearty welcome. Maryland, said he, had a glorious share in the events celebrated during this Centennial year, and her sister States do not forget what she has done for the honor of the star-spangled banner. “ I am here,” he continued, “ to bid you a heartier welcome than lan¬ guage can express. I need not say that the Governor of Mary¬ land deserves all the esteem that Americans can give a faithful citizen and an able executive officer ; nor can Americans soon foi- get his illustrious great-grandsire, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, the man who signed his post-office address to the Declaration of Independence.” [Great applause.] Governor Carroll then arose,

814

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and, when the loud and long-continued applause which greeted him had subsided, made a brief but eloquent replv to General Hawley, thanking him and the Centennial authorities for the welcome he and the people of Maryland had received at their hands.

Governor Denison, Commissioner of the District of Columbia, was then introduced by General Hawley. He was glad to be there to represent the District of Columbia, and he believed that if it were possible for Americans to feel a greater love for their country than they possess, the vast multitude of citizens present would go home so impressed by what they had seen and heard this day that they would be better patriots than ever before. Mr. J. G. L. Findlay, the orator of the day, was then intro¬ duced, and spoke at great length on the history and resources of Maryland.

The Hon. Thomas Wilson, Commissioner of the District of Columbia, who was then introduced, said that it was proper that the Centennial celebration of Maryland and the District of Columbia should be held jointly. The latter is bone of Maryland’s bone, and flesh of her flesh. Maryland gave part of herself that she might live. “All hail, then, to our mother State of Maryland.” The speaker then delivered an eloquent and thorough history of the District of Columbia, and of the foundation and progress of the city of Washington.

After the close of Mr. Wilson’s address, Governor Carroll took his stand in the reception-room, where over five thousand persons desirous of giving his hand a friendly shake availed themselves of the opportunity to do so, they being introduced to him by Adjutant-General Frank A. Bond, chief of the gubernatorial staff. About three o’clock Governor Carroll was obliged to welcome, en masse, the thousands awaiting outside to grasp his hand. Then he and his staff proceeded on horseback to witness the great tournament, which had begun some time previously on the eastern slope of George’s Hill.

The Virginia celebration was en- no official representation of the

The Virginia Celebration . — Th tirely informal, there being no

State at the Exhibition. At the Virginia building thcie vas

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

815

open house and lunch for all visitors from the old Dominion who wished to partake of it. The number of Virginians pres¬ ent on the grounds was about 5000. In addition to these there were about 800 visitors from West Virginia, who rendez¬ voused at their State building, but took no part in the ceremo¬ nies of the day.

The Tournament. — The great feature of the day was the Tournament, a novel sight in Philadelphia. The following is the Philadelphia Times'1 graphic description of it:

Sixty thousand persons stood on the slope of George’s Hill yesterday afternoon to look at the Centennial Tournament. And a pretty sight they made. Full half of them were ladies, in bright dresses and gay ribbons ; here a knot of uniformed police; there a party of eager sight-seers, be-badged all over with blue ribbons and gilt letters. Everywhere a patient, quiet crowd, waiting in the hot sun for the show to begin. Farther down the hill, toward the west end of Machinery Hall, were ten thousand more, perched on every available elevation, cover¬ ing the pedestals of the Catholic fountain, crowding the towers of the large buildings, and crunching along over the gravel roofs of the neighboring structures. The high elevator, at the top of the hill, was alive with people, and the Exhibition fence, in a semi-circle of half a mile or more, was ornamented with a fringe of human faces.

This great crowd had gathered to see a genuine Southern tournament. The like of it never was seen in Philadelphia before. It was arranged by men who first saw the light below Mason and Dixon’s line; it was carried through by them, and to them was to belong the credit or discredit of the day, as events might determine. A tournament down South is, every¬ body’s holiday. Hot so very far down South either, for it is only in Maryland and Virginia that the tourney grows to its full height: in the far South it is not much better known than in the North ; and, very appropriately, nearly everybody who was interested in the management of yesterday s pageant was from either Maryland or Virginia.

There were fifteen knights, representing the thirteen original

816

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

States, the Union, and the Centennial, and the day’s work before them was to ride over a given course, thrust their spears through diminutive rings and enjoy the plaudits of the multi- tilde. The course proper, at the foot of George’s Hill was about three hundred yards long; at intervals of fifty yards were three arches, fifteen feet high by ten or twelve feet wide. From the horizontal bar forming the top of each frame hung a wooden rod, ending in a piece of iron a foot or more in length and from each of these three iron endings was suspended a small red ring, an inch and a half or thereabouts in diameter. The rules of the tournament required that each knight should ride at a full run, and that each knight’s spear should heat least six feet long. Every rider, then, must start a hundred yards or more from the first ring, control his horse, poise his spear, and be in perfect condition when the first arch was reached. To knock a ring from its frail fastening availed the knight nothing; a breath of wind or a touch with the lance would do that; but each rider must thrust his spear through the ring, -or through all three of them, if he could, and bring it still impaled upon his spear, to be laid at the feet of the judges. The rings used yesterday were much smaller than is customary. Three inches in diameter, and even four inches, is not an un¬ usual size, and a two-inch ring is considered uncommonly diffi¬ cult to capture. But the rings used yesterday were smaller than any of these; bringing into play all the nerve and skill that the riders possessed, and this fact was not appreciated by the seventy thousand spectators, who could not know the extreme difficulty of impaling so small a ring when going at full speed.

At two o’clock the judges were in their stand, and the knights stood waiting for the word. Colonel Skinner, Doctor Morgan, C. M. Barton, General Torbert, and IT. J. Smith had been appointed judges, and the knights were H. Crozier, repre¬ senting New Hampshire; E. II. McFarland, Jr., representing Massachusetts; Win. P. Bryan, representing Connecticut; Geo. V. Bacon, representing New York ; C. I). Chapman, represent¬ ing New Jersey; H. M. Perry, representing Pennsylvania; h-

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

817

L. Kano, representing Delaware; R. W. Hereford, representing Maryland; P. A. Scaggs, representing Virginia; J. M. Hard/, representing North Carolina; F. Nelson Jarhoe, representing South Carolina; J. A. Fox, representing Georgia; Charles White, Jr., representing the Centennial ; and A. B. Suit, repre¬ senting the Union. The knights, however, were not genuine representatives of the States that they were supposed to repre¬ sent, and thus the tournament lost the element of rivalry

WEST VI HOI XI A STATE Bl'IEPING.

between the thirteen States that might otherwise have added to its interest. Nearly every one of the contestants was from either Maryland or Virginia. Hardv, representing North Carolina, is a North Carolinian, and nobody would accuse Chapman of being anything but a Jerseyman, but these were about the only exceptions. Chief Marshal Suit had garnered in the amateur knights from Marvland and Virginia, and to them the spectators are chiefly indebted for their day’s amuse¬ ment, William P. Bryan, for example, who represented Con 52

818

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

necticut, is from Prince George’s county, Maryland; J. \ pox the knight of Georgia, is a Virginian ; Charles White’ Jr tie Centennial knight, is a Marylander; and A. B. Suit, knight 0f the Union, and the chief marshal’s youthful son, is a Virginian 1 J,e chief marshal, after brushing the Centennial dust from the shoulders of his velvet coat, and readjusting his broad, rod sash, mounted his charger and announced that he was ready for the fray. The knights, at the bidding of the four mounted heralds in gorgeous uniforms of crimson, green, and gold, with hoarse voices and shining trumpets, then drew up in line in front of the judges’ stand, with hats in hand, to listen to an introductory speech by Colonel J. J. Stewart, of Baltimore. The colonel told them of the honor and glory of knighthood and chivalry, but he took longer to tell it than the crowd

thought necessary or expedient, and at the end of five minutes or so the whole hill-side broke out into a roar, and when the ■colonel kept on, in spite of the warning, he was interrupted with cries of “sit down,” and “cut her short, old man,” but he finished his speech, and the fifteen knights cantered down to the west end of the course, and waited each for his turn to ■exhibit his skill for his State, his true love, and his honor.

Colonel Suit sat with dignity upon the hack of a fine steed that insisted upon elevating a pair of shining shoes every time the band struck up a lively note. The colonel took his place beside the centre arch and shouted “Knight of New Hamp¬ shire, prepare to charge!” The assistant marshal next below him in the line repeated the words, and “Knight of New Hampshire, prepare to charge,” rang down the course from mouth to mouth. . Another assistant marshal, in another huge crimson sash and a cocked hat, raised his gloved hand and the heralds, at the signal, struck a note on their bugles. The Knight of New Hampshire prepared to charge. He started out on a trot, struck a gallop and then spurred his horse into a run. Not such a fast run, however, as he might have struck if he had entered as fully as his rider into the spirit of the occasion. Still he was on a run, and that was all that the rules required.

1 he spear was poised, the rider’s eye was on the goal, and the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

819

first ring rolled in the dust. The second ring followed it; but the third was nicely impaled upon the lance, and “Knight of New Hampshire, one ring,” the judges announced. Massachu¬ setts did not do so well. Massachusetts, unfortunately, had a very frisky gray horse, that had an unpleasant habit of shying off at the slightest provocation, and the result was that the Bay State’s gallant knight went back to his post without having to stop to tell the judges how many rings lie had taken. Rhode Island did better — a little better — taking one ring. Connecti¬ cut took one ring, and New York the same. Then came the representative of the Keystone State. He was arrayed in gor¬ geous shining armor. But the Keystone and the armor came to grief, for never a ring crowned his efforts. New Jersey’s little representative, on the smallest and friskiest of mustang ponies, took two rings, and earned them well, for he was a skilful and daring rider, and poised his spear with the practised eye of a genuine knight. Delaware’s representative, who was a Baltimorean, rode slowly up to the first arch, slowly up to the second, slowly up to the third and took all three rings. Mary¬ land’s knight, also riding slowly, took one ring. Virginia took one. North Carolina’s representative, handsomely equipped with a suit of golden armor, and looking every inch a knight — a fearless and accomplished rider, and all over a man — a native of the State that he represented, dashed up to the first arch with such speed that he carried away the rod from which the ring was suspended. But not dismayed by this, he kept up his speed and laid before the judges the two remaining rings. He asked, with apparent justice, that he might be allowed a trial at one more ring, to atone for the breaking of the arch, and the judges replied that he should have dropped his lance when the ring came down. “ It is not knightly to drop your spear,” the knight replied, and the crowd heard him and cheered him. The judges, however, offered to let him give up his two rings and try at all three rings again, but this the knight very wisely declined. South Carolina’s man, riding very fast and very gracefully, took all three of the rings. Georgia took none. The Knight of the Union, a smooth-faced

820

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

little boy, mounted on the smallest of gray ponies, galloped up to the first arch, stopped, dodged his spear at the ring, missed it., galloped up to the second, dodged at the ring, missed it galloped up to the third, dodged at the ring, missed it and cantered back to the start amidst the shouts of the multitude The Knight of the Centennial did better, taking two rin^s.

This ended what, in a horse race, would be called the first heat. There were three such trials, giving each knight a chance at nine rings. The knight who brought home the most rin^ was to be winner of the tournament, and winner, of course, of the first prize. Each trial was very nearly a repetition of the first. The North Carolina man carried away another stick, and the Massachusetts steed shied off again, the judges giving his rider another chance for the rings.

While the second trial was in progress, an array of uniformed horsemen filed across the brow of the hill, and a few minutes later a uniformed courier galloped over the course and announced “Governor Carroll, of Maryland.” He was followed shortly by the Governor and his staff, the former mounting the judges’ stand, where Governor Hartrauft soon appeared. The band played “ My Maryland ” and “Hail Columbia,” and the mul¬ titude cheered.

Delaware at length carried off the honors, through the prowess and skill of her Baltimorean champion, and when the knights were drawn up in line before the judges’ stand, to hear the decisions, there was such a glimmering, and glittering, and shining of fancy costumes as would make a fortune for any shop that sold cotton velvets and gilt facings. Then the knights went over to the Transcontinental to supper. The fol¬ lowing is the record :

Rixoa.

KXJOHT3. 1st trial. 2 d trial. I'd trial. Total.

New Hampshire. . 113

Massachusetts . 0 0 1

Rhode Island . 1 1 - ^

Connecticut . 1 3 2

New York . 1 0 1

Pennsylvania . Oil

New Jersey . 2 1 2

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 821

RINGS.

knights. 1st trial 2 d trial 3d trial. Total.

Delaware . 3 2 3 3

Maryland . 1 9 <> r

" ' ' ' w O

Virginia . 1 1 x 3

North Carolina . 2 0 1 3

South Carolina . 3 12 6

Georgia . 0 2 0 2

The Union . 0 1 1 9

Centennial.. . 2 1 3 g

Ihe Knight of Pennsylvania was then allowed another chance at one ring, the centre ring, in his first trial, having been misplaced. He won the ring, raising Pennsylvania’s score to three.

The Knights of Connecticut, South Carolina, and the Cen¬ tennial, having each six rings, then competed for the second prize, with the following result ; Connecticut, one ; South Caro¬ lina, one, Centennial, two. In a further trial between Con¬ necticut and South Carolina, the former made two rings and the latter one.

New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Maryland, having five rings each, then rode for the third prize, New Hampshire tak¬ ing one ring additional, New Jersey two, and Maryland three.

The prizes were, therefore, won in the following order :

kings.

lnrst prize, Delaware . g

Second prize, Centennial . g

Third prize, Connecticut . g .

Fourth prize, South Carolina . g

Fifth prize, Maryland . 5

The standing of the other knights was announced as follows: New Jersey, five; New Hampshire, five; Rhode Island, four; Pennsylvania, three; Virginia, three; North Carolina, three; New \ ork, three ; Georgia, two ; Union, two, and Massachu¬ setts, one.

1 he prizes contested for by the knights consisted of gold and silver tea-sets, elegant bronzes, richly carved pitchers, breech¬ loading rifles, etc.

Ihe crowning of the Queen of Love and Beauty, by the sue-

822

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

cessful knight, took place in the evening, at the Judges' Hall and was witnessed by a large audience. The tickets to this ceremony were sold at five dollars a piece, the money bein' used to defray the expenses of the tournament. The hall was handsomely decorated, a throne having been erected on the south side, the platform brilliantly illuminated with candelabra upheld by bronze figures of knights and pages, and bordered by pyramids of rare exotics. The balconies were earlv filled with ladies and gentlemen, and by eight o’clock the throng of visitors increased so rapidly that it was found necessary to bring the first floor into requisition. At half-past eight o’clock the Reception Committee entered, with General A. T. A. Tor- bert, master of ceremonies, and Hon. J. F. Stewart, the orator, and were soon afterwards followed by the knights, marshals and heralds. These, with the exception of the five successful knights, who were escorted to the platform, took positions at the back of the throne, and then the arrival of the Queen of Love and Beauty, Miss Perkins, of Buckingham county, Vir¬ ginia, and her Maids of Honor, Miss Griffith, of Maryland; M iss Holland, of Florida ; M iss Taylor, of Delaware, and Miss Bladen, of Philadelphia, was announced. All eyes were turned toward the entrance, and in a moment afterwards the Queen and her attendants, all attired in white satin, appeared, and with their young faces illuminated by the rays of a calcium light, and beaming with joyous anticipation, advanced to the throne, which now, surrounded with fair ladies, gallant knights, heralds, pages, and marshals, presented a picture of rare mag¬ nificence. The Hon. J. F. Stewart was again introduced, and delivered a brief address appropriate to the occasion, after which the victor of the tournament placed upon the head of the Queen a silver crown. The Maids of Honor were next crowned by the four remaining knights, and then began the reception, the participants in the tournament being first pre¬ sented. The names of the successful contestants were after¬ wards read by Horace J. Smith, Esq., and the prizes awarded. The novel ceremonial concluded with the coronation ball, which was heartily enjoyed by all who were so fortunate as to be present.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

823

The attendance on the 19th of October was as follows: Cash admissions, 161,355 j free, 15,052; total, 176,407. The receipts were $80,367.50. The day thus ranks next to the Pennsyl¬ vania celebration in the number of persons present.

Ohio Day.

Thursday, October 26th, was assigned to the State of Ohio for her special celebration. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes arrived in Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 25th, and took up his quarters at the Transcontinental Hotel, opposite the Exhibition.

On the morning of the 26th large crowds poured into the Exhibition grounds, and by ten o’clock a dense mass of people had assembled around the Ohio State Building for the purpose of doing honor to the Governor of the Buckeye State. It was estimated that at least 30,000 people of Ohio were present on the occasion. The Ohio building was gayly decorated with flags and bunting, and presented a handsome and attractive appearance.

At eleven o’clock Governor Hayes, accompanied by his staff, left the Transcontinental Hotel, and repaired to the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds on Belmont avenue. He was met there by General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, Presi¬ dent John Welsh, and members of the Centennial Commission.

A procession was formed headed by the First Regiment band and a platoon of Centennial Guards. As it passed down along Belmont avenue the chimes rang out a welcome, the crowds along the line cheered lustily, and the scene was an inspiring one. When Governor Hayes appeared on the east portico of the Ohio building, among the distinguished people surround¬ ing him were Hon. Benjamin F. Made, Hon. Amos lownsend, Hon. II. C. Parsons, General George McCook, ex-Governor Edward F. Noyes* General Bucklin, Hon. Edwin D. Morgan, Governor Hartranft, and others. The appearance of the Gov¬ ernor was the signal for prolonged cheers, and when the applause had in a measure subsided, General Hawley came forward and introduced Governor Hayes to the multitude.

824

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Governor was received with enthusiastic cheers, ind when these had died away delivered an eloquent address, which was frequently applauded. The Governor then took his stand in the reception-room, and the people filed in rapidly, took him

OHIO STATE BlUDIWi.

by the hand, and passed out. The reception continued for two hours, and was marked by the greatest enthusiasm.

Shortly after two o’clock it became apparent that it uould e impossible to admit all who wished to pay their respects to t »e Governor of Ohio, even should the reception he prolonged initi

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

825

nightfall. Governor Hayes therefore yielded to the suggestions of the State managers and brought the ceremony to a close. He then ascended to the balcony, and addressed the throng without thanking them for their attentions to him, and expressing his regret that he was not able to greet each one personally. The announcement of their disappointment was received by the thousands below in the best of humor, the Governor was a»ain heartily cheered, and as he retired the crowd began slowly to disperse. At fifteen minutes before three o’clock the Governor, accompanied by Director-General Goshorn, left the building and took the cars on the steam railway for the Memorial Hall station, where he alighted and passed through the Main Building. At about four o’clock, while making a tour of the buildings and grounds, under the escort of Mr. Goshorn and several members of the gubernatorial staff, Governor Hayes arrived in the vicinity of the Municipal building, at which the commercial exchanges of other cities were being entertained at lunch by their Philadelphia brethren. At the door of the building the Governor and his companions hesitated, and were on the point of withdrawing, when, upon the solicitation of Mayor Stokley, the party were induced to enter. Governor Hayes was pre¬ sented to the company by Mr. E. Harper Jeffries, of Philadel¬ phia, and received with hearty applause. The Governor re¬ sponded in acknowledgment of the cordiality of his reception, which, he said, he construed to have been tendered not as a com¬ pliment to himself as an individual, but to the office of the chief executive of the great State of Ohio. Addressing Mayor Stok¬ ley, he added, that the pleasure of meeting so many of the rep¬ resentative men of the business interests of the country was an unexpected one, and that as he had been honored with an intro¬ duction, his only purpose was to pay his respects to the gentle¬ men present. He thanked the people of Philadelphia, through their Mayor, for the generous manner in which they had greeted the name of Ohio, and the welcome they had extended to her executive, and closed by saying that whatever may be the result of the present ephemeral political strife, we would all remember that we are Americans. The Governor’s brief remarks were

826

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

interspersed with rounds of cheers, which were renewed upon their conclusion. Mayor Stokley followed in some pertinent remarks, and the visitors in a short time withdrew to continue their trip through the enclosure.

The 26th of October was also the occasion of a reunion of the merchants of the principal cities of the Union. The cere¬ monies were held in the Exhibition grounds. The Commercial Exchange, of Philadelphia, met at its own building, and at the roll-call there were 600 names answered to. The Drug Ex¬ change also met at the Commercial Exchange building, and the entire body, and 200 members were present. Both bodies took the cars of the Pennsylvania Railroad for the Exhibition, where they were joined by the Philadelphia Stock Brokers, 300 in number, and the Grocers’ Association, with 75 members.

As a grand national reunion of the great capitalists of the great cities of the Union, the day was a remarkable occasion. There were thousands of those whose successful mercantile ven¬ tures have given them high standing in moneyed circles — of men who are known to be leaders in matters of finance and commerce.

At the Centennial depot they waited until several delegations from other cities swelled the gathering. First came the Balti¬ more Corn and Flour Exchange, 500 in number; then followed the Commercial Exchange, of Wilmington, Delaware, 100; Trenton Board of Trade, 200. The great excursion from New York came in two sections, numbering 1,200, and composed ot the following bodies :

The Produce Exchange, the Cheap Transportation Exchange, the Cotton Exchange, the Board of Trade, and the Stock Ex¬ change. The entire body then formed in line, and headed by Graffulla’s band, and escorted by President Welsh and the Board of Finance, proceeded to the Pennsylvania State Building.

It was about quarter after twelve o’clock when the visitors, accompanied by the Philadelphia delegation, arrived at the Pennsylvania State Building, but long before they even put in an appearance upon the grounds, a crowd had collected on the lawn before the structure, and filled the spacious apartments of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

827

the pavilion. It was some little time before the visitors had been comfortably positioned in front of the main entrance • but when all were comfortably located, Governor Ilartranft, Hon. John Welsh, and several members of the Centennial Board of Finance emerged from the Governor’s private apartment, and took up a position on the portico. The very presence of this distinguished party threw the vast assemblage into a spasm of vociferous applause, which reverberated to the very confines of the international city.

When quiet was restored the Hon. John Welsh stepped to the front of the portico and introduced Mr. George W. Hears, the President of the Philadelphia Commercial Exchange, who, on behalf of the mercantile bodies of Philadelphia, welcomed the visitors to the city and the Exhibition. Mr. J. L. N. Stark, President of the New York Produce Exchange, then responded, and Governor Ilartranft was called upon, and replied in a few words.

At the conclusion of Governor Hartranft’s address the pro¬ cession was reformed, with the Philadelphia delegation in ad¬ vance, and headed by McClurg’s band, moved down Fountain avenue and across the Horticultural plateau to the Municipal building, where a collation had been prepared for the entertain¬ ment of both hosts and guests. Arriving at the drab-colored pavilion, the Philadelphia boards halted and allowed the visit¬ ing associations to pass through and enter the building in advance. On account of the rather contracted quarters of the structure erected to represent the city, it was necessary to admit the delegations in tantalizingly small sections, but the bands in attendance enlivened the waiting moments with musical selec¬ tions, and in a little less than two hours all were bountifully served. The reception here was entirely informal, the members of the various organizations gradually dividing into groups, and sauntering: off to view the manifold attractions of the Exhibi- tion. At a little after three o’clock, Governor Ilartranft arrived at the Municipal building, but after bowing his acknowledg¬ ments to the hearty applause with which he was greeted, retired to an ante-room to rest from the fatigues ot the day. An hour

828

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

later the Governor left the building and took a carriage for the city, and by six o’clock the visiting delegations were all on their way to their homes.

The attendance on the 26th of October was as follows : Cash admissions, 122,300; free, 13,361; total, 135,661. The re¬ ceipts were $61,029.50.

Vermont Day.

The 27th of October was observed as Vermont’s day. Gov¬ ernor Fairbanks, the chief magistrate of the State, being unable

VERMONT STATE BUILDING.

to attend through illness, deputed ex-Governor John B. Page to represent him. The Vermont State Building, which was located on the Avenue of the Republic, just west of the Penn¬ sylvania building, was handsomely decorated. At ten o clock ex-Governor Page held a reception at the State building, which was attended by about two thousand citizens of Vermont. From the State building the guests marched to Judges’ Hall, whereat eleven o’clock, Hon. Henry Clarke, by appointment of the Governor of Vermont, delivered the formal address. Tlie orator stated that the State was the first to be admitted into the

j<*AT. j m

DETROIT,

'111 11 lill1

I 'I i l l! 1 1 III P ! K

I i i Ps ! Ill h I ’ Vllfl

liuiMiwnwum

flowers’ centennial oil-cup, exhibited in machinery hall.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Union formed by the original thirteen, and proceeded to review her history from Colonial days down to the present time.

The attendance during the day was as follows: Cash admis¬ sions, 95,553; free, 12,517 ; total, 108,080. The receipts were $47,485.

THE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITION.

Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of the

Exhibition.

OR the convenience of the reader we give here a brief summary of the principal events connected with thesis months’ career of the great Exhibition.

May 10 th, 1876. — The Formal Opening of the Ex¬ hibition. The admissions were: Cash, 76,172; free, 110,500.

May 15 th. — Opening of the International Billiard Tourna¬ ment, at Horticultural Hall. This was the most successful affair of its kind ever given, the highest run ever made in one inning (251) being accomplished by William Sexton.

May 16 th. — The General Assembly of the United Presbyte¬ rian Church met in Philadelphia.

On the same day the Volunteer Firemen’s National Conven¬ tion assembled in the same city.

May 23 d. — The Grand Temple of the Order of True Temp¬ lars of Pennsylvania convened at Philadelphia.

May 2Ath. — The Judges of Award of the International Centennial Exhibition entered upon their duties.

May 30th. — Formal opening of the Bankers’ Centennial Pavilion, in the Exhibition grounds. The ceremonies were elaborate, and were attended by numbers of bankers from all parts of the Union.

May 30 th. — Anniversary of the American Sunday-School Union celebrated in Philadelphia.

Reunion of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

831

of the United States. Largely attended by knights from all parts of the Union.

Meeting of the American Social Science Association at Phila¬ delphia.

The National Convention of the Baptist Social Unions met at Philadelphia.

May 81 st. — Grand Celebration in Philadelphia by the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of the State of Pennsylvania.

Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society at Philadelphia.

June 1st. — Grand Parade of the Knights Templar of the United States. Over 6,000 knights in line.

June 2 cl. — Visit of the Massachusetts Press Association to the Exhibition.

June 6th. — American Medical Association met at Phila¬ delphia.

June 7 th. — Reunion of the Army of the James, held at the Philadelphia Academy of Music.

Opening of the American Brewers’ Sixteenth Annual Con¬ gress at Msennerchor Hall.

June 8th. — Reunion of the Society of the Army of the Poto¬ mac at the Academy of Music at Philadelphia.

June 10 th. — National Convention of Civil Engineers met at Philadelphia.

June 12th. — Meeting of the Association of Superintendents of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, at Philadelphia.

Women’s National Temperance Union met at Philadelphia.

June 13 th. — International Temperance Conference opened at Philadelphia.

Meeting of Good Templars State Lodges at Philadelphia.

June 14 th. — National Association of Stove Manufacturers met at Philadelphia.

The National Division of Sons of Temperance of North America began its sessions at Philadelphia.

Ministerial Temperance Conference held at Philadelphia.

June 15 th. — Dedication of the Ice Water Temperance Foun-

832

THE ILLUSTRATED IHSTORY.

tain in (lie Exhibition Sons of Temperance.

grounds, by the National

D

1 vision of

Meeting of the Grand Lodge of Good Templars of tl United States, at Philadelphia.

June 20th. — National Convention of Mining Engineers mt at Philadelphia.

June 22d. — Meeting of the Manufacturing Chemists’ National Association, at Philadelphia.

June 24th. — Meeting of the Grand Encampment of the Knights of Malta, at Philadelphia.

June 26th. — Meeting of the National Religious Amendment Association, at Philadelphia.

World’s Homoeopathic Convention opened at Philadelphia.

Convention of German Free-Thinkers held at Philadelphia,

June 21th. — Meeting of the National and State Encampments of the Grand Army of the Republic.

June 28th. — Meeting of the National Law Congress, at Philadelphia.

Reunion of the 28th and 147th Regiments of Pennsylvania \ olunteers and Knapp’s Battery, at Philadelphia.

June 80th. — The Ten Days’ Encampment of the West Point Cadets in the Exhibition grounds opened.

July 1st. — Congress of Authors held at Independence Hall.

July 2d. — National Convention of Catholic Young Men’* Associations held at Philadelphia.

July 3d. — International Typographical Union met at Phila¬ delphia.

Commercial Travellers’ Association began its sessions at Philadelphia.

July 4th. — Grand celebration at Philadelphia of the one hun* dredth anniversary of the Independence of the United State1 of America. For description of this celebration see Chapter NX 1 1 of this work.

Reunion of the Society of the Cincinnati at Philadelphia.

Reunion of the Veterans of the War of 1812-15 at Phihv delphia.

The Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain and the Humboldt Monument in the Exhibition grounds formally dedicated.

THE ILLUSTRATED IHSTORY

S34

July Gilt. — greeting of the International Conference of Delegates of the Societies of St. Vincent de Paul, ut Phila¬ delphia.

July llf/i. — The International Arbitration Convention met at Philadelphia.

July IGt/i. — Encampment of the Columbus (Ohio) Cadets on t lie .Exhibition grounds.

July 2hili. — Pennsylvania State Dental Society met at Phila¬ delphia.

July 28 Ih. — Encampment of Knights Templar at Ridley Park, under the auspices of the Maryland Commanderv. Auffust lsl. — Convention of Antiquarian and Historical So¬ cieties met at Philadelphia.

A iicjwd 7 ih. — Pennsylvania Militia encamp at Camp An¬ thony Wayne, in Fairmonnt Parle.

A ngust I 1 ih. — G rand pa¬ rade and review of the Penn¬ sylvania Militia.

A ugnsi I hih. — T ntemational Chess Tournament held at Philadelphia.

Meeting of the Photngraph- Jrft- present ki> by repo* bar- ^ Natif#nal Association, at

TON TO THE KlII'EKOR VP JIAPAX.

Philadelphia.

American Association of Instructors of the Blind met at

Philadelphia.

Grand J»dge of Knights'of Pvthias of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia.

Aiiyud 1 Gilt. — Convention of the Caledonian CInb of Xorth America held at Philadelphia.

A vgivd ¥2x1. — Opening of the International Rowing Regatta on the Schuvlk.il!. For an account of the Regatta see Cliapter XXIII.

Supreme Lodge of the Knights of Pythias assembles at Philadelphia. Grand Parade of the Order.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

835

August 24th. — New Jersey Day. Paid admissions, 56,325; total, 67,052. Receipts $28,063.75.

August 28th. — Reunion and parade of Swiss Citizens of the United States at the Exhibition grounds.

September Id.— Opening of the Live-Stock Displays of the Centennial Exhibition. The Horse Show begun.

September 2d.— Encampment of the Connecticut Militia near the Exhibition grounds.

September 4th. — Meeting of the International Medical Con¬ gress at Philadelphia.

International Convention of Archieologists met at Phila¬ delphia.

September 6 th. — Parade of the Volunteer Firemen of Phila¬ delphia.

September 7th. — Connecticut Day. Cash admissions, 64,059; total, 75,044. Receipts, $30,853.75.

September 9 th. — Meeting of the California Pioneer Society at Philadelphia.

September 11 th. — Meeting of the National Pomological So¬ ciety at Philadelphia.

September 12 th. — Grand Council of the Improved Order of Red Men held at Philadelphia.

September 13 th. — National Convention of American For¬ esters held at Philadelphia.

September 14th. — Massachusetts Day. Cash admissions, 85,795; total, 97,868. Receipts, $41,193.

September 19 th. — Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows met at Philadelphia.

September 20 th. — Parade of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fel¬ lows at Philadelphia.

September 21 st. — New York Day. Cash admissions, 122,003; total, 134,588. Receipts, $59,986.

September 23 d. — Convention of Aperians (honey-raisers) held at Philadelphia.

Welsh National Eistedfodd in session at Philadelphia.

National Carriage Builders’ Association in session at Phila¬ delphia.

836

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

September 27th. — Formal announcement of Awards by the Centennial Commission at Judges’ Hall.

September 28th. — Pennsylvania Hay. Cash admissions 257,168; total, 274,919. Receipts, $118,673.75. Grand dis¬ play of fireworks at night in the Exhibition grounds.

October 4th. — Dedication of the Hall of the Patriotic Sons of America at Philadelphia.

Conference of Librarians of the United States in session at Philadelphia.

October oth. — Rhode Island Day. Cash admissions, 89,060- total, 100,946. Receipts, $44,496.

October 12 th. — New Hampshire Day. Cash admissions, 101,541; total, 118,422. Receipts, $50,536.

The Columbus Statue in the Exhibition grounds dedicated by the Italian Societies of the United States.

October 13 th. — Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute en¬ camp on the Exhibition grounds.

October 1 (th. — State Council of the Order of United Ameri¬ can Mechanics met at Philadelphia.

American Dairymen’s Association met at Philadelphia.

October 18 th. — Grand display of fireworks in the Exhibition grounds at night.

October 19 th. — Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia Day. Cash admissions, 161,355; total, 176,407. Receipts, $80,367.50.

October 2 8th. — Ohio Day. Cash admissions, 122,300; total, 135,661. Receipts, $61,029.50.

Reunion of the Merchants at Judges’ Hall, in the Exhibition grounds.

November 2d. — Bishop Allen’s monument in the Exhibition grounds dedicated.

November 9th. — Farewell reception and banquet by the Cen¬ tennial Commission and Board of Finance. Grand Interna¬ tional display of fireworks at night,

November \0th. — Formal Close of the International Centen¬ nial Exhibition.

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS.

Ceremonies at Judges’ Hall — Announcement of the Awards granted bv the Commission — Character of the Awards — Description of the Medals — List of the Principal Awards in Each Class.

HE awards of medals and diplomas to successful com¬ petitors in the Centennial Exhibition were announced in Judges’ Hall with appropriate ceremonies on the evening of the 27th of September. Xo event during the course of the Exhibition was looked forward to with as much interest by the exhibitors as this one. At times many of them were impatient at the unavoidable delays and disposed to murmur at the management of this important branch of the work; but the manner in which the judges per¬ formed their duties, the discrimination with which their reports were prepared, and the enhanced value of their awards over those made at any former International Exhibition, finally caused all dissatisfaction to disappear. Gratification at the success of the new American system of awards was universal. Judges’ Hall was beautifully decorated for the occasion. Par¬ titions had been removed, greatly enlarging the seating capacity of the room and adding greatly to its beauty. The flags of the leading nations of the world were arranged in festoons around the galleries, and curious lanterns from the Chinese department were suspended between the columns. The rostrum in the rear of the platform was covered with flowers and rare plants, over which there was a canopy of American flags. Marble statues were placed in the corners of the room, vases from the Main Building in the corridor, and one of the century vases in silver in the open space in front of the platform.

837

838

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

General Lewis E. Merrill, U. S. A., acted as master of cere- monies, and announced as they entered the following-named bodies of gentlemen : The Centennial Commission, the Board of Finance, and the United States Government Board; General Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards and the Board of Judges; the Director-General of the Exhibition and the Porch Commissioners ; the officers of the Centennial Guard, the Prih dents of the Centennial Commission and the Board of Finance and the Governors of States and the Diplomatic Corps. After these had all passed to the places assigned them, prayer was offered by the llev. Dr. Henry A. Boardman, of Philadelphia, in response to which the Temple Quartette of Boston sang a selection from Schubert’s Mass for male voices.

United States Commissioner Daniel J. Morrell, who presided, then made a short address.

The music which followed consisted of selections from the

national airs of many countries, performed by the Centennial orchestra. As the music of each nation was recognized the audience rose to its feet in honor of the country tlius represented, and the airs of France, England, and Germany were loudly applauded.

Director-General A. T. Goshorn then delivered a short ad¬ dress. His allusions to the Foreign Commissioners and the Board of Judges were received with warm, applause. He said in substance as follows :

This Exhibition is not a new competition of rival manufacturers and trades¬ men. It brings together nationalities and leads to extended relations; pro¬ motes the acquisition and diffusion of a better knowledge of national resources and products, and of national methods and industries. It creates and enlarges mutual respect and esteem, softens prejudices, and contributes to the presen a- tion of harmony and peace — the noblest aim of civilization. The benefits ot this assembling of the representatives of every civilized country \'ith duir products will be better understood and more fully appreciated after the Exbi bition itself has passed away. We are in the presence of the productions o science, art, invention, skill, and labor, fitted to improve the material an moral condition of man. We are at the same time in the presence of higliet influences. The united attention and thought of many leading winds of t e

840

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

civilized world, for the time being, centre here, and, by their representative* preside over this institution ; opinions of many and diverse minds thus in contact become by attrition and discussion more developed and perfected it themselves, and in turn flow back through the various channels to reanimate and quicken the sources of their origin. We learn here what science and art have done for the comfort and elevation of man, and are reminded that the discoveries and inventions during the era which this Exhibition commem¬ orates are the most remarkable and useful recorded in history.

No feature in this enterprise has produced a more profound impression than the individual character and qualifications of the gentlemen selected for these commissions, and who are intrusted with most delicate and difficult duties. 1 n addition to the required knowledge and experience, they have dis| laved calm consideration and forbearance, vigilant attention, and the most friendly and lively zeal for the success of the work. It is, therefo're, gentlemen of the foreign commissions, that I seize this opportunity for my associates and my¬ self, and on behalf of the exhibitors from the United States, to express to you with the warmest feelings the high sense we entertain of your important ser¬ vices and the large degree in which we are indebted to you for the measure of success which has crowned our efforts.

With equal earnestness and sincerity and pleasure I refer to the eminent body of men, both foreign and American, combining among them superioi attainments in every department of human knowledge, selected to examine and express their opinions upon the qualities and merits of the products and subjects forming this Exhibition. The task imposed on them was in some of its features new and untried. They were desired to express opinions indi¬ vidually and in writing upon the qualities and merits of individual products, and to affirm their opinions by their respective signatures. Most obviously this was asking the performance of a task at once difficult and delicate, and the assumption of great responsibility. The good-will, earnestness, and zeal with which they accepted this onerous charge and entered upon the wurk gave assurances to the Centennial Commission that have been to them a source of gratification and of confidence. Their work is now completed and will soon be. given to the public, which is in the end the final arbiter and ultimate judge. It is not competent for me to anticipate that verdict, but I may allude to some of the elements on which it must of necessity he founded.

It has been the duty of the Centennial Commission to examine, appreciate, and confirm in legal form 12,000 or more of the recommendations of the judges for awards. In the progress of this labor, the commission have been in pressed with the spirit of impartiality, fairness, and earnestness which per¬ vades the work. Thev have been equally impressed with the evidences of trained skill and acute discrimination and with the manifestations of special and general knowledge throughout. Surely it cannot fail that the people and nations represented here will in dne time acquire, from the useful and reliable information conveyed by the reports of the judges, a better and fuller know! edge of their own products and of the products of each other. In the In confidence that the wishes and aims of the Centennial Commission in a<loptin0

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

811

this method of awards will be thus happily realized and appreciated both by exhibitors and the public, I have now the honor to express to you, gen¬ tlemen of the Board of Judges, on behalf of the Centennial Commission, our thanks for the signal aid and great benefits in this department, which you have conferred on the exhibitors.

And now, gentlemen, in a few weeks the object for which we came here will be accomplished. The Exhibition, which has been the source of so much pleasure and instruction, and which has excited the admiration of millions of visitors, will soon pass into the records of history. The circumstances that suggested it were of a peculiar and interesting character. Connected with the centenary commemoration of one of the most important political events in the history of the world, and from its inception having been free from merely commercial or mercenary motives, it was organized and has been conducted with the single view of erecting a monument dedicated to the fruits of peace, that will be remembered for all time with pride and pleasure. Inaugurated in a spirit of fraternity and good-will, it was intended to afi’ord to the people of this country and all other countries an opportunity to see and study the elements that have conduced to the national welfare. We acknowledge our indebtedness to the exhibitors from foreign countries, and to the exhibitors from the United States who have co-operated with zeal and most faithfully to render the Exhibition successful in all of its departments. The work has been great — the difficulties many — but we trust the future will bring returns of a fruitful harvest.

After the singing of a quartet from “Les Enfants de Paris ” by Adolphe Adams, General Hawley briefly explained the work of the Judges and of the Centennial Commission in preparing the awards, as follows:

Gentlemen : We have reached another interesting step in the progress of die International Exhibition of 1870. The importance of the work which culminates this evening has been felt by the Commission from the beginning. It has never been thought possible to devise or carry out a system of award that would render absolute justice, or obviate criticism ; but it was believed that we could, by the plan with which you are familiar, get nearer that result than did our predecessors in other exhibitions.

We departed from the usual system of international juries and called to our assistance 125 judges from the United States, and an equal number from foreign nations, all selected for their known character and qualifications. Our method also dispensed with graduated medals. It required written reports recommending awards based upon merit, the elements of merits, in the lan¬ guage of the Commission, including “considerations relating to originality, in¬ vention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the pin pose intended, adaptation to public wants, economy and cost.” The articles exhibited were classified in twenty-eight groups, and to each of these groups a competent number of judges, foreign and A mericati, was assigned. They entci ed upon their

842

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

duties May 24. Each group chose a president and secretary, and called to iu aid such reporters and experts as were needed.

The rules required that the report upon each article or subject should he signed by some one judge and countersigned by at least a majority of his asso- dates in that group. No limitation lues been imposed upon the number of the awards. It is apparent that of twenty articles submitted, each might be worthy of honor for the peculiar merit, or, on the other hand, it might happen that none would deserve special mention.

The Chief of the Bureau of Awards, General F. A. Walker, represented the Commission in its relations with the judges, interpreting and applying ^ rules and conveying the decisions of the Commission upon questions that arose from time to time, lie classified the reports and prepared them for considera-

THE STEVEN'S PARALLEL VISE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

tion by the Commission. That body has read every one of the reports either in committee of the whole or in large sub-divisions thereof. I he task is not quite complete, a few reports are not ready for our examination. Final action upon others is delayed by reason of such oversights, alleged violation* of the rules, duplications, overlappings, or technical error as may be expected in so large a mass of work by 250 gentlemen working in twenty-eight group*. I ie Commission has formally approved reports and awarded thereon it* uniform medal and diploma. The lists of awards that we present this evening are classified by nationalities. The lists given to the press are arranged nn cr their several groups. The preparation of diplomas, medals, and eerti copies of the full reports in each case must necessarily be a work of more tin It was deemed just to the exhibitors to announce the principal fact as sj G as possible.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

843

Among the many to whom we feel personally grateful stand prominently the tens of thousands of exhibitors. While commercial and purely material mo¬ tives and considerations are appealed to in order to induce their participation, it is quite evident that a large number are hereon the occasion somewhat pecu¬ liar, not alone front the United States, but from many nations, chiefly that they may testify their good-will in our festival year in the country [loud applause]; and there are many purely governmental exhibits to competitive examination that will nevertheless receive the highest of awards, the continuing gratitude of the whole American people. The special manifestations of friendly inter¬ est and cordial good-will presented by many sovereigns can never be forgotten, and they will do much to perpetuate international friendships. [Applause.]

As the names of the several countries were called and their representatives came forward to receive their lists they were greeted with loud applause. Especially was this true in the cases of Brazil, Egypt, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Tur¬ key, Great Britain and Victoria, and the United States. In some instances the whole audience rose to its feet, and the slap¬ ping of hands and shouts of “ Bravo ” continued for several seconds. The exercises of the evening were closed by the sing¬ ing of Dudley Buck’s Serenade by the Temple Quartette Club and Music by the First Brigade Band.

The method of awards adopted by the American Centennial Commission differs from the preceding systems. It dispenses with the international jury, and substitutes a body of judges, one-half foreign, chosen individually for their high qualifica¬ tions. It dispenses also with the system of awards by gradu¬ ated medals, and requires of the judges written reports on the inherent and comparative merits of each product thought worthy of an award, setting forth the properties and qualities, presenting the considerations forming the grounds of the award, and avouching each report by the signature of their authors. Thus the volumes of reports will form a complete encyclopaedia of the Exhibition, which can be consulted on all disputed ques¬ tions as to the relative merits of objects of like character, and will be an authority to settle the quarrels of rival manufacturers and inventors about the value of their premiums.

The medals awarded by the Commission were of bronze, round in shape, four inches in diameter, very chaste in appear¬ ance, and the largest of the kind ever struck in the United

844

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

States. The stomps were engraved by Henry Mitchell of Boston, and the medals were struck at the United States Mint at Philadelphia. In the centre of the face is a female figure representing America, seated on an elevation, and holding a crown of laurels over the emblems of industry that lie at her feet. At equal distances apart on the outside zone of the face

CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL — (OBVERSE).

are four other female figures in bas-relief, which with appro¬ priate symbols represent America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, respectively. The reverse side has in the centre the words: “ Awarded by the United States Centennial Commission, and, on the outside zone: “International Exhibition at Phila¬ delphia. MDCCCLXXYI ” — all in raised letters. The zone

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

845

on each face is separated from the inner area by a wreath of laurels.

All the medals of award were of the same size, weight, material, and design. About twelve thousand were presented to deserving exhibitors.

The list given below embraces but a small portion of the

awards granted by the Centennial Commission. A complete list would mere than fill a volume of the size of this one, and the list would be made up largely of the names of exhibitors from foreign countries, in which American readers would have no special interest. It is to be understood that these awards of medals are evidences merely of merit, n«,t

84G

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

superiority; the reports made subsequently indicate whose exhibit in each group is held in highest esteem bv the judges.

Group I. — The First Group embraced every character of mineral ores and combustibles, metals and metallurgical prod¬ ucts, and the various tools and apparatus for mining. No leas than G16 awards were made. Among the American exhibitors were the following :

Coffin, Redington & Co., New York, Fine Silica for Polishing.

E. I). Dougherty, Tennessee, Colored Marble.

Gilson, Clement & Wood pin, Rutland, Vermont, Statuary Marble.

Anthracite Fuel Company, Rondout, New York, Compressed Coal.

Albany and Rensselaer Iron and Steel Company, Troy, New York, Besse¬ mer Steel and Wrought Iron Rails, Bars, Forgings, Axles, Spikes, Nails, ami Horseshoes.

Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Bessemer Pig Iron and Wrought Iron Bars.

James C. Jackson, New York, Exhibit of Castings made by novel methods.

Tatham & Brother, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sheet Lead and Tin-lined Lead and Iron Pipes.

Edwin P. Ball, Chicopee, Massachusetts, Steam Stamping Machine for Crushing Ores and Rocks.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Grindstones and Fixtures.

Sheldon & Slosson, West Rutland, Vermont, Block of Statuary Marble.

M. M. Manly & Son, Pennsylvania Rolled Iron Hand Rail.

Madison County Pottery Company, Richmond, Kentucky, Pottery.

George M. Mowbray, North Adams, Massachusetts, Apparatus for Blasting Mines, Electric Battery, Fuses, etc.

George K. Tyson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Phosphor-Bronze.

Hastings & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gold Leaf and Dental Foil.

Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Nickel Anodes.

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Iron Rails and Rail Piles.

Group II. — Medals were bestowed upon 285 exhibitors in the Second Group, which embraced all articles of pottery, glass¬ ware, artificial stone, brick, terra-cotta work, tiles for roofing or pavement, majolica, and pallissey ware, porcelain for the table, window, mirror, and table glass, and machinery for mak¬ ing alFsuch articles. Among the exhibitors on the list of awards are the following:

Galloway & Graff, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Artistic Terra-Cotta.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 847

Joseph H. Moore, Trenton, New Jersey, White Granite Table Wares, Bis- quit and Parian.

Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, Boston, Flint Glass Table Wares, etc.

H. C'. Fox & Sons, Philadelphia, Druggists’ and Perfumers’ Glass Wares.

Homer Brooke, New’ York, Presses for Glass.

The Brick Enamelling Company, Philadelphia, Enamelled Brick, in a rariety of colors.

Wtn. Chambers, Philadelphia, Brick-making Machine — operates by expres¬ sing the Clay.

The Fire Proof Building Company, New York City, Fire Proof Hollow Block of Tcil Lime Composition for Building Purposes.

J. Goebel & Co., New York City, Crude and Burned German Clay, and Glass-melting Pots made from same.

Poland & Sprogle, New York City, Artificial Carbnretted Stone.

J. B. Dobleman, Grccnpoint Flint Works\ Broolljic, N<cr Ycilf Fil'd Glass Table Wares, etc.

Whitall, Tatum & Co., Philadelphia, Chemists’, Druggists' and Perfumers’ Wares of Lime and Green Glass.

Group III. — The Third Group embraced chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations, and the apparatus for manufactur¬ ing them, and 748 exhibitors received medals. Of these the most noticeable houses in the list are given below :

E. B. Benjamin, New York, Chemicals and Chemical Apparatus.

AveriH Chemical Paint Company, New York, Eeadv Prepared Paints.

Brooklyn White Lead Company, New York, Lead Colore.

Joseph Burnett & Co, Boston, Cologne, Flavor Extracts, etc.

Colgate & Co, New' York, Fancy Soaps and Perfumery.

Francis & Loutrei, New York, Copyable Printing Ink.

Lockwood, Brooks & Co, Boston, Inks and Mucilage,

Henry Maillard, New York, Confectionery.

George Mather & Sons, New York, Printing Inks.

Maynard & Noyes, Boston, Inks.

McKeone, Van Haagen & Co, Philadelphia, Soaps.

Enoch Morgan & Son, New York, SapolioSoap.

Charles Pfizer & Co, New York, Chemicals.

RestdorfT, Bettman & Co, New York, Dressings for Ladies' Shoes.

Piobinson & Pratt, Philadelphia, Printing Inks, etc.

Crosse & Blackwell, London, Vinegar.

T. W. Masnry & Son, New Aork, Colors.

T. & E. Atkinson, London, Perfumery and Toilet Soaps.

Gh'oup IV. — Group IV. included animal and vegetable prod¬ ucts, such as milk, cream, hatter, cheese, honey, flour, starch, wines, malt liquors, etc., and the machinery for their prepara-

848

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tion. The awards number 1,129, two-th foreign exhibitors. Of the American ex received medals:

American Condensed Milk Company, New York, Condensed Milk.

T. Kingsford & Son, Oswego, New York, Starch.

William Barnett, Philadelphia, Starch.

Glen Cove Starch Company, Long Island, Starch.

J. J. Wood & Co,, United States, Columbus, Ohio, Starch.

E. T. Cowderv & Co., Boston, Mixed Pickles, Gerkins, Catsups.

P. Lori Hard & Co., New York, Tobacco in all its forms (except cigars).

L. Schepp, New York, Desiccated Cocoanut, Preserved Fruit.

E. C. Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Vegetables.

George V. HeckerA Co., New York, Flour from Winter Wheat.

Kumford Chemical Works, Providence, Rhode Island, Baking Powder.

John G. Borden, Brewster’s, New York, Preserved Extracts.

E. C. Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Extracts.

Gordon & Gilworth, New York, Preserved Extracts.

Crosse & Blackwell, London, England, Pickles, Sauces, and Preserved Fruit.

Group V. — Group A", was devoted to the display of fish and fish products, and apparatus for fishing, fish culture, etc. The awards are incomplete, but number 229, very few of which are to American exhibitors. Among those named are the fol¬ lowing :

M rs. J. II. Slack, Bloomsbury, New Jersey, Combination Hatching-Bcxes.

C. F. Orvis & Co., Manchester, Vermont, the Orvis Reel.

A. B. Shipley & Sons, Philadelphia, Artificial Flies, Rods, Reels, etc.

Conroy, Bassett & Malleson, New York, Artificial Flies, Bass Lines, Fine Rods, etc.

American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York, Trammel Nets, Gill Nets, Purse Nets, and Lines.

W. R. Lewis & Bros., Boston, Canned Salmon, Mackerel, Lobster, ar.d Clams.

Max Ams, New York, Pickled Eels, Caviar, Pickled Salmon, Anchovies, etc.

J. W. Carley, New York, Preserved Oysters, specimens of Oysters ami Clams.

Eugene G. Blackford, New York, Live Fish in Aquaria, with Fish in Re¬ frigerators.

Kemp, Day & Co., New York, Canned Lobsters, Mackerel, etc.

John Winslow Jones, Portland, Me., Fresh Mackerel and Canned Lobster.

Joseph F. Tobin, New York, Whalebone.

Hapgood & Co., San Francisco, Canned Salmon.

ii'ds of them being to hibitors the following

54

EXHIBIT OF THE WILLIM ANTIC LINEN COMPANY.

845

850

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Educational Department, Ontario, Canada, Prepared Fish.

General Collection of Bermuda, Bermuda Fish, alive, includin'' Parrot Fish.

General Exhibit of Bermuda, Shells, Corals, Sponges, Sea Fans, Ecluno- doems, etc.

Brazilian Commission, Turtle Oil and Turtle Butter.

Museum of Bergen, Norway, Collection of Mammals, Fishes, Crustaceans, etc.

Board of Commerce, Bergen, Norway, Salted Herring and Cod, Cod Itoes Ling Cask.

Fabrica Progressa, Povora de Varim, Portugal, Conger Eel in Oil, Ovsters in Oil, Shad in Oil.

Board of Commerce, Alesund, Norway, Fishing Tackle, Lines, Nets, etc.

President Vienna Commission, Vianna del Gastello, Portugal, Lamprey in Oil.

Royal Swedish Commission, Blekinger, Salted Gotland Herring, Eels, do. Cod, etc.

Commissioners from Tasmania, Brown Trout.

Gloucester Fishing Exhibit, Gloucester, Massachusetts, General Collection of Fishing Implements, Models of Boats.

Massachusetts Marine Exhibition, Boats for Fishermen and Fishing Vessels.

Maryland Centennial Commission, Maryland, Model of Fish-Hatching House, Models of Boats, etc., etc.

C. C. Brand, Norwich, Connecticut, Whaling Gun with Bomb Projectile.

E. B. and T. Macy, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Whaling Gear.

Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Connecticut, Fishing Boat, Fit¬ tings, etc.

Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Massachusetts, Anglers’ Implements, Hooks, etc.

A. Voss, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Bait Mill.

Kelsey & Ilosmer, Sandusky, Ohio, Fishing Dressing Machine.

White Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Fishing Lamps.

Jonathan Buck, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Fishermafc’s Clothing.

J. F. Carter, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Fisherman’s Oil Clothing.

Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Fishing Rods.

Alden Sea Food Company, New York, Dried Turtle, Dried Cod, Dried ■Clams.

1

Group VI. — Under this head were exhibits of timber, worked timber, parts of buildings, forestry, ship timber, seeds, nuts, etc. The awards numbered 150, of which the following are the most noticeable :

Poter Henderson & Co., New York, Field and Garden Seeds.

James M. Thorburn & Co., New York, Garden Seeds and Tree Seeds.

A. L. Fanchese &Co., New York, Marble Mantels.

Fisher & Bird, New York, Marble Mantels.

851

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Grmp VII Furniture, upholstery, wooden-ware, baskets, mirrors, washing-machines, and like articles were embraced in the seventh group. The awards numbered 307. The following American houses among many others received medals :

Charles Zinn & Co., New York, Basket and Willow- Ware.

Peter C. Doremus, New York, Sofa Spring-Bed and Lounge.

Demorest, Joyce & Co., Brooklyn, New York, Opera Chairs.

Adolph Thiery, Philadelphia, Mantel and Pier Mirrors, Chairs, etc.

Hertz & Co., New York, a completely furnished Bed-room, comprising rich Maple, Mahogany, and Amaranth Bedsteads, etc.

The Hartford Woven Wire Mattress Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Woven Wire Mattresses, etc.

Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, Casket Trimmings.

Wakefield Rattan Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Rattan Furniture.

Group VIII. — In Group VIII. were embraced cotton, linen and other fabrics, including the materials and the machinery, and of these there were sixteen different classes. The awards numbered 384, including the following:

II. W. Johns, New York, Asbestos Fibre and Fabric.

Woven Wire Mattress Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Wire Mattresses.

Wakefield Rattan Company, Wakefield, Massachusetts, Rattan Goods.

American Linoleum Manufacturing Company, New York, Linoleum Floor Cloths.

Group IX. — In this group were exhibits of wool and silk fabrics, including the materials and the machinery, woven and felted goods of wool, and mixtures of wool. The awards num¬ bered 595, from which list the following American exhibitors have been selected :

M. A. Furbush & Sons, Philadelphia, Carding Machine.

Jesse Eddy’s Sons, Fall River, Massachusetts, Fancy Cassimeres.

John and James Dobson, Philadelphia, Carpets, Blankets, Overcoatings.

George II. Gilbert Manufacturing Company, Ware, Massachusetts, Flannels, Blankets.

American Silk Label Company, New York, Silk Labels.

George Crompton, Worcester, Massachusetts, Looms.

Danforth Locomotive and Machine Works, Paterson, New Jersey, Silk Machine.

J ames Roy & Co., West Troy, New York, Shawls.

John Bromley & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Carpets.

United States Bunting Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, Woollen Bunting Damasks.

852

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

W. H. Horstmann & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Dress, Carriage and Upholstery Trimmings.

B. B. Tilt & Son, Paterson, New Jersey, Figured Silk and Silk Looms

John N. Stearns & Co., New York, Figured and Twilled Silks.

Dexter, Lambert & Co., New York, Silk Goods.

Cheney Bros., Hartford, Connecticut, Silks and Silk Ribbons.

Group X.— Group X. embraced all articles of clothing, furs, India-rubber goods, ornaments and fancy articles, and the awards made numbered 537, the larger part of which went to foreign exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the most not¬ able were as follows:

W. A. Drown & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Umbrellas and Parasols.

Celluloid Manufacturing Company, Newark, New Jersey, Brushes, Jew¬ elry, etc.

Althof, Bergmann & Co., New York, Mechanical Toys.

Fred. Julius Kaldenburg, New York, Pipes.

F. Grote & Co., New York, Turned Ivory, etc.

Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, New York, Military Ilats and Caps.

Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, New York City, Society Goods.

New York Belting and Packing Company, New York City, Emery Vul¬ canite.

John Wanamaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Civil and Military Clothing.

Devlin & Co., New York City, Civil and Military Clothing.

Madame Demurest, New York City, Fashions, Paper Patterns, Dress-Cutting System, and Shirt and Stocking Suspenders.

Goodyear Rubber Company, New York, Rubber Goods.

Group XL — Included in Group XI. were all articles ofjew- elry, watches, silver ware, bronzes. The exhibitors numbered only 150, of whom only twenty-six were Americans. Of these the principal ones receiving the recognition of a medal were as follows:

Mitchell, Yance & Co., New York, Bronze, Marble, Zinc, and Imitation ot Bronze.

Gorham Manufacturing Company, Providence, Rhode Island, Silverware.

Gorham Manufacturing Company, Providence, Rhode Island, The Centnrv Vase, in Solid Silver.

Tiffany & Co., New York, Jewelry and Jewelled Watches, Silver Work-

Robbins & Appleton, New York, Gold and Silver Watch Cases.

Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, Silver-Plated Goods.

Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, a large Nickel-Plated Vase.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

853

Group XII. — “Leather and manufactures of leather, includ¬ ing boots and shoes, trunks,” etc., were the class of articles ex¬ hibited as Group XII. The awards announced numbered 215, almost wholly to American exhibitors, the principal of whom are given below:

Dana, Moffet & Co., New York, Harness and Russet Leather in Variety.

S. Halsey & Son, Newark, New Jersey, Patent and Carriage Leather, and one Hide of Oil-Top Leather.

Henry G. Ely & Co., New York, Buff, Pebbled, Glazed, and Split Leather.

Hubner & Keller, New York, Oak-Tanned Calf Skins.

Kees & Thorne, New York, Hemlock Sole Leather.

Chatfield, Underwood & Co., New York, Belt Leather.

W. F. Breed, Dole & Co., Lynn, Massachusetts, Shoes, Slippers and Gaiters.

Barrous & Boyd, New York, Shoes and Slippers.

J. G. Bruzzell & Co., Lynn, Massachusetts, Shoe Machinery.

Edwin C. Burt, New York, Ladies’ Fine Made Shoes.

Schultz, Southwick & Co., New York, Union Crop Sole Leather.

Hoyt Brothers, New York, Hemlock Sole Leather.

American Cable Screw Wire Company, New York, Standard Screw Wire Machine, for Uniting the Soles to the Uppers of Boots and Shoes.

Bay State Shoe and Leather Company, New York, Men’s, etc., Women’s, etc., Boots and Shoes, Sewed, Pegged, etc.

Dawley & Derby, New York, Lasts, Boot Trees, etc.

Kenny & McPartland, New York, Shoes.

E. B. Stimpson, New York, Shoe Machinery.

Group XIII. — The paper industry was exhibited as Group XIII., and embraced such manufactures as stationery, printing paper, blank books, playing cards, wall paper, etc., besides the machinery and apparatus for printing, such as printing presses, type-casting machines, stereotyping apparatus, book-binding and envelope machines, etc. The awards numbered 239. The chief exhibitors to whom awards were announced are the fol¬ lowing:

Tiffany & Co., New York city, Wedding Stationery.

Esterbrook Steel Pen Company, Camden, New Jersey, Steel Pens.

Porter & Bainbridge, New York city, Visiting and V edding Cards and Papeteries.

Hoe & Co., New York, General Exhibit of Printers’ Presses, and Materials for Printers’ Use.

J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Bookbinding and Printing.

H. 0. Houghton & Co., Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Book¬ binding.

854

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

D. Appleton & Co., New York, Bookbinding.

B. 0. Woods & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Amateur Printing Presses.

Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Books.

J. K. Osgood & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Books.

Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books.

G. P. Putnam & Sons, New York, Books.

Harper Brothers, New York, Books.

Francis & Loutrel, New York, Blank Books.

R. Hoe & Co., New York, Newspaper Press.

Group XIV — Group XIV. included all apparatus for heat¬ ing, lighting, ventilation, water supply and drainage, such as stoves, fire-places, kitchen ware, gas fixtures, water-pipes, etc. The number of exhibitors was small, there being only 49 awards, of which nearly all were to Americans. Among these were the following :

M . II. Jackson & Co., New Aork, Grates and Fenders for Open Fires and Fire Places.

Wakefield Earth Closet Company, New York, Earth Closets, Cabinet Closets.

Tuttle & Bailey, New York, Vertical Wheel Registers for Heating and Ventilation.

Jacob IT. Polhamns, New York, Refrigerating Cupboard and Safe.

Smith Refrigerator Company, Albany, New York, Dry Air Refrigerator.

W. S. Carr & Co., New York, Bath-Room Furniture.

Lewis W. Leeds, New York, Improved Methods of Ventilation and Heat¬ ing (diagrams).

William G. Creamer, New York, Car Lamps.

Group XV. — This group was devoted to builders’ hardware, edge tools, cutlery, etc., and awards to the number of 214 were made. Among them I observed the following large American houses named as receivers of medals:

J. L. Mott, Iron Works, New York, Fountains, Vases, and Statuary.

The Meriden Cutlery Company, Meriden, Connecticut, Table Cutlery.

Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stanford, Connecticut, Time, Safe, Door, and other Locks.

Hall's Safe and Lock Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, Safes.

Herring & Co., United States, New York, Fire and Bnrglar-proof Safes.

Marvin Safe and Scale Company, New York, Fire and Burglar-proof Safes and Combination Locks.

Group XVI. — u Military and sporting arms, weapons, appa¬ ratus of hunting explosives, etc.,” was the title of Group XV I., and in this department only 70 exhibitors appeared. The prin¬ cipal awards to American exhibitors were made to the following:

OF T1IE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

855

E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, New York, Fire-arms and Ammunition.

Merwin, Culbert & Co., New York, Pocket Revolvers.

Clark & Sneider, Baltimore,

Maryland, Breech-loading Guns.

Sharpe’s Rifle Company, Bridge¬ port, Connecticut, Breech-loading Hunting Rifle.

E. Remington, Ilion, New York,

Breech-loading Guns and Target Rifle.

Colt’s Patent Fire-arms Manufac¬ turing Company, Hartford, Connec¬ ticut, Colt’s Revolver.

Richard J. Gatling, Hartford,

Connecticut, The Gatling Gun.

South Boston Iron Company, Bos¬ ton, Massachusetts, Condensed Bronze Cannon and Howitzer.

Group XVII. — Pleasure a n d travelling carriages, carts, wagons, sleighs, and all other manner of vehicles and their accessories, such as fit¬ tings, robes, rugs, etc., were named under Group XVII., and 150 exhibi¬ tors were given awards. The principal Ameri¬ can exhibitors thus d i s t i n - guished were as follows :

L. P. Tibbals, New York, Children’s Car¬ riages.

J. A. Conover, New

Turk, Children’s Car- TUMmER DRA1NEKf and water jet, exhibited by nages and \\ ooden charles lippincott & co., in machinery hall. Horses.

Peters & Calhoun Company, Newark, New Jersey, Harness, Saddles, etc.

C. M. Moseman and Co., New York, Fire Engine Harness.

856

Till-: ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

J. B. Brewster & Co., New York, Carriages. Wood Brothers, New York, Carriages.

* ui 11

C. 1 . Reynolds & Co., New York, Carriage

Group XVIII. — “ Railway plant, rolling stock and appa¬ ratus, and road engines” was the title of this group. The ex¬ hibitors were only 66 in number, and of these 42 were Amer¬ icans. The awards to the latter most worthy of notice were as follows :

Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Loco¬ motives.

Ne^p/ork Central Railroad Company, New York, Postal Car.

Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States Post'1! Car.

PHI man Palace Car Company, Chicago, Illinois, Hotel, Parlor, and Sleep- ingrCar.

Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, Railroad Track.

John Stevenson Company, New York, Street Tramway Cars.

Group XIX. — This group was devoted to the exhibition of models ot vessels and apparatus of transportation, including life-boats and salvage apparatus, propeller wheels, ropes, steer¬ ing apparatus, and even balloons and their apparatus. The ex¬ hibitors were few, and only 30 awards were made. Among them were the following to leading American exhibitors

Irving Grinnell, New Hamburg, New York, Ice Yacht.

C. & R. Poillon, New York, Model of Schooner Yacht Sappho.

A. IT. Ilark & Co., New York, Flax Twines.

Lawrence Waterbary & Co., New York, Manilla Rope.

John A. Roebling’s Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire Ropes.

E. Waters & Sons, Troy, New York, Paper Boats.

New York Safety Steam Power Company, New York, Steam Yacht.

Group XX. — Under this head were grouped motors, hydrau¬ lic and pneumatic apparatus, such as boilers, water-wheels, shafting, belting, pumps, pneumatic railways and tubes, hydrau¬ lic jacks, presses, fire-engines, and the like. Contrary to gen¬ eral expectation the exhibitors in this group were numerous, and 351 awards were made. Included among tlio e to Amer¬ ican exhibitors are the following:

Hartford Pump Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Compressed Air Pump.

Babson & Dwight, New York, Self- Regulating Fire Escape.

Chard & Howe, New York, Lubricating Cup and Compound.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

857

John A. Roebling s Sons & Co., Irenton, New Jersey, Wire Rope, Rig¬ ging, etc.

Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Pumps, Hydraulic Rams.

Hubbard & Aller, Brooklyn, New York, Steam Pumps.

Otis Brothers & Co., New York, Passenger Elevator, etc.

John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, New York, Turbine.

Blake Hose Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Fire Hose.

Wells Balance Engine Company, New York, Double Piston Engine.

Richard Dudgeon, New York, Hydraulic Jacks and Punches.

Vulcanized Fibre Company, Wilmington, Delaware, Pipes.

Champion Fire Extinguisher Company, Louisville, Kentucky, Chemical Engines, Hook and Ladder Trucks.

Babcock Manufacturing Company, New York, Chemical Engines and At¬ tachments.

William K. Platt & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Fire Extinguishers.

Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Hand Fire-Engine.

Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Safety Hoisting Machines, etc.

Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Wrought-Iron Tubes, Tools, and Brass Work.

Grffith & Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio, Vertical Portable Engine.

Group XXI. — Machine tools, whether of wood, metal, or .stone, were embraced in this group. The awards numbered 160, and of these 100 went to American exhibitors, including the following:

Stevens’ Patent Vise Company, New York, Parallel Vises.

Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ice Tools.

Henry Disston & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Circular and other Saws.

John W. Griffiths, New York, Wood-bending Machine.

Simonds Manufacturing Company, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Circular Saws.

S. A. Wood’s Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Wood-working Machinery.

Clough & Williams, New York, Machine for making Cork Handles of Wire.

Old Colony Rivet Works, New York, Planing and Shaping Machine.

American Saw Company, Trenton, New Jersey, Punching, Shearing, and Pressing Machines.

John Roach & Son, New York. Wrought-Iron Forgings.

Group XXII. — This embraced machines, apparatus, and im¬ plements used in sewing and making clothing, lace, ornamental objects, pins, etc. There were only forty-eight exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the following received awards:

American Watch Company, Waltham, Massachusetts, Watchmaking Ma¬ chinery and a System of Watchmaking.

858

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

T. C. Page, Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, Lamb Knitting Machine.

Remington Sewing Machine Company, Ilion, New York, Buttonhole Sew- ing Machine.

The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey, Sewing Ma¬ chines for Stitching Buttonholes.

Wilcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company, New York, Sewing Machines.

The Howe Machine Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Shuttle Sewin'" Machines.

Wilson Sewing Machine Company, Chicago Illinois, Wilson’s Family Sew¬ ing Machine.

The Weed Sewing Machine Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Shuttle Sew¬ ing Machine.

Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Sewing Machines for Leather.

Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Sewing Machines.-

The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey, Family Sew¬ ing Machines.

Group XXIII. — Tn this department were grouped all “agri¬ cultural machines, implements of agriculture, horticulture, and gardening.” Of the 260 awards made three-fourths were to American exhibitors, principal among whom I notice the names of the following :

Wheeler, Millick & Co., Albany, New York, Horse Hay Rake.

R. H. Allen & Co., New York, Sugar Land Plows, Cultivators, etc.

Blymer Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, Sugar Machinery.

A. J. Nellis & Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Patent Process of Chilling Steel.

A. J. Nellis, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Hay Fork, Gripping Claw, etc.

J. Tingley, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Hand Power Churn.

A. B. Farquhar, Y"ork, Pennsylvania, Cotton Cultivator.

George Barnes & Co., Syracuse, New York, Knives and Sickles.

I. C. Iloadley & Co., Lawrence, Massachusetts, Portable Farm Engines.

Walter A. Wood, Iloosac Falls, New York, Harvester.

Walter A. Wood, Iloosac Falls, New York, Self-Binding Reapers.

Pennock Manufacturing Company, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, Double Arm Flay Forks.

A. J. Nellis & Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Iron Tie for Binding Cotton.

R. IF. Allen & Co., New York, Horticultural Implements.

Walter A. Wood, Iloosac Falls, New Y'ork, Sweep Rake Reapers.

Group XXIV. — Embraced in this group were the instru¬ ments and apparatus of hygiene, medicine, surgery, prothesis, etc. Of 132 exhibitors to whom awards were made, I find the following to be the most prominent American manufacturers:

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

859

McKisson & Robbins, New York, Pharmaceutical Preparations.

Crandall & Son, New York, Crutches.

Robert Shoemaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Drugs and Fluid Extracts.

J. B. Seely, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Trusses.

Elastic Truss Company, New York, Trusses.

Group XXV. — Embraced in this department were exhibits of “ instruments of precision, research, experiment, and illustra¬ tion, including telegraphy and music.” There were 221 awards, the principal American exhibitors receiving medals being the following :

George Steck & Co., New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Decker Brothers, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Bacon & Karr, New York, Square and Upright Pianos. •

Burdett Organ Company, Erie, Pennsylvania, Reed Organs.

Mason and Hamlin Organ Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Reed Organs and Harmoniums.

Wm. Ivnabe & Co., Baltimore, Concert, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

James W. Queen & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mathematical and Drawing Instruments, Microscopes.

Albert Weber, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Holmes Burglar Alarm Telegraph Company, New York, Burglar Alarm Telegraph. *

Peloubet, Pelton & Co., New York, Reed Organs.

Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, Edison’s American Automatic Telegraph.

Western Union Telegraph Company', New York, Quadruplex Electric Tele¬ graph, and for the Phelps Printing Telegraph.

American District Telegraph Company, Improved Gravity Battery, District Telegraph Apparatus.

Chickering and Sons, Boston, Massachusetts, Concert, Grand, Upright, and Square Piano-Fortes.

Steinway & Sons, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Group XXVI. — Only 1G3 exhibitors, of whom only 18 were Americans, furnished displays for Group XXVI., which was devoted to the illustration of architecture and engineering. The American exhibitors who received awards were as follows:

Thomas IT. Speakman, Philadelphia, Combined Wire and Mood Fence for Farm Use.

J. Herbert Shedd, Providence, Rhode Island, a Hydrant with all the neces¬ sary Appurtenances.

State of Massachusetts, New England, Hospital for Women and Children;

860

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

State of Ohio, State Building.

State of Massachusetts, State Hospital for Insane.

Michigan Survey Commission, Michigan, Geological Charts.

Kentucky Survey Commission, Geological Charts and Profiles.

Q. M. Gen. M. C. Meigs, Washington, District of Columbia, Plans of tw# Large Bridges.

Prof. Semper, Plans of Town Hall.

State of Massachusetts, Exhibit of Normal Schools, etc.

United States, Exhibits of Engineering.

Engineer C<?rps, United States Army, Pontoon Bridge for Advanced Guard and Army.

United States Government, Collective Exhibit Cliff and Cave Dwellings.

Group XXVII. — As this department embraced the exhibits in Memorial Hall and its Annex, and the Photographic Hall, the list of awards is simply a list of the painters, sculptors, photographers, and others whose works have been submittal. Of these exhibitors receiving awards for other than purely art reproductions, the following list will be interesting:

American Photo-Lithographic Company, Heliographs.

W. Kurtz, New York City, Photographs.

Tiffany & Co., New \rork, Silver Inlaid with Niello and Copper.

J. L. Mott & Co., New York City, Castings in Iron.

Knoedler & Co., New York, Engravings, Etchings, etc.

W. E. Marshall, New York City, Engraving.

Continental Bank Note Company, Engravings.

National Bank Note Company, Engravings.

Prang & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Chromo-Lithography.

John Rogers, New York City, Sculpture.

Gorham & Co., Providence, Rhode Island, Repouss6 Work in Silver.

Tiffany & Co., New York, RepoussS Work in Silver and Iron.

Cassell, Petter & Gal pin, London, Lithographs.

London Graphic Company, Drawings and Wood Engravings.

Group XXVIII. — “Education and Science” was the title of this department, and it embraced a large number of subdivisions. There were 672 exhibitors, of whom the following are particu¬ larly worthy of mention as having received awards:

D. Appleton & Co., New York, Various Publications.

A. S. Barnes & Co., New Y’ork, School Books, Maps, Charts.

A. T. Bicknell & Co., New York, Books for Builders.

Claxton, Remsen & Ilaffelfinger, Philadelphia, Books.

S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago, Illinois, Publications.

Harper & Brothers, New York, Books.

BRONZE INKSTAND, EXHIBITED BY NICHOLAS MULLER’S SONS.

8G1

862

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Henry Holt & Co., New York, Books.

H. O. Houghton & Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, Plain and Colored Litho¬ graphic Printing.

Ivison, Blakeraan, Taylor & Co., New York, School and College Text Books.

F. Levpoldt, New York, Publishers’ Weekly, etc.

Orange Judd & Co., New York, Books, etc.

James R. Osgood & Co., Boston, Books.

The Sons of Geo. P. Putnam, New York, Books, Literature, and History.

Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, Books.

J. Sabin & Sons, New York, Bibliographical Publications.

Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books and Maps.

L. Prang & Co., Massachusetts, System of Drawing designed by W. Smith, and other Publications on Art Teaching.

Kay & Brothers, Philadelphia, Law Books.

Lee & Sheppard, Boston, Massachusetts, Works of Charles Sumner, etc.

Miss E. M. Coe, New York, Kindergarten Work and Materials.

J. W. Schemmerhorn & Co., New York, School Apparatus, Furniture, and Health Lift.

Illustrated London News, London, Specimens illustrating the Art Depart¬ ment of The Illustrated News.

Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, Illustrated Books, Publications, Serials, etc., etc.

The Graphic Newspaper, London, Illustrated Newspaper.

Central Pacific Railroad Company, Natural Objects and Illustrations of Ob¬ jects, representing the Flora and Fauna of California and other portions of the country traversed by the Central Pacific Railroad.

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Books and Apparatus of Instruc¬ tion.

Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Students’ Work.

Catholic Publication Society, Ecclesiastical History.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION.

The Fireworks on the 9th of November — The Closing Day — Unfavorable Weather — The Attendance at the Exhibition — The Change of Programme — Ceremonies in Judges’ Hall — The Music — Prayer of Rev. Dr. Seiss — Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell — The Te Deum — Remarks of President John Welsh — Address of Director-General Goshorn — Speech of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhibition Closed — Stopping the Machinery — Scene in Machinery Hall.

fHE Centennial Commission resolved at an early day to close the Exhibition with as elaborate and appropriate ceremonies as those which had marked its commence- ment.

On the night of the 9th of November, a grand dis¬ play of fireworks was given on George’s Hill by Messrs. Brock & Co., of London, and Professor Jackson, of Philadelphia. This was the most imposing and successful pyrotechnic display of the Exhibition, and was witnessed by a vast multitude within the grounds and a still larger throng without the enclosure.

When the morning of Friday, November 10th, the day ap¬ pointed for the formal closing of the Centennial Exhibition arrived, there was manifested on all sides a feeling of mingled regret and pleasure — regret that the grand Exhibition, with all its glories, with its wealth of attractions, its mechanical tri¬ umphs, and its treasures of art, would be, in a few brief hours, but a bright page in a glorious history; pleasure that now, on its closing day, the country could point with pride to the six months’ career of the great enterprise — a half year without a blot on its record.

The morning of November 10th opened with clouds and

863

864

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

rain, and during the day a cold, disagreeable storm prevailed In spite of this, however, the early trains and street cars were crowded with visitors, and every available vehicle was pressed into service by the multitude. As soon as the entrance gates were opened there was a rush for them by the crowd that had gathered about them. The entire force of the Centennial National Bank was actively engaged in furnishing the required change, and the turn-stile keepers were compelled by sheer force

EX TITBIT OF FINK CLOTHING IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

of necessity to accept, without close scrutiny, the admission fees from the good-natured, pushing throng. This stream of people continued to pass through the turn-stiles until late in the after¬ noon without intermission.

It had been intended to hold the closing ceremonies in the open air at the western end of the Main Building, but the steady rain which fell during the day rendered a change in this part of the programme imperative. Judges’ Hall was therefore

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

865

chosen as the most suitable place for these exercises. A vast crowd collected around the hall, and the disappointment at not being able to witness the closing ceremonies was general \ broad passage way was kept open in front of the building by two long lines of the Centennial Guard, which effectually barred the entrance of any one unless provided with the proper card of admission.

Twelve o’clock struck, but the rain continued to fall steadily, and there were no signs of a change of weather, no hope that the rain would cease and permit the ceremonies to take place in the open air. Word was accordingly sent to the distin¬ guished personages to repair to the Judges’ Hall, there to participate in the ceremonies which were formally Jo close the grand Exhibition. The arrangements, everything considered, were admirable. The First City Troop, under Captain Fair- man Rogers, and supported by a strong detachment of Cen¬ tennial Guards, kept back the ever increasing crowds, and formed an avenue between the thousands of visitors who were at least determined to see if they could not hear; and carriage after carriage rolled up to the entrance, and their occupants, provided with the open sesame in the shape of a ticket marked “Admit to the Judges’ Pavilion,” quickly passed into the interior. By two o’clock all the visitors had arrived, and were in the places assigned them.

On the platform sat President Grant. To his right were General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, and George W. Childs, Esq. To the left were Commissioner Daniel J. Morrell, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, Rev. J. H. Seiss, John Welsh, Esq., and General Robert Patterson. Immediately back were Governor Hartranft ; Governor Rice, of Massachusetts; Governor Bedle, of New Jersey; Governor Cochrane, of Delaware; Chief Justice Waite, Associate Justices Davis and Bradley, and Mayor Stokley. Sir Edward Thornton, the British Minister, had donned his court dress to do honor to the occasion. General N. P. Banks, displaying unaffected interest, stood near her Majesty’s envoy. Thomas A. Scott chatted to Bishop Simp- 65

866

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

son, whose fine features were lit up with a feeling of interest at the scene. Asa Packer, millionnaire and philanthropist; Frederick Fraley, who has handled the Centennial receipts with the ability of an accomplished financier; U. S. Grant, Jr., the President’s private Secretary; Aristarchi Bey, saturnine and cynical in appearance; Bayard Taylor, the Centennial poet; ex-Governor Straw, of New Hampshire; Professor Blake, of the Smithsonian Institute; S. M. Felton, President of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, and others, formed a background which was thoroughly repre¬ sentative in its character. To the right sat the members of the staffs of the Governors, and a number of distinguished army and paval officers, and on the left were accommodated the Centennial Commissioners, the members of the Board of Finance, and a number of the Diplomatic Corps. In front, and filling every vacant seat, were the privileged personages admitted to witness the closing scenes.

At two o’clock the Centennial Inauguration March, written by the great German composer, Professor Wagner, for the open¬ ing ceremonies of the Exhibition, preluded the formal exercises, and its now familiar notes were greeted with enthusiastic ap¬ plause. When, on the opening day, this composition was for the first time publicly performed, the effect was rather disap¬ pointing, as in the open air only the wind instruments could be clearly heard. So far as the music was concerned the change of programme to the Judges’ Hall proved a decided advantage, for the massive chords of the “Centennial March” rolled out upon the air in waves of richest harmony, while every note of the most intricate evolutions was distinctly marked. General Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, who acted as the presiding officer, then introduced Rev. Joseph A. Seiss, who offered the following fervent prayer :

Almighty God ! who hast made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, we, Thine unworthy scr vants, look up to Thee through the only Mediator, Jesus Christ, Thy Son. We worship Thee as the Creator, the Sustaiuer, and the Governor of all things, visible and invisible, to whom all homage

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

867

is due from all creatures in all places of Thy boundless dominion. ^ e dTlci unto lhee our thanks lor I'll me unsearchable goodness, and humbly pray Thee to touch us with a right sense of the majesty of Thy glory and of the wealth of Thy loving kindness, that our hearts may ever glow with reverence and affection toward Thee whensoever we contemplate Thy wonderful works toward the chil¬ dren of men.

For the earth, which Thy hands have fastened ; for its continents and seas, its islands, lakes, rivers, mountains, plains, valleys, and wateraprings ; for what groweth out of its surface, and for what lietli in and beneath its soil; for its climates, its seasons, its zones, and the steady continuity of all that pertains to it, we thank Thee. For the human race which Thou hast created ; for the endowments with which Thou hast clothed mankind ; for their preservation, their progress, their spread, and their redemption ; for their happiness in thi§ life, and for their hopes for eternity, we thank Thee.

For this great country, for the richness of its productions, for the variety of its adaptations, for the ampleness of its extent, and for the splendor of its adornments, we thank Thee. For the mingled peoples to whom Thou hast given this land, for their virtues, their intelligence, their adventure, and their prosperity, and especially for the century of growth, triumph, and ameliorating power in their experiment of popular government, 0 King of the world ! we thank Thee. For the peaceful coming together here of the representatives of the nation, for this exhibit of the industries, art, genius, and accomplishments of so many civilizations and sorts of men ; for the display of the products of so many lands and seas; for the comfort and satisfaction with which multiplied thousands have come and gone during these months; for the educating force, the lessons of wisdom, and the increase of knowledge thus furnished to millions of observers, and for the success with which Thou hast favored this undertaking of Thy servants, good Lord, we thank Thee.

And now, as this spectacle of fraternal converse and mutual teaching comes to its termination, vouchsafe, O God ! to crown it with Thy blessing. Whatsoever has been displeasing in Thy sight, pardon and forgive. Whatsoever has been in harmony with Thy¬ self, follow with Thy continued favor. And graciously overrule all to the good of our country and of the whole world.

These commissioners and representatives of the nations bring back in safety to their homes, laden with fruits here gathered, to profit and enrich the souls and estates of their peoples.

868

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

These officers and executives, who have labored so long and courageously in the procurement, organization, and guardianship of the public benefit so happily enjoyed, reward and bless for their faithful toil and great achievement.

These articles, exhibits, and teachings, as they go hence into all countries, make heralds and instruments of augmented comfort, convenience, elevation, and prosperity to the communities into which they come. 4

This new and friendly intercourse between the ends of the earth make potent for the furtherance of kindly brotherhood among man¬ kind, the progress of the truth, the triumph of peace and salvation, and the upbuilding of whosoever is agreeable to Thy own sovereign will and purposes.

And as our own dear nation now starts out upon the unknown sea of a new century, our united prayers are lifted to Thee, 0 God! beseeching Thy Divine Majesty to be gracious to this youngest child in the family of nationalities; that Thou wouldst spread Thy pro¬ tecting hand over it in its dangers ; that Thou wouldst forgive its sins and indiscretions, and that Thou wouldst guide it evermore in safety.

Its President, its Governors, its Legislatures, its judges and magistrates, and the commanders of its army and navy, endow plenteously with the spirit of wisdom, justice, faithfulness and de¬ votion. Uphold them in their duties, and prosper them always in whatsoever is right, and true, and good. Fill all public servants with prudent counsels, trusty speech, sound integrity and honest fear of the Lord. Send down upon our churches, our religious teachers, our schools, and all our means of education, I hy Holy Spirit, that intelligence, virtue, truth and piety may be our inherit¬ ance forever.

Give grace to our people to acknowledge Thee, the only true God, by whose spirit all things are governed, and dispose them toward Thine ordinances and commands, that they may dwell to¬ gether in unity and concord, and in all godliness and honesty. And although we have often provoked Thy displeasure aud de served Thy punishments, yet we beseech Thee, of Ih v gieat goo ness, not to deal with us after our sins, but to defend and preserve unto us our free institutions and national happiness. Scatter, y Thy mighty power, every cloud that rises to threaten our nations permanence or peace. Ward off calamities of war and bloods ie

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

8G9

and all moral deterioration aud decay, and graciously protect us against discord and sedition within, and against invasion aud spoli¬ ation from without, that our precious liberties may not be taken from us, but descend from generation to generation.

And now, O God of Nations, King of Glory, Lord of Heaven and Earth, be pleased to accept the thanks aud petitions which we thus present before Thy Majesty, and graciously hear our prayers.

Mercifully, also, bestow Thy heavenly benediction upon the cere¬ monies of this hour, and upon Thy servants forever, that all our works begun, continued, and ended in Thee may always redound to the honor of Thy holy name, through Jesus Christ, Thy Sou, our Lord and Saviour, to whom, with Thee and the lloly Ghost, ever one God, be glory and dominion, world without end. Amen.

A chorale and fugue from Bach were then performed by the orchestra, after which the Hon. D. J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the United States Centennial Commis¬ sion, was introduced to the audience. When theapplause which greeted him had subsided he said:

On the 9th day of March, 1870, it was my privilege to introduce in Congress a bill to provide for holding in the city of Philadelphia the Exhibition which this day brings to a close. On the 3d of March, 1871, that bill became a law, but not without opposition and amendments, which took from it all provisions for carrying out the purpose contemplated by the act itself. On the 4th of March, 1872, the Centennial Commission met and organized, and the labor of preparing for the Exhibition was commenced, in the face of obstacles such as were never encountered in a similar un¬ dertaking.

The government had refused aid; local jealousies were powerful; the newspapers of the country, with few exceptions, were lukewarm or openly hostile, and the mass of the people could not be interested in an event which seemed far away in the future. During the first year of the life of the Commission doubt everywhere prevailed, aud I am ashamed to say, I shall strive to forget, and I hope that his¬ tory will not record, how few had faith in the success of our enter¬ prise, and how many wise and eminent citizens rendered a hesitat¬ ing support, or refused to commit themselves to what, to them, seemed a hopeless cause. In this time of gloom the city of 1 liila- delphia was not afraid to charge itself with the expenses incident

870

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

to the organization and labors of the Commission, and in this and all other official acts, her municipal authorities have shown coura¬ geous liberality.

The creation of the Board of Finance was the turning-point iu the fortunes of the Centennial Exhibition ; from that moment its prospects brightened, and, though that Board was confronted with a financial panic and other discouraging events, its executive offi¬ cers moved forward iu the confidence that “ knows no such word as fail.” By slow and laborious stages public interest was aroused;

TRESS FOR FIXE ILLUSTRATED WORK, EXHIBITED BY R. HOE <i CO., IN

MACHINERY IIALL.

the Women’s Centennial Commission labored with zeal and effi¬ ciency ; money from private subscriptions to the stock of the boaid of Finance flowed into the treasury ; the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia made liberal appropriations for the uses of the Exhibition, of which a memorial will remain to future Cen¬ tennials; and, when success wras assured, the National Congress recognized its duty, and gave us material aid.

“As a woman who is in travail hath sorrow, but alteiwan “she remembereth no more her anguish for the joy that a nun 1 born into the world,” so the pangs of this great labor arc tai a"a) and lost in this hour of its triumph.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

871

It is but just, however, in speaking for the executive officers of the Centennial Commission, that I should point the future historians of the Exhibition to the great difficulties which have been encoun¬ tered and overcome, and claim from them a charitable criticism. In comparing this work with that which has beeu done elsewhere,

STEAM HAMMER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

I beg them to note that this has been accomplished by the volun¬ tary agents of a free people, clothed with no official or titulai pu\>- tige or distinction, and without Governmental support.

The members of the Commission and the Board of Finance have recognized that they were on exhibition as fully as an) mateiial

872

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

object enclosed within these grounds ; that thousands of eyes would scan their every act, after the fashion of these times, which is to attribute mercenary or corrupt motives to all engaged in the exe¬ cution of public trusts ; and 1 shall esteem above the prizes the nation has won in the Exhibition an award from that higher group of judges which represents the conscience of the world that this work which we to-day commit to history is free from taint, that good men shall say it was honest. The managers of future Centen¬ nial celebrations to be held on these grounds will see and do things more wonderful than our wildest dreams, and the remnants of our finest things may be exhibited by them as proofs of the rudeness of early days ; but in the records we have made the full measure of our manhood will go down to them untouched by the gnawing tooth of Time.

Of the Exhibition, now to be numbered with the things of the past, it is difficult to speak. The nations are here ; they have made this great spectacle what it is, and they deserve the gratitude of the American people. While they have taught much, they have also learned something, and they havesecn in thecrowdsof American citizens, of all occupations and conditions of life, who have thronged these grounds, a polite, orderly, self-respecting, and self-governing people. So far as their representatives have entered into our social life, we will hope that they have found that what may be lacking in form is made up in substance; that the simplicity of republican manners is dignified by the sentiment of good-will to men.

The Exhibition was opened by starting in motion the Corliss engine, that giant of wonder to all, which for six months, with equal pulse, without haste, without rest, has propelled an endless system of belts and wheels. Silent and irresistible, it affects the imagination as realizing the fabled powers of genii and afrit in Arabian tales, and, like them, it is subject to subtle control. When these our ceremonies here are ended, the President of the United States, by the motion of his hand, will make the lightning his mes¬ senger to stop the revolution of its wheels, and at the same instant to tell the world that the International Exhibition, which marked the Centennial of American national life, is closed.

When Mr. Morrell ceased, Theodore Thomas gave a signal to the Centennial Chorus in the western balcony, and the or¬ chestra and chorus rendered, with fine effect, Dettingen’s Fc Deum.

or THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

873

The next speaker was Mr. John Welsh, the President of the Centennial Board of Finance, whose appearance was the signal for the most enthusiastic applause. Several moments elapsed before quiet could be restored, and then Mr. Welsh delivered

the following address :

♦

Fellow-Citizens: — In this closing scene of the International Exhibition, I may well give expression to the grateful emotions which swell my heart, that all who have shared in the labor of its preparation and conduct, in your approval of it meet their coveted reward.

The predictions of evil which were made of it — and by many in high places — have not been realized. The nation has not been dishonored. The good name of its people has not been im¬ perilled. This day witnesses that the noble purpose of its projectors has been accomplished.

It has hallowed the Centennial year by an inspiration of the past. The circumstances attendant on the nation’s birth have been recalled. The patriotic impulses of the people have been quick¬ ened. Their loVe for their country has been strengthened.

The Exhibition has concentrated here specimens of the varied products of the United States, and made better known to us our vast resources.

It has brought to us the representatives of many nations — men skilled, accomplished and experienced — and they have brought with them stores of treasures in all the forms given them by long- practised industry and art. And others are here from new lands, even younger than our own, giving full promise of a bright and glorious future.

It has placed side by side, for comparison, the industries of the world. In viewing them the utilitarian revels in the realization that man is striving earnestly to make all things contribute to his convenience and comfort ; the philosopher stands in awe at their contemplation as he dwells upon the cherished thought of the possible unity of nations; and he who looks on the grandeur of the scene from a spiritual standpoint is filled with the hope that the day is near “ when the glory of the Lord shall cover the earth as the waters cover the sea.”

It has taught us in what others excel, and excited our ambition to strive to equal them.

874

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

It has taught others that our first century has not been passed i„ idleness, and that, at least in a few things, we are already in tl,P advance. J

It has proved to them and to us that national prejudices are as unprofitable as they are unreasonable ; that they are hindrances to progress and to welfare, and that the arts of peace are most favor¬ able for advancing the condition, the power and the true greatness of a nation.

It has been the occasion of a delightful union among the repre-

Will! !l

Ill

DRUM ROLLER PRINTING PRESS, EXHIBITED BY COTTRELL <fc BABCOCK.

sentatives of many nations, marked by an intelligent appreciation of each other, rich in instruction and fruitful in friendships.

It has placed before our own people, as a school for their instruc¬ tion, a display — vast and varied beyond precedent — comprising the industries of the world, including almost every product known to science and to art.

It has made the country and its institutions known to intelligent representatives of all nations. They have had access to our homes, have become familiar with our habits, have studied our systems of education, observed the administration of our laws, and will here-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

875

after understand why the United States of America exerts so lar^e an influence on other nations, and, consequently, the great truth that in proportion to the intelligence and freedom of a people is their loyalty to their government.

It has concentrated on this spot, in the short term of six months, eight millions of visitors, who have enjoyed all its rare privileges without a disturbance or any personal hindrance from violence or even rudeness.

It has exhibited the American people in #eir true character, re¬ spectful of each other’s rights, considerate W each other’s conven¬ ience, and desirous of allowing to others a full participation in their enjoyment.

It has afforded an opportunity to show that the administration of an exhibition oh a grand scale may be liberal in its expenditure without useless extravagance; that its laws may be strictly enforced with impartiality and without harshness; that its regulations may secure the efficiency of its departments and uniformity in their action ; that its whole course has been free from financial embar¬ rassment or even a payment deferred; and that, notwithstanding every part of its machinery was in constant motion, no one of the immense throng within the limits of the Exhibition was sensible of its restraint.

It has shown that the authorities of the great city in which the Exhibition has been held have been actuated by a single eye to the promotion of the public convenience. That, under their supervi¬ sion, facilities of every kind have been provided, property has been protected, good order has been preserved, unusual health has pre¬ vailed, and extortion in its varied forms has been almost unknown; these, combined with jjie unlimited accommodations for visitors and the hospitality of its citizens, are in beautiful harmony with the purposes of the Exhibition. Kor has the State of Pennsylvania been less in sympathy. The traditions connected with its soil are its priceless heritage.

The International Exhibition is to be regarded as a reverential tribute to the century which has just expired. That century has been recalled. Its events have been reviewed. Its fruits are gathered. Its memories are hallowed. Let us enter on the new century with a renewed devotion to our country, with the highest aims for its honor and for the purity, integrity and welfare of its people. On the Exhibition the curtain is now about to fall. hen

876

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

it has fallen, the wonderful creation, in the beauties of which we have so long been revelling, will have passed away. Looking round upon it now, while the scene still glows with its grandeur, and our senses are rejoicing in its delights, I desire to assure all who have contributed towards its production that there is at least oue who bears in grateful remembrance whatever they have done. It may have been an humble prayer, the earnings of hard toil, out of their abundance, or the devotion of years of intelligent labor— it matters not. The little brooks and the rivers alike make up the mightv ocean. To all — at home and abroad — who have helped us for¬ ward ; to the Sovereigns and Governments of other countries who have countenanced and encouraged us; to their representatives who have worked so nobly in our cause; to the exhibitors of our own and other lands, who have done more than can be expressed ; to the Congress of the United States of America, for its generous and timely aid ; and especially to the President of the United States of America, for bis unwavering support and encouragement, are due the grateful acknowledgments of the nation. Would that I were authorized to make such acknowledgments here, or that my own had the value in them to make them acceptable to them all, from the humblest to the highest.

And now, to my fellow-laborers of the United States Centennial Commission, and of my more immediate associates in the Centen¬ nial Board of Finance, I need only say that our work has its place in the annals of the nation. If the memories of it be pleasant to our countrymen, we have done well.

During this address Mr. Welsh was frequently interrupted with applause, and this was continued after he took his seat. The orchestra then rendered Beethoven’s beautiful “Sixth Symphony.” The Hon. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Centennial Exhibition, was next introduced, and spoke as follows :

Mr. President: — The bright sunlight that came last May to greet the opening hour of the International Exhibition ot 1876 was a propitious omen. Those who had labored from its inception to place before the world in a proper manner an enterprise in which great expectations and interests were concentrated, were encouraged and strengthened in this work. It has since prospered, and won the favor of general commendation.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

877

Millions of people have come hither to enjoy the teachings of a school that has laid the foundations for more liberal thought and for more extended knowledge of the social, industrial, and political elements that contribute to the welfare of man. The beneficial results that will ensue from these teachings cannot be over¬ estimated.

The Exhibition has been a great educator. It has given the people of other nations new and correct ideas of the resources and industries of America. It has given the people of America enlarged

FERRIS & MILES’ SHAPING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALT.

information of the arts, products and wealth of the participating nations. It has also augmented and strengthened social and com¬ mercial relations between nations which are results of high impor tance, and may be considered a happy consummation oi the objects of this international work.

Had it accomplished less than this, it would ha^e aie o t

hopes of its projectors. # .. .

But the hour has arrived when we must dismantle these build¬ ings and take our departure. .

Having been for almost four years intimately connected wit i

878

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the internal and external administration of this work, I feel that we have abundant cause for congratulation that the close of our labors terminate in the midst of a success that is manifestly satisfactory to our country and approved by the patriotism of our people. In tlm great undertaking we have had from tJie beginning the zealous co¬ operation and faithful services of both the officials and the exhib¬ itors in the various departments, to whom we are pleased in this manner and on this important occasion to acknowledge our indebt¬ edness.

To our friends, the foreign commissioners and foreign exhibitors, I am glad of another opportunity to express and repeat our most cordial greetings and thanks for the valuable part they have taken in this Exhibition. Without such co-operation it would not have obtained the dignity and interest which has so profoundly affected the people of the United States. Your presence, gentlemen, has been accepted by the people of -this country as a mission of international good-will and fraternal intercourse. I pray you, there¬ fore, to carry with you a conviction of^he appreciation and friendly feelings' of the government and the people towards you for your honorable and successful co-operation.

I also have the pleasure to congratulate my fellow-citizens, the exhibitors from the United States. You have contributed abun¬ dantly of the rich products of the soil and mines, and of your own ingenious and skilful workmanship. You have won fresh honors in every department, and have revealed and made better known to our own people and to the world your strength and progress, and the vast resources at your command. Your contributions and intelligent co-operation entitle you to claim a large share both of the credit and benefits of this Exhibition.

If the influences of this Exhibition should discourage all inclina¬ tions to the showy and superficial, and elevate the standard of quality and workmanship, and thereby add to the intrinsic merits and values of our products, it will produce its legitimate results and justify the expenditures of thought and treasure that have been lavished upon it.

But I cannot conclude without alluding to the efficient and faithful work of my co-officials, and of my personal staff, which commands my highest acknowledgments of respect and esteem.

The amount of labor and thought which has devolved on you, gentlemen, can never be known, nor need it be. We have our

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

879

record in the consciousness of the confidence placed in us, and in the support we have always received from the United States Cen¬ tennial Commission and Centennial Board of Finance, and from the numerous contributors, here and elsewhere, who laid the foun¬ dation of this Exhibition, and from the public.

And now, Mr. President, with the close of this day another In¬ ternational Exhibition will be concluded and added to the records of the past. But it will not be ended ; it will rather have only be¬ gun. The real Exhibition we have striven for is not limited to the display of material products, which, however pleasing, must be brief. The teachings, the social and moral influences, the improve¬ ment in the productive powers of genius and inventive knowledge, constitute in part the object and aim. May these be fully realized as the legitimate results of this Exhibition.

As the Director-General concluded, chorus and orchestra burst forth in the glorious “Hallelujah,” from Handel’s “Mes¬ siah.” At the conclusion of the chorus General Hawley arose, and after the enthusiastic applause with which he was greeted had subsided, spoke as follows :

The final day of the Exhibition has arrived. Four years and a half ago the Centennial Commission was organized under the legislation of the national government to celebrate the Centennial Anniversary of our national independence by holding an Interna¬ tional Exhibition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and mine. The National Congress deemed it fitting that the com¬ pletion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by a presentation of the national resources of the country and their development, and of the progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations.

Happily the United States was and is at peace with the whole world. International Exhibitions have become an established fea¬ ture in modern civilization, but connected with this were features of peculiar and local interest. They have not interfered with its progress — indeed, the acceptances of other nations, and the very friendly congratulatory letters addressed to the President of the United States on the occasion of the celebration of the Fourth of July, show that they have rather given an opportunity for expies- sions of cordial good-will that have given very great pleasure to

880

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the whole American people. There were many and great diffi. culties in the path of the enterprise, the usual misapprehensions' the disturbed condition of the business and finance at home and abroad, and the slow conversion of a public sentiment which in th earlier days, feared that justice might not be done to American resources and capabilities. We recall the hours of uncertainty and discouragement solely that we may felicitate ourselves upon the results that have answered the hopes and predictions of the most sanguine.

The Exhibition has given us a better comprehension of our own position and progress. We expected and hoped to be taught our shortcomings in some respects, and we shall profit by the lessons. And yet I gather from my countrymen that they are not a little pleased to see how well our productions in every department have borne the comparison to which they have been subjected.

Unquestionably international trade and commerce will be pro¬ moted. Our manufacturers, mechanics and artists will show by their work that they have been close students of the admirable exhibits from abroad, and have taken advantage thereby. The ingenuity and excellence of our mechanics and inventors will be made better known. A higher benefit has been wrought. The bonds of peace have been strengthened. Interminable ties have been created that will be strongly felt whenever national derangements are threatened. Our people are so widely scattered, and their relations have been so seriously disturbed, that every patriot anxiously desired them to seize the great occasion to know each other better that they may love each other more. What has been done toward this is one of your most valuable labors. The concur¬ rent and almost wholly harmonious testimony of our critics at home and abroad permits us to feel that we have been on the whole largely successful in all our work. This commendatory judgment is very grateful to us.

My associates have given expression to our gratitude. I would gladly add to what they have said if I could. The Commission thanks the city of Philadelphia, the State of Pennsylvania, the National Government, and especially you, sir, our honored President. It thanks the foreign commissioners, one and all, most heartily. It thanks the exhibitors of all nations. It thanks the American people, whose conduct here has commanded unbroken respect.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 881

It thanks its associate corporation, the Board of Finance; above all, it reverently acknowledges the kind favor of Heaven, which has so smiled upon us that while we turn somewhat sadly from these scenes of great labor and greater pleasure, all who have been accredited here may feel they have done something towards ad¬ vancing the world to the better day coming. God be praised for the past; God send us all, individuals and nations, a happy future. Mr. President, we await your pleasure.

At the conclusion of General Hawley’s address the audience and chorus united in singing the national anthem, “My coun-

JOHNSON’S TYPE CASTING MACHINE, IN MACHINERY HALE.

try, ’tis of thee,” the full orchestra accompanying the voices. Xever was the sweet hymn sung with more patriotic fervor than then given, for as the simple yet majestic melody filled the' air the original flag of the American Union, first displayed by Commodore Paul Jones on the “Bon Homme Richard,” was unfurled from a window above the stage, and as its hallowed folds floated in the air all eyes gazed upon the relic with rever¬ ence, and while a thousand throats sang “America” with still deeper feeling, all present united in applauding by a brisk clapping of hands this most happy addition to the programme.

56

882

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

At twenty-three minutes of four o’clock General Hawley an¬ nounced that General Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States, would now formally close the Exhibition. The Presi¬ dent here arose and said :

“ Ladies and Gentlemen : — I have now the honor to declare the Exhibition closed.”

The President then turned to the left, and waved his hand as the signal to the operator at the telegraph instrument, imme¬ diately behind him, to give the signal for stopping the Corliss engine and the machinery in the hall. Mr. Robert B. Man- ley, the general director, touched the key, and the characters •“ 7-6 ” were signalled to the main telegraph office. The same ■current caused the hammer to strike the special gong stationed alongside the Corliss engine, which was the signal to stop, and at the same time all the gongs in the Machinery Hall felt the effect of the electrical current, and gave notice to the exhibitors that the official fiat of the President, that the Exhibition had been declared closed, was promulgated. At the instant the in¬ strument ticked in the main telegraph office, the following des¬ patch was placed on the wires and sent to London, Liverpool, Paris, and the principal cities of Europe, the United States, and Canadas:

International Centennial Exhibition Grounds.

Philadelphia, November 10, 1876.

The President has this moment closed the International Exhibi¬ tion — 3.37 p. m. W. J. Phillips, Telegraph Director,

U. S. International Exhibition.

All present then united in singing the long metre doxology to the words,

“ Be Thon, O God ! exalted liigft,

And as Thy glory fills the sky,

So let it be on earth displayed,

Till Tbou art here as there obeyed."

And soon afterwards the assemblage dispersed. A large crowd gathered about the pavilion to witness the departure o

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

883

the President, who stepped into his carriage at about four o’clock, and drove back to the residence of his host, Mr. George W. Childs. Though the Exhibition was thus formally closed, only a small proportion of the exhibits were covered up, and the grounds remained thronged with visitors until evening.

Machinery Hall was the objective point of not less than 15,000 persons at about two o’clock, at which hour it was believed the President would punctually appear in front of that mighty giant of mechanical skill, the Corliss engine, and seizing the lever, stop the motion of the colossus. In this speculation just so many individuals were disappointed, notwithstanding which they held their places, or passed through the mazes of the in¬ tricate workshop. Machinery Hall at three o’clock was packed with impatient humanity. A sea of upturned faces looked in the direction of the iron and steel giant which controlled the ceaseless revolving wheels, the whirring belts, and the noisy operation of the perfect labyrinth of mechanism. IS ever before in the history of the Centennial Exposition had there been such a jam of nervous, anxious, and interested observers. It was to be the culminating and at once the finishing point in America’s great exhibit. The great engine seemed more energetic than ever. Its walking beams seemed to move with more rapidity, and the monster wheel appeared to revolve the more quickly as if conscious of the fact that it would soon rest from its labors. Yet, though fancy or imagination pictured the grim colossus as working harder than ever, its movement was almost noise¬ less. The sewing-machines with their busy hum drowned the laborious efforts of the giant. Thus the work continued, and still the crowd began to thicken. All awaited the President’s coming, but they were doomed to disappointment. The hand of the clock pointed to four o’clock. It lacked but a few min¬ utes of the hour. At this moment two engineers took their position near the lever of the engine, and their eyes rested on the gong which was to notify them when to apply the subtle touch which should end the work of the machinery, and signal the closing of the Centennial. A moment later the silvery peal of the gong, touched by an invisible wire, gave the word, and

884 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

in a second the Corliss engine had ceased its operations and rested. This was the occasion for rapturous applause, oft re¬ peated. A change had passed over Machinery Hall. The throbbings of the great leviathan had ceased, and with them the pulsations of all other machinery, and the twenty-three miles of shafting and forty odd miles of belting.

The total number of paying visitors on the closing day was 106,474.

RADIAL DRILL, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

CHAPTER XXIX.

STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE.

Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition- Gradual Increase in the Attendance — Statement of Admissions— The Re¬ ceipts—^ The State Days— Other Noted Days— Comparison of the “Cen¬ tennial ” with Other Exhibitions— Statement of Exhibitors.

eWHOOKING back over the six months’ career of the Great ; I f Exhibition, one striking fact presents itself — that the Exhibition had to make its way slowly into public comprehension and favor. The American people had little knowledge of what a World’s Fair really was, and asked themselves the question, “ Will it pay to go to the Centennial?” many times before they decided to go. There was an ignorance and an indifference throughout the country concerning the grand undertaking that threatened to mar its success. With a few notable exceptions, the leading newspapers outside of Pennsylvania threw cold water upon the Exhibition, and the public had to get its impressions from the papers. Certain influential journals in the West did not wake up to their mistake until the fair had been three months in progress, and only at that late date sent their correspondents to the Exhibition and began to publish descriptive letters. On the opening day Philadelphia furnished nine-tenths of the visitors. There were 7G,1 72 paying admissions — a very fair beginning — but the attendance fell next day to 14,722, and the day after to 10,252. On the 16th of May it was only 7,056. The highest figure reached in that month was 41,111, on the 30th, and th j

average for the month was 19,946- Thus far the visitors we.e

885

886

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

nearly all from Philadelphia and the neighboring towns. The pleasant days of June went by without the attendance showing any adequate appreciation by the public of the manifold attrac¬ tions of the fair. The highest attendance was 39,386, the lowest 20,343, and the average 26,756. By the end of the month the glowing accounts of returning visitors, few in number though they were, had leavened the whole lump of public indifference afld created a general desire among all classes to make a pilgrimage to Philadelphia. The ceremonies on the Fourth of July brought a numerous multitude in spite of the severe heat that prevailed. On the 3d the paying visitors numbered 47,786, on the 4th, 46,290, on the 5th, 51,825, and on the 6th, 46,088. Then the attendance ran down rapidly, so that on the 31st it was only 15,207. The average for the month was 24,481. The heated term was of unprecedented length and severity. It began in June and lasted until late in August. The Exhibition build¬ ings were like ovens, and the concrete paths through the grounds burned the feet like lava. Every day many visitors were pros¬ trated and carried to the hospital. Thousands came in spite of the heat, however, because their midsummer holiday was their only opportunity. In August the largest attendance was on Jersey Day — 55,930 ; the smallest was 22,141, and the average 33,655. September brought the hoped-for throng. On the 1st, 34,182 visitors entered the gates; on the 5th, 50,209, and ex¬ cept on one rainy day the total never dropped below 50,000 thenceforth. Connecticut Day, the 7th, scored 64,059; Massa¬ chusetts Day, the 14th, 78,977 ; New York Day, the 21st, 117,941 ; and Pennsylvania Day, the 28th, brought the enormous number of 257,169 people within the grounds. The average for the month was 81,961. In October the average ran up still higher, being 89,789 ; the lowest figure was 65,865, and the highest, reached on Delaware and Maryland Day, the 19th, was 161,355. Rhode Island Day, the 5th, registered 89,060; New Hampshire Day, the 12th, 101,541, and Ohio Day, the 26th, 122,300. During November the attendance was close upon 100,000 every day.

OF TIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

887

The record of admissions by months is as follows :

Monti is.

May .

June .

July .

August. .

September.

October .

November.

Days.	Paid.	Total.	Receipts.
..19	378,980	*613,495	$189,490.35
.26	695,666	952,177	347,833.40
.26	636,518	906,447	318,199.25
	908,684	1,175,314	415,659.25
..26	2,130,991	2,439,689	928,056.00
..26	2,334,530	2,663,879	1,160,811.50
.. 9	918,956	1,038,391	453,700.00
159	8,004,325	9,789,392	$3,813,749.75

A recapitulation of the above shows the following:

Number of days open . 159

Paid admissions. . 8,004,325

Free admissions . 1,785,007

Total admissions..* . 9,789,392

Grand total of receipts. . $3,813,749.75

The Slate Days .

The State day celebrations at the Exhibition are conspicuous in the records of the admissions as the best paying days. The following is a complete list of these days, with the cash and total admissions and receipts :

Paid.	Total.	Receipts.
. 56,325	67,052	$28,063.75
, 64,059	75,044	30,853.75
85,795	97,868-	41,193.00
122,003	134,588	59,986.00
257,169	274,919	118,673.75
89,060	100,946	44,496.00
101,541	118,422	50,536.00
161,355	176,407	80,367.50
122,300	135,661	61,029.50

Other Noted Days.

The following are some of the other large days during the Exhibition period : _

* Including 110,500 officially estimated free admissions on Opening Day.

888

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Paying Visitors.

Opening Day . 76,172

September 9 . 99,984

September 20 . 101,498

September 30 . 1 03,385

October 38 . 124,777

October 25 . 106,986

r<») ing Visitore. ‘

October 27 . 95,563

November 1..., . 107,715

November 2 . 115,298

November 8 . 90,588

November 9 . 176,755

November 10 . 106,474

Attendance at other Exhibitions.

The attendance at the various International Exhibitions pre¬ ceding our own, show the following comparison :

Tear. Place. Days Open. Visitors. Receipts.

1851— London . 141 6,039,195 82,120,000.00

1855— Paris . 200 5,162,330 640,497.00

3862— London . 371 6,211,103 2,044,650.00

1867— Paris . 210 8,806,969 2,103,675.00

1873— Vienna . 186 7,254,687 1,032,090.00

1876— Philadelphia . 159 9,789,392 3,813,749.75

In the case of all the European Exhibitions, the greatest day was either the closing one, or near it, and at Paris and Vienna the greatest number of visitors was on Sunday. The greatest attendance on any one day at previous Exhibitions, as compared with u Pennsylvania” Day here, is thus given :

Philadelphia . 257,286, on Thursday, September 28, 1876.

Paris . . . 173,923, on Sunday, October 27, 1867.

^ ienna . 135,674, on Sunday, November 2, 1873.

Paris . . — 123,017, on Sunday, September 9, 1855.

London . 109,915, on Tuesday, October 7, 1851.

London . 67,891, on Thursday, October 30, 1862.

The total number of exhibitors in the Centennial Exhibition reached 30,864, and were distributed among fifty countries of the world. The United States headed the list with 8,175 ex¬ hibitors; Spain and her colonies came next with 3,822; Great Britain and her dependencies sent 3,584 exhibitors; and Portugal stands fourth with 2,462.

The classification embraces seven different departments,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. §89

among which the exhibitors are distributed as follows, the first column giving the number of exhibitors in each department from the United States, and the second column the number in each department for the entire Exhibition :

Departments. American Exhib’s.

1 — Mining and Metallurgy . 644

2 — Manufactures . 2,246

3 — Education and Science . 381

4~ Art . . 1,784

5 — Machinery . 1,606

6 — Agriculture . 1,474

7 — Horticulture . 40

Total . 8,175

Total Exhib’s.

2,129

8,760

2,490

4,900

2,260

10,217

108

30,864

Previous to 1851 there had been numerous national exhibi¬ tions in different European cities, some of which brought to¬ gether a very considerable number of exhibitors. In all of these national affairs France kept the lead in the number of ex¬ hibitors, there being 2,447 exhibitors in that held in 1834; 3,381 in 1859 ; 3,960 in 1844; and 4,494 in 1849. The only national exhibition held outside of France which approached these figures in the number of exhibitors was that held in Berlin in 1844, in which all the different countries of Germany were represented, the number on that occasion reaching 3,040.

The following statement gives the total number of exhibitors, and the number of American exhibitors at each of the Inter¬ national Expositions which have been held since the system ■was inaugurated in 1861 at London:

1851 — London .	American Exhib’s.	Total Exhib’s. 13,937
1853 — New York .		4,685
1855 — Paris .	. 144	20,839
1862 — London .	. 228	28,653
1867 — Paris .		42,217
1873 — Vienna .	. 922	42,584
1876 — Philadelphia .	. 8,175	30,864

890

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Thus it will be seen that the number at Paris and Vienna largely exceeded that at our own Exhibition, while it in turn surpasses the two London Expositions and the Paris Exposition of 1855.

TERRA COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED IX MAIN BUILDING.

CHAPTER XXX.

WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED.

Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition— Effects upon Foreign Nations — Views of General Hawley— What Director-General Gos- horn Thinks the Exhibition has Accomplished — Views of President John Welsh — Statements of Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Barnett Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker concerning their respective Departments.

HEN we come to estimate the results of the great Exhi¬ bition we are at a loss to say how far-reaching they may be. It is certain that as a nation we have gathered a rich harvest of culture and of material benefits, and that through the influence of the Exhibition abroad we have acquired a recognition, never before accorded us, as a country of the most diversified and active industries, and the highest civilization. The culture obtained by the millions of our people'who have found in the fair a mine of information and suggestion, must have a beneficial effect upon the national character. A tour through the halls and grounds was like a journey around the world, giving an insight into the life and thought of all manner of men, and lifting the visitor above the narrow limits of his surroundings, so that his horizon stretched out to embrace the whole human race. Bigotry, conceit, and local pride vanished as the great panorama of the achievements of mankind, of all races and in all climes, passed before his eyes. Apart from this general and cosmopolitan culture in which all participated, each found valuable fruits of knowledge adapted to his own need. The farmer saw new machines, seeds, and processes ; the mechanic, ingenious inventions and tools, and products of the finest workmanship; the teacher, the

educational aids and systems of the world ; the man of sc ience,

891

892

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the wonders of nature and the results of the investigations of the best brains of all lands. Thus each returned to his home with a store of information available in his own special trade or profession.

The material benefits accruing from the Exhibition are mani¬ fold, and will be realized for years to come as well as in the

FRENCH BURR MILL, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

near future. An immediate gain is the modification of the rigors of the prevalent hard times. Undoubtedly the setting in motion of millions of people, each with money to spend, has had an effect in breaking the lethargy that has stifled enter¬ prise in the business world and in causing the hopeful begin¬ nings of a revival of trade which we have been witnessing tins fall. Many improvements in manufactures and the introdne-

893

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

tion of new branches of industry will soon follow as the result of the study by inventors, skilled mechanics, and men of enter¬ prise of the products of the globe. They have discovered that many articles which we have been buying from other countries cun be profitably made here, and that .many which we already make can be improved in quality or in the element of taste, 01 pi od need at lower cost, so as to command new markets, and the result will be a still wider development of our national industries.

In the eyes of the nations of the world we have attained a rank never accorded to us before, and this will prove of great material as well as moral benefit. The good opinion of neigh¬ bors is as valuable to a country as to an individual. We were regarded as a smart, half-cultured people, of immense energy and remarkable ingenuity, but deficient in the higher graces and achievements of civilization, and depending upon the Old World for all finer grades of manufactures. The reports of foreign commissioners, jurors, journalists, and travellers, all concurring in expressions of surprise and admiration at, the excellence of our manufactures, our schools, our railroads, our newspapers, and the soundness of our social life, have greatly modified public opinion abroad, and gone far towards intro¬ ducing more just views of us. Those who mingled much in foreign circles at the Exhibition know that the astonishment and wonder of our visitors from abroad at our resources and accom¬ plishments was great and universal.

The close of the great Exhibition was naturally a period of congratulation by those who had projected it and carried it through to success. Prominent among those deserving honor was General Joseph II. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission, who from its organization was the head of the legislative body that governed the Exhibition, establishing the system upon which it was conducted, and super¬ vising in a general way its execution. His force of character and enthusiastic devotion to the enterprise enabled him to iuse a rather incongruous body into a homogeneous whole, to keep the designs of a few self-seeking and unfit men subordinate to

894

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the general unselfish and patriotic purpose of the majority and to secure on nearly all questions that have arisen a wise decis¬ ion. As the official head of the Centennial organization on occasions of celebration and ceremonies, and in its dealings with Congress and public bodies and dignitaries, his eloquence and zeal were invaluable in exciting interest in the great under¬ taking and enforcing conviction as to the grandeur and national importance of its aims and results.

On the closing day General Hawley thus summed up some of the results of the Exhibition :

People ask me if the Exhibition has equalled our expectations. I answer by saying that it did not go beyond or even up to our dreams, grand as it is, but that it was better than we had reason to expect a year before it opened. The estimates of the Commission¬ ers as to the attendance ran from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000. The paid admissions have been about 8,000,000. So far as the financial side is concerned we have reason for gratification. If the apparent prosperity which prevailed when the enterprise was begun had con¬ tinued, it is impossible to say how great the attendance would have been. We are well aware that mere extent and multitudes of visi¬ tors do not make a great Exhibition, and we but accept the judg¬ ment of foreigners and Americans qualified by knowledge of other Exhibitions, when we say that it is the largest, best situated, best arranged, best managed, and most successful Exhibition ever held. We were early met by the objection urged by Charles Sumner and others, that monarchical countries would not take part in an affaii which bad somewhat of a character of a family celebration of the success of republican ideas, but our invitations were accepted by foreign nations in the kindest spirit, and they evidently exerted themselves to make fine displays. Of course, commercial motives influenced their action, more or less; but it is delightful to believe that something was due to genuine good-will. Uncle Sam appears to be one of the most popular members of the brotherhood of nations.

It must be that such a gathering as we have had here wi have large influence upon international commerce and friendship. Reflect that commissioners from thirty governments are making re ports of their examinations, and especially on the American features,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

895

and that these reports will be published as official documents. In addition, 125 foreign judges, especially qualified by their examina¬ tions, are reporting their observations to their countrymen. Further- 1,101 e, every newspaper in the world has published descriptions and accounts of the Fxhibition, so that, to use a commercial phrase, the United States have been advertised to an immense extent. The world knows a great deal more about us than it ever did before. With scarcely a single exception our foreign guests have mani¬ fested satisfaction and pleasure at their stay in the country. Many have had false impressions removed as to the character of our people and their moral elevation. The perfect good behavior of the 8,000,000 visitors is beyond praise. The American people never in the hundred years of their history appeared to so great an advan¬ tage as this summer.

In one respect only the Exhibition did not quite come up to our anticipations. We were anxious to see Virginia, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and other Southern States with unbounded natural resources present themselves here as Kansas, Colorado, Arkansas, and others have done, and we hoped to see them in general joining more heartily in the social and semi-political features of the year. Mary¬ land, Delaware, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, among the Southern States, expended money in assisting to make the fair, and found their advantage in it. It would have delighted us if all had done the same. Had the Governor of Virginia ap¬ pointed a day for his people to meet here, he would have received the warmest greeting he ever saw in his life. The masses of the American people desired to make long strides in the Centennial year toward perfect reconciliation. Divine Providence gave us a splendid opportunity to shake hands. There has been a great deal done, but I wish there had been more. It has been four and a half years since the Commission organized. It has had many dark days. It began with no funds, and with no machinery for raising any. The jealousy of States and localities was very discouraging. The American people two and three years ago were in a fault-finding mood. It was a time of investigation, criticism, and general dis¬ satisfaction. The press was indifferent or unjustly critical toward the Exhibition project. This was, I am bound to say, because the project proposed to put us before the world in an attitude where we should be closely examined, and there was great skepticism as to

896

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

whether the Exhibition could be well managed. In the end we gained public confidence, and the press became our warm and indispensable supporter.

I feel great satisfaction in reflecting that we have demonstrated two things — that an almost voluntary association can conduct all the material concerns of such an Exhibition with ease and accuracy and that the enterprise has come to the last day without a single occurrence above microscopic size that could make a scandal if exposed to public view. It is my testimony, after four and a half years’ presiding over the Commission, that its members, although selected with no just idea of what their work was to be, have proved to be a very capable and entirely honest body of men. Many of them are gentlemen of rare qualifications and experience. We have labored with a sincere desire to make the Exhibition one that our fellow-citizens would have no reason to feel ashamed of. We are ready to say that we are very proud of our success in the material and moral aspects of the whole enterprise.

Director-General Goshorn was conspicuous among those de¬ serving the highest praise of their countrymen for the vigor and ability with which the Exhibition was conducted. He was the Executive Officer of the Commission, and for the excellent organi¬ zation of the gigantic undertaking and its orderly, methodical and intelligent prosecution, no man deserves more honor than he. Events have shown how adequate were his plans, how admirable his foresight, and how competent his executive talent to grasp and hold the whole work and make it more than fill the measure of public expectation.

General Goshorn’s judgment of the results of the Exhibition is thus stated by himself :

There has been much less difficulty in the administration of the Exhibition since the opening than I anticipated. A disposition lias been shown on the part of exhibitors and visitors to comply with the rules and regulations that has made my work comparative!) light. I feel sure that the Exhibition has run more smoothly than any of the great European fairs. The general rules and regulations were prescribed two years before the opening, and to our credit the) remained unchanged to the end. I was engaged for six months w

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

897

preparing them, and made them liberal with the hope that they would stand without alteration and meet all emergencies. The attendance has been somewhat larger than I predicted. My esti¬ mate was 40,000 a day, and it will run over 50,000. The grand total will exceed that of the Paris Exhibition, which was open a month longer than this and had the advantage besides of nearly a month of Sundays, on which days the attendance was always the largest. A comparison with the Vienna Exhibition will be found to he much more in our favor.

All the foreign commissioners were accredited to me, and I gave personal attention to their departments, so that I have had excel¬ lent opportunities to know the views of this class. I have heard hut one expression, and that a highly favorable one. The commis¬ sioners were especially pleased with the regulation which permitted them to arrange the spaces assigned them according to their own ideas. My aim was to give them as much liberty as possible, and I found them at all times entirely willing to co-operate with the general direction. The administration of the customs laws gave them a good deal of annoyance which I could not obviate. The customs officials never comprehended the Exhibition. Instead of regarding it as exceptional and peculiar, they treated it like a retail shop, and tied it up with all the red tape they could apply. Besides, there was a want of harmony between different branches of the cus¬ toms service which added to the troubles of exhibitors. Foreigners have expressed themselves to me as greatly impressed with the character of the visitors, their good order, and their inquiring dis¬ position.

I think that about sixty per cent, of the goods displayed have been sold, and more will be disposed of during the next few days, so that the commercial side of the enterprise has, so far as exhib¬ itors are concerned, been fairly successful. A good many collections and single articles of value have been generously presented by foreign governments to public institutions like the Smithsonian and the Pennsylvania Museum. I expect to see the Exhibition rapidly dismantled. Exhibitors must all be out by the 81st of December, but they will not take advantage of the seven weeks accorded them for removing their goods except in a few cases. The disposition among them is to stop expenses, pack up and be off as soon as pos¬ sible. The foreigners are in even more haste to get. home, and have

made arrangements for early transportation of their articles.

57

898

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

As to the awards, my opinion is that onr system has proved to be a good one, but for its entire success it requires, for judges, experts peculiarly fitted to make examinations and write reports. Wher¬ ever we had such in any group the result was satisfactory. One serious error was committed. As the reports came in they should have been looked over by the Executive Committee, and such as did not correspond with the system should have been returned to the judges for correction. This was not done, and the whole mass of 12,000 reports was laid before the Commission after the judges had scattered to the four quarters of the globe. However, I can say this about the awards — there never was an Exhibition where there was so little complaint about them. This is because like articles were not examined in competition with each other to deter¬ mine their comparative excellence, but the awards are made for merit.

I should have added that my system of dividing the labor afid responsibility among the chiefs of bureaus, giving them full control over the details, and holding them responsible for the general re¬ sults in their several departments, has had very gratifying results. This plan, adopted before the opening of the Exhibition, has re¬ mained without change.

A large share of the credit for the successful issue of the Exhibition belongs to Mr. John Welsh, the President of the Centennial Board of Finance, who, in connection with his col¬ leagues in the board, managed its finances with extraordinary sagacity and energy, and with an economy nicely balanced by the liberality required for the full realization of the project. In a word, Mr. Welsh applied to the Exhibition the principles upon which be would have conducted an important business enterprise confided to his care. Tie and his associates regarded it as a trust and not as a speculation, and they felt bound by sentiments of honor and patriotism to administer it with discre¬ tion, earnestness and fidelity.

Mr. Welsh expressed himself as follows, with respect to the financial aspect of the Exhibition :

The expectations I held out to the public have in every respect been realized except one — I thought we should have 10,000,000

OF THE CENTEX X I AL EXIIIBITIOX.

899

visitors, and we have had only 8,000,000. The difference is attrib¬ utable to three causes: first, the indisposition of people throughout the country to believe we would open the fair on the 10th of May ; second, to the tardiness of the railroads in realizing the necessity of bringing their rates within the demands of the public ; and third, to the extraordinary spell of hot weather which began in June and lasted the whole summer through. The reports in the newspapers that the Exhibition could not possibly be got ready on the day ad¬ vertised for opening deprived us of the attendance we expected during the first month, and then the hot spell and the high railroad, fares kept people away until September.

My calculations of the outlay required up to the opening, sub¬ mitted to Congress last winter, proved accurate almost to a dollar,, and my estimates of the running expenses have been closely reab ized. We have a surplus of about §2,000,000. The total stock subscriptions amounted to 82,400,000. So we shall be able to pay- 80 cents on the dollar fo the stockholders, if we are not required; to pay back the million and a half appropriated by Congress.. This is a question which the courts must settle. The English of the act of Congress gives the stockholders the whole of their money back before the government can claim anything, and the Senate- understood it so; but Mr. Springer, the mover of the amendment to the bill in the House, did not. I learn that a resolution will be introduced by a member next winter, directing the Attorney -Gen¬ eral to take steps to prevent us from paying anything to the stock¬ holders until the United States is reimbursed. Congress ought, instead of adopting such a resolution, to pass one thanking the- managers of the Exhibition, and exempting us from all demands on the part of the government. We have been- celebrating the birthday of the nation. The government refused to appropriate anything for the purpose until the success of the movement was assured. I cannot believe that it will now step in and grab all the assets, and thus throw the whole expense upon its citizens who were patriotic enough to subscribe to the great enterprise.

We shall be able to close up our affairs by the 1st of January if this feature of the disposition of the surplus is settled before that time. All the buildings will be off our hands on the 1st of Decem¬ ber. Memorial Hall remains as a monument of the Centennial year. Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall are the piopeity of the city of Philadelphia, and will be retained, the latter as an

000

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOID

embellishment of the Park, and the former for festivals, celebra¬ tions, and the fairs of the Franklin Institute. The Main Building will probably be bought by the Permanent Exhibition Company recently organized here, and if so will be preserved. The Art An¬ nex, Shoe and Leather Building, Carriage Annex, Judges’ Hall Agricultural Hall, Commission offices, etc., will be sold at auction' and removed by the purchasers. The State buildings will also be sold, and all the foreign structures, so far as I know, except the British house, which has been presented to the city. The restau¬ rants and other business structures will be speedily pulled dov/n. The amount received for concessions lias not varied from my origi¬ nal estimate of 8500,000. We are likely to close all the business growing out of concessions and contracts without disputes and without a single lawsuit.

Mr. John Sartain, Chief of the Bureau of Art, said:

I consider the Art Exhibit, as a whole, a remarkable success, and believe it compared favorably with the displays at previous World’s Fairs. France and Germany did not send their best works, but England made a most remarkable contribution, twice as large as she sent to Paris in 1867, and three times as largeaj her collection at \ ienna in 1873. The great merit of the English pictures was owing to the fact that they came from the private galleries of gentlemen owning fine works. The Netherlands ex¬ hibit was good, and so were those of Belgium, Sweden and Spain, It was altogether an aggregation of extraordinary talent. The Italians sent too many copies of old masters, but among their pic¬ tures were some of first-rate landscapes. Nothing in the whole Exhibition attracted so much attention as the Italian statuary. The Art Galleries were at all times the most crowded part of the fair, and the rooms containing these statues were the most crowded portions of the galleries. The Italians, Mr. Sartain says, have struck out a new field in sculpture, and have successfully treated in marble subjects heretofore confined to canvas — scenes from domestic life. Their execution is wonderful, and whatever the critics may say, the popular instinct recognizes and approves the truthfulness to nature manifested in these works.

Captain Albert, Chief of the Bureau of Machinery, said:

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

901

It is scarcely necessary for me to speak of the general success of the Exhibition in my department, as everybody knows that it has been very successful. 1. he machinery employed in our various in¬ dustries was thoroughly represented in almost every respect except that of marine engineering and shipbuilding, which important interest, owing to the decline of American commerce, is not in as prosperous a condition as it should be. The number of exhibitors, of machinery was more than double the number at the Vienna Exhibition, the only previous one which had a separate hall de¬ voted to this department. The exhibitors, as a rule, were very much pleased. The majority of them have been reimbursed. Large sales of machinery have been made, both to foreign and native customers. A number of foreign machines have been sold and will remain in this country. Machinery Hall cost less than the sum appropriated for its erection. It was the settled policy of the Commission to encourage the exhibition of processes of manu¬ facture, and this led to the granting of permission to exhibitors to sell the products of such work, a percentage of the proceeds being paid to the Board of Finance. During the last three months a sum was realized in this way sufficient to \pay all the expenses of the Machinery Department for that time.

The Corliss engine and shafting worked during the whole time of the Exhibition without any mishap whatever, never stopping from any disarrangement, and no accident has happened to any person from machinery under the control of the Bureau. To drive all the machinery in the Exhibition 4,400 horse-power was re¬ quired, and this was supplied from the boilers through three- fourths of a mile of steam pipe, varying in diameter from two to fifteen inches. This power was communicated by one mile of shaft¬ ing. The amount of coal used daily was from twenty-five to thirty tons. The Bureau has conducted the largest and most comprehen¬ sive tests of steam-engines, water-wheels, and steam boilers that have ever been known, as well as trials of various smaller machines and apparatus. To show the extent of this work, it may be stated that twenty-three water-wheels, belonging to eighteen different manufacturers, have been tested, the whole apparatus for the pur¬ pose being supplied by the Commission. I rials have also been made of fifteen different boilers and about a dozen fire-engines.

Among the important American machines of recent invention shown were those for cloth-cutting, hat making, envelope making,

902

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

stone-cutting, and for ornamenting in stone. Much Europea machinery of special interest and merit was exhibited. Among this may be mentioned machines for jute-making and for tobacco twisting, and a sugar mill from Great Britain ; Krupp’s exhibit of ordnance and heavy marine forging, and Schlickeysen’s brick- making machinery from Germany; wood-working machinery and a lithographic press from France, and mining machinery from Belgium. Russia had a fine exhibit from beginning to end, and that of Sweden was also excellent throughout. The most interest-

SCREW-CUTTING LATHE, EXHIBITED IX MACHINERY HALL.

ing part of Brazil’s display in this department was illustrative of silk production. The Canadian machinery waswarious and good.

Mr. Burnett Landrcth, Chief of the Department of Agricul¬ ture, expressed great satisfaction with the general results of his branch of the Exhibition. lie said :

No previous International Exhibition ever had a separate depart¬ ment for the products and implements of farming, and the marked

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

903

success of the experiment here would, he thought, cause it to be copied in future fairs. There was au exceedingly good show of American agricultural machinery. A good deal of progress in simplifying and improving the construction of mowers and reapers was displayed. The presiding judge of this group, an Englishman, considered a hay-loading machine as the most important of the new inventions shown. None of the foreign countries exhibited much worth considering in the way of machinery and implements except Canada. England might have done so, but was deterred by the want of a market in this country. The show of grains and seeds in the American section was very good, and several foreign countries were well represented in this line. Oregon excelled all competitors in the quality of her grains. Iowa, Nebraska and Michigan sent the best fruits. There was a fine display of tobacco, and a remark¬ ably extensive one of wines, in which Portugal, Spain, France, and our own country were prominent. The exhibit of wool and cotton was unfortunately scanty and defective. The live-stock show did not meet expectation as far as the quantity of stock displayed was concerned, but the quality was superior to anything ever seen in the United States. The poultry show was exceptionally good and was the largest ever held in this country, while the display of pigeons was never equalled in the world.

Among the foreign countries, all things considered, Canada made the best show, because she had both implements and products. Of products alone Brazil had the most complete and best arranged ex¬ hibit. The special exhibit of the brewing industry was a notably creditable feature of the Agricultural Department, and the butter and cheese show was also praiseworthy. The exhibitors of agricul¬ tural machinery were very successful in making sale to foreign countries — Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Japan, Australia and the Cape of Good Hope being large purchasers.

Mr. Charles PI. Miller, Chief of the Department of Horticul¬ ture, states:

I am convinced that the exhibition in that department has led to very important results. At no previous World's Fair was there a separate department devoted to horticulture, hut the' innovation has been very satisfactory in its effects. The horticulturists of the delegation of French artisans who visited the Centennial Exhibition wrote a letter on their return highly praising the exhibit here, and

904

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

been determined to have a horticultural department in the

Exhibition at Paris in 1878. Besides the nu¬ merous displays of specialties by Ameri¬ cans, many foreign collections of impor¬ tance were sent to the Exhibition, and the space reserved by the Commission was so used as to give the whole great attraction as a display of decora¬ tive gardening. Mul¬ titudes of visitors have been delighted with its beauty, and many of them have learned to appreciate for the first time the results of the labors of florists and horticulturists. This awakening of popular interest and training of taste in horticul¬ tural matters cannot fail to be of incalcula¬ ble benefit. Exhibit¬ ors are well satisfied, and many horticultur¬ ists who made no dis¬ play now regret that they did not do so. A great many foreigners have expressed their admiration of the Ex¬ hibition in this depart-

it has

inent, and many of the foreign exhibitors have contributed valuable collections to the Park Commissioners, to form part of the exhibi-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

905

tion which will be maintained in Horticultural Hall. Measures are now being taken to organize a botanic garden and arboretum in Fairmount Park, and an excellent nucleus exists in the foreign and American collections that would he given to aid the under¬ taking.

General Francis A. Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards, said :

The so-called American system of awards has suffered more or less disadvantage in its first trial at the International Exhibition of 1876, first, by reason of its novelty, and, secondly, from the want of early and adequate preparation for the work of adjudication. The trial made at this Exhibition has not disclosed any inherent defects in the system, but it has shown the necessity of providing certain conditions and imposing certain limitations which seem not to have been anticipated. Among these I may indicate a restric¬ tion upon the awards to be given, having reference to the impor¬ tance of the exhibits. Petty exhibits, especially those which are not of a commercial character, cannot be advantageously dealt with under the American system. If an exhibitor who presents a can of maple sugar, or two or three bottles of wine, or a piece ol hand¬ worked embroidery made for the purposes of the Exhibition, is to receive an award purely upon the merit of the indisidual ai tides shown, without reference either to the extent of the exhibition made or to the extent and importance of his production, the repot ts o( the judges will be so multiplied and their subjects will become so trivial as to impair, more or less, the dignity and authority of the reports made upon exhibits of greater importance.

The want of this limitation has been felt at the present Exhibition, and as the result we find the number of awards swollen by the recognition of a great number of articles of unquestioned merit,

but of merit in a very small way.

This excess inevitably tends to diminish the proper effect of those awards which are given to exhibits of great commercial value.

The want of early and adequate preparation for the work of adjudication has been severely felt through the whole progress of the Exhibition. The classification of articles as arranged for the judges’ work omitted some of the most important groups of products in the Exhibition, including tea, coffee, tobacco, spices, and the whole line of cereals, rendering it necessary to assign, as the exi-

90G

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

genries of the situation required, the omitted products to groups which were perhaps already overburdened with the number and variety of objects submitted to the judges’ attention. The obscurity of some of the lines of classification adopted, moreover, increased greatly the liability, always in a degree existing, of articles falling through between contiguous but not absolutely coterminous groups- of even more serious consequence was the delay in sending out blank forms to be filled up by exhibitors with the necessary infor¬ mation for the judges. These forms were not prepared and issued in season to reach more than a very small fraction of the foreign exhibitors, and in the result it was Ibund that a very large propor¬ tion even of the native exhibitors had been supplied either not at all, or so late as to render their replies unavailable for the purposes of the judges, who were therefore left, in the incompleteness of the official catalogue, to find out for themselves both the locution of the exhibits and the special advantages claimed by their pro¬ ducers.

In spite of the defects noted, the American system of awards is, I think, fully acknowledged to be a success by all who have seeu enough of its workings to be able to judge of the results; and I think it will be generally approved both at home and abroad, when the reports of the judges in the several groups shall be published. The central idea, as you are aware, is to give information to the body of would-be purchasers and to the general public through a series of discriminating and descriptive reports, instead of making use of tokens like graded medals which convey practically no in¬ formation.

Under the present system, the medal, uniform in all cases as to size, design and material, becomes only a token that the exhibitor has received an award. The question what the award is is only answered by the report of the examining judge, which is expected to set forth the elements of merit, and, as far as practicable, the degree of merit. In other words, the report of the judge answers the question which Socrates used to ask of his antagonists in debate "hen they declared a thing to be good — good for what? Its adap¬ tation to the uses designed, its economy, its efficiency, and every other recognized advantage of a product, come thus within the scope of the report. The medal simply declares that an article is good ; the report tells what it is good for, and how good.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

907

This system also enables us to avoid forcing comparison between objects having more or less different uses, though falling under the same class. In general it is true, I think, that a judge should be able to say something better of an article or product than that it is the best. An article may be the best ot its kind and yet very poor;

y . o°°d things it may be impossible to say which is the best. Hence, the Bureau of Awards has steadily discouraged the use of superlatives in the judges’ reports.

The reports made under this system are nearly all in press, and will be issued in pamphlets by groups as soon as practicable, all probably within the course of two or three weeks. In general the judges have very clearly apprehended and strongly held to this plan of awards, and the reports as rendered will do great credit to the Exhibition, as constituting a part of its permanent literature, as well as convey much practical information of commercial value. Of course, when a judge is to report upon an exhibit of canned peas, not a great deal can be said except that the peas were well selected and the work of canning well done ; but in regard to the many exhibits of an important character, highly discriminating and often fully descriptive reports have been presented. Whether in a few lines or in two or three pages, the characteristic features of each exhibit are stated.

Of the judges selected for this difficult and delicate duty it cer¬ tainly cannot be necessary for me to speak in terms of praise. Many of them are among the first savants of this country and Europe, while others, not so widely known, are experts of large experience and high authority in their own departments. They have labored with astonishing zeal and energy. They have, speaking generally, overcome not only the intrinsic difficulties of the work of adjudica¬ tion, but the disadvantages which have attended its first adoption here in Philadelphia, with rare patience and pains. I believe that substantial justice has been done as fully as can be expected in human affairs, and that the results as they appear will justify the s vs tern and do credit to its author, Mr. Beckwith, and to the judges who have been appointed to carry it out.

i'KMS’S 'ilUiA'l’ * WITH XUE 1MU1ANB,

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION.

History of the Enterprise — How it Grew out of the Centennial Exhibition — Organization of the International Exhibition Company — Its Officers— The Capital Raised— Co-operation of Exhibitors— Purchase of the Main Build- ing — Description of the Main Building as Arranged for the Permanent Exhibition— A Rich and Beautiful Display — Additional Objects of Interest — The Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art.

aCi<? S the close of the Centennial Exhibition drew near there IX t was everywhere expressed a feeling of regret that the V magnificent structures erected for it should he torn e) down at its close, and a general desire was manifested that as many of them as possible should be preserved as memorials of the great Exhibition. Some of these were destined to stand. Machinery and Horticultural Halls, bcimr the property of the city, were erected as permanent ornaments to Fairmount Park, and the beautiful Memorial Hall was to be converted into the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art at the close of the Exhibition. The Main Building, however, the great edifice which, by the grandeur and beauty of its details, as well as by its colossal proportions, had won the enthusiastic admiration of the whole country, was doomed to destruction. There was a widespread desire that this fide might be averted, and that the superb structure might be preserved. Out of this feeling grew the suggestion that a second Exhibition, permanent {in character, and arranged somewhat after the plan of the Crystal Palace, at Sydenham, in England, might be successful, and that the Main Building could be used for this purpose and thus preserved. The suggestion was eagerly welcomed by the public* and was carefully considered by a number of prominent

909

910

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

citizens of Philadelphia, many of whom were closely identified with the Centennial Exhibition, and it was agreed that the scheme was piactieable and could be made a suceess under proper management.

Three things were necessary: first, to secure the consent of the Park Commission to the retention of the Main Building in its present location ; second, to secure the necessary funds for the put chase of the Main Building and the proper inauguration of the Permanent Exhibition ; and third, to secure the hearty co-operation of exhibitors. The consent of the Park Commis¬ sion was obtained after some little trouble, and the use of the land upon which the Main Building stands was granted upon liberal terms. Towards the last of October, 1876, the Inter¬ national Exhibition Company was organized. Clement M. Biddle, of Philadelphia, was elected President, and E. A. Rollins, Treasurer. Both these gentlemen had been prominently concerned in the management of the Centennial Exhibition, and among the Board of Directors and Managers of the new Exhi¬ bition were many who had in a similar way commended them¬ selves to the confidence of the public. Mr. Henry Pettit was made Chief of the Bureau of Management; Captain JohnS. Albert was placed in charge of the Machinery Department and made Consulting Engineer; to Mr. John Sartain was confided the Department of Fine Arts; and Captain Dolphus Torrey was made Superintendent of the Transportation Department.

I he capital of the new company was fixed at $600,000, di¬ vided into six thousand shares of $100 each. Measures were set on foot to secure this sum, and several public meetings for this purpose were held in the Common Council Chamber at Phila¬ delphia. The replies of the people were prompt. Before the close of the Centennial Exhibition the subscriptions amounted to $100,000 in cash and $500,000 in the stock of the Centen¬ nial Board of Finance, rated at fifty cents on the dollar, making the total subscription equal to $350,000. By the middle of November $100,000 additional in cash had been subscribed, and before the close of the. year almost the entire amount of the capital had been raised.

911

OF THE CENTENNIAL

exhibition.

1 lie financial difficulty being thus removed, the next step was to secure the co-operation of the exhibitors. Circulars setting foith the nature and objects of the proposed Exhibition were addressed to the exhibitors taking part in the Centennial Ex¬ hibition. These circulars contained the following regulations for the government of the new enterprise:

> The Exhibition will be held in the Main Exhibition Building, Fairmonnt Park, which has been purchased from the Centennial Board of Finance ex¬ pressly for that purpose.

Exhibits will be received belonging to any of the following classes: Mining, manufactures, education and science, art, machinery, agriculture and horti¬ culture.

M hen circumstances will admit, special arrangements will be made for the exhibition of machinery in motion.

Exhibitors of machinery, apparatus and tools especially adapted for use of the Exhibition, offered free of cost and accepted by the management, will be granted special privileges. The management will defray the necessary ex¬ penses of exhibitors lending their machinery, tools, etc., for use, beyond that which they have incurred as exhibitors, wear and tear excepted.

Exhibitors will not be charged for space, but the receiving, unpacking and rearrangement of the exhibits must be done by and at the expense of the exhibitor.

The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of new exhibits must be done at the expense of the exhibitor.

Exhibitors accepting space must guarantee to occupy it in a creditable and satisfactory manner, in accordance with the rules and regulations of the man¬ agement, for a period of not less than one year from the date of their permit, unless special arrangement to the contrary is made in writing with the chief of bureau.

In every case exhibitors will he required to give at least three months’ notice of their intention to withdraw from the Exhibition.

The management reserves the right to make such rearrangement of space, from time to time, as may be found expedient and for the general good of the Exhibition.

Exhibitors will have the privilege of renewing their exhibits from time to time, subject to the approval of the chief of bureau.

Exhibitors may employ attendants or watchmen of their own choice, to take care of their spaces and exhibits. Appointments of such attendants and watchmen will be subject to the approval of the management.

Exhibitors not desiring to employ attendants or watchmen may leave their exhibits in the care of the management, who will then assume the responsibility of their cleanliness.

Exhibitors’ business cards, circulars and samples, maybe placed within their spaces for distribution, but visitors shall not be solicited to receive them.

912

TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Cards may be affixed to goods, stating exhibitor’s name, address, place of manufacture, price, etc.

Signs will not be allowed to project beyond the floor area of the space al¬ lotted, nor will signs of canvas, muslin, linen or paper be permitted. The size and style of all signs to be subject to approval.

Exhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-cases, shelving, counters platforms, partitions, fittings and appurtenances which are required.

All arrangements of exhibits and decorations, and the installation generally will be subject to the approval of the chief of bureau.

Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of articles exhibited will only be allowed upon joint assent of the exhibitor and the chief of bureau • but views of portions of the building may be made with the written permission of the chief of bureau.

The management will take precautions for the safe preservation of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating.

Articles that are in any way dangerous or ofiensivc will not be admitted- and if introduced under false pretences will occasion the immediate forfeiture of the exhibitor’s space.

Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges and under¬ takes to keep the rules and regulations established for the government of the Exhibition.

The management reserves the right to explain or amend these regulations whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interests of the Exhibition.

The Centennial Exhibition had been so beneficial to the mer¬ chants and manufacturers taking part in it, that the responses to the circular of the new company were so general that long be¬ fore the close of the year every foot of space in the Main Building was disposed of. Many of the new exhibitors were foreign merchants or manufacturers who had taken part io the Centennial Exhibition.

1 he next step on the part of the managers was to purchase the Main Building. On the 1st of December, 1876, as re¬ quired by law, a number of the principal Exhibition buildings were sold at auction. Among these was the Main Building, which was purchased by the Permanent Exhibition Company for the sum of $250,000.

The necessary capital having been secured, the Main Building purchased, and the co-operation of exhibitors pledged, the plans for the Exhibition were carried forward with great rapidity.

The Permanent Exhibition will be formally opened on the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 913

1st °f May, 1877. It will be contained entirely within the

am Building, and will be a more magnificent and varied dis¬ play than was given in this superb edifice during the Centen¬ nial Exhibition. As many of the articles then on exhibition will remain, visitors will see much that will recall to them the .greatest of the World’s Fairs; and there will also be much that will be new and attractive.

The arrangement of exhibits will be such as will bring simi¬ lar articles of the same group in close proximity to each other,1 thus facilitating comparison and study. The building is inter¬ sected through the centre lengthwise by the main nave and crosswise by the centre transept, and is thereby divided into four principal divisions. Each group of articles as classified will have a frontage on either the nave, centre transept, or a prominent cross avenue leading directly to the nave.

At the centre of the building in the north gallery will be placed the great Centennial organ, and immediately in front of it, to be treated as an auditorium tor musical performances, will be an area of 200 feet in width, and extending 240 feet in length to the centre of the building, and having a seating ac¬ commodation for 8000 people. Tiers of seats affording ample provision for orchestra and chorus will extend from the organ- gallery down to the floor.

I he acoustic qualities of this portion of the building proved during the late Centennial Exhibition to be exceptionally fine, and the facilities offered by the place for musical festivals, or¬ chestral and vocal concerts, oratorios, and for the performance generally of both classical and popular music, will be unequalled by any other concert-room in the United States.

In the centre of the building, extending from the nave south, will be the department devoted to painting and sculpture, the admirable light of the building affording special facilities for the display of works of fine art.

At the present writing this department is in better order than any of the others, and there are a number of pieces of statuary in place. These are arranged in a circular space commencing

at the column that marked the corner of the German depart- 63

914

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ment, and extending around to the handsome enclosure of Tiffany & Co.’s display in the old Exhibition. At the extreme end of the line is the grim bronze statue of Bismarck. In the eastern part are some beautiful agate marbles, whose wave-like lines are marked in shades of light yellowish brown and white with crystallized portions that look like quartz. It is known as oriental marble, comes from Italy, and is very valuable. A slab about five feet in length and three in breadth, and a little over an inch thick, was sold for $1800. In the rear of the statuary are three large equestrian statues, the largest of which representing General Scott, is of colossal size, and another of General McPherson of less dimensions. The third, which is a bronze of General Blanco, President of the United States of Venezuela, is of less size, beinga little larger than life. These will stand at the three angles of a triangle, and in the centre will be a handsome fountain.

An interesting feature of the Exhibition will be numerous foreign courts fronting on the main nave, each of which will be formed by enclosures erected in the style of architecture peculiar to the respective countries, and will also contain characteristic exhibits. Owing to the kind co-operation and interest mani¬ fested in the Permanent Exhibition by the various foreign com¬ missions to the recent Centennial Exhibition, many of the foreign governments have presented their enclosures to the In¬ ternational Exhibition Company. These structures will be rearranged in the form of courts, and, together with others to be hereafter added, will form permanent attractions.

In the west wing, on the north side, commencing at the west end, will be the following courts, in the order named : Nor¬ wegian, Swedish, Danish, Tunisian, Turkish, Spanish (Agricul¬ tural), and Chinese. On the south side, as follows : Egyptian and Spanish (industrial). In the east wing, on the north side: Japanese, French Crystal Court, Belgian, Swiss, Mexican, and the superb Brazilian Pavilion, presented by his Majesty, Dorn Pedro II.

A special feature of the Exhibition will be the Educational Department, in which will be represented model school-rooms.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

915

complete with all their appliances and accessories. These rooms will be the embodiment of the latest and best efforts in the cause of education, and will show standard appliances and ar¬ rangements for the benefit and instruction of all persons inter¬ ested in educational matters. The exhibits in the Educational Department will be carefully selected by experts and instructors actually engaged in the work of education. Adjacent to the Educational Department a large space will be devoted to the display of publications and objects of interest to the book-trade generally.

The ceramic art, specimens of which commanded such uni¬ versal admiration at the late Centennial Exhibition, will be largely represented in the Permanent Exhibition, provision being made for the collective display in a permanent location of ceramics from different countries. The northwest section of the building will be devoted exclusively to agriculture, includ¬ ing agricultural machinery in motion, and many State collective exhibits of their respective agricultural and mineral resources. In the southwest portion will be the Machinery Department proper, in which will be exhibited many processes of manufac¬ ture, the motive power being obtained from boiler-houses erected adjacent to the building on the north side. A novel feature of the Exhibition will be a large aquarium, covering 15,000 square feet, and containing both salt and fresh water specimens. In its construction advantage will be taken of all the latest im- provements to make it both attractive and instructive. For the special convenience of visitors, a Department of Public Comfort will be established on the south side of the building, adjoining the central entrance. This department will enclose a first-class restaurant and beaufet, reception and retiring rooms, telegraph office, barber shop, bath rooms, facilities for checking and storing baggage, and obtaining rolling-chairs for use throughout the building.

In the extreme northwest corner is the large tower and wind¬ mill that used to stand in the Agricultural Hall during the past Centennial. The Tunisian archway that used to stand in the southeast part of the hall has been given a prominent position

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

916

in the same section, near the Educational Department. Oppo¬ site the Spanish portal is part of the enclosure that encompassed the Spanish Agricultural Section. There are in this section a very large and tine collection of seeds, cereals, and plants, and special collections from the different States.

There is a section that will be devoted to the special display of agricultural and horticultural products. In it is a pavilion that will be much admired. It is hexagonal in form, the sides of rustic formed of straight pine saplings, two inches in diam¬ eter. The roof is supported by pine sapling posts at each angle, and the roof is formed by a series of gables coming down from a central post. The latter extends through the roof and about twenty-five feet above it. This pole is festooned with the small cones of the red pine, and the roof is covered with large cones of different varieties and Spanish moss. The outer edges of the gable ends are ornamented with large cones of the edible pinon, some of them eight inches in length and six in diameter. From the top of the central pole to the finials at the front of each gable, there will be festoons of moss and cones. The appear¬ ance of the pavilion when finished will be very fine. It is situated in the space underneath the northeast tower in the cen¬ tral part of the building.

The Permanent Exhibition will open May 1st, 1877. Sales will be permitted in the building under such conditions as will be advantageous for the affording facilities to manufacturers and producers to bring their wares to the further notice of the pub¬ lic. Samples of goods donated to and accepted by the Inter¬ national Exhibition Company will be exhibited, and information given as to prices, etc., if so desired, without charge. A com¬ mission of ten per cent, will be charged on the sale of goods for immediate delivery.

It is not doubted that the Permanent Exhibition will be among the most superb displays ever witnessed. It will be reinforced by the exhibitions and other festivals which will be held from time to time in Machinery Hall ; by the beautiful grounds which were laid out by the Centennial Commission, and which will be kept in order by the Park authorities ; by

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 917

the grand conservatory in Horticultural Hall ; by the various foreign buildings donated to the city .of Philadelphia by the Commissioners of the European powers taking part in the Cen¬ tennial Exhibition j and, lastly, by the rich and beautiful Museum of Art in Memorial Hall.

As this Museum will be the most valuable of its kind in this country, it may not be out of place to add here a brief account of the plan upon which it is proposed to conduct it.

The museum to be established in Memorial Hall will proba¬ bly be closely modelled after the South Kensington Museum of London, and, profiting by past experience, its good results should be even greater than those of its famous predecessor. When the South Kensington Museum was started, England had made so little progress in industrial art that her manufactures were totally without value in many countries with which she has since traded largely. Yet so rapidly has the English standard of industrial art been raised within the past twenty years that her designs are now purchased in France, which, until recently, supplied the world with decorations.

The museum proper will not be opened until the 10th of May, 1877, but arrangements are now being made for deposit¬ ing the objects secured and opening a school of industrial art as soon as practicable. The models will be greatly increased by a loan collection now being made, and, as the very best of teachers are to be engaged, the school will doubtless become exceptionally valuable to all classes. English exhibitors, who have purchased designs from the South Kensington Museum, and employed pupils of that institution, state that large num¬ bers of ladies earn from thirty to forty dollars a week in such work as tile-painting, etc., while some of greater industry or talent earn far more.

It is not anticipated that the demand for superior designs or original ornaments will, in this country, immediately make such talent remunerative, but it is confidently expected that in a remarkably short space of time American taste will so change that only the finest products can be sold, and the demand for talent and culture in art decoration must, therefore, increase with equal rapidity.

91S

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

One of the most interesting, as well as the most curious departments of the South Kensington Museum is said to be what is known as the “Chamber of Horrors,” an apartment reserved especially for the exhibition of costly pieces of furni¬ ture, etc., which, to an artistic eye, are actually ugly. This will probably be reproduced in the Pennsylvania Museum, the only difference being that the selections for the new “Chamber of Horrors ” will be made from American instead of English manufactures. It is expected that such a display will give offence to the firms which have been largely profiting by the sale of actually ugly yet very expensive articles, but the good end to be attained by thus contrasting correct with incorrect designs is regarded as justifying the means.

Interest in the new museum has been daily increasing since its organization, and among the more recent donations should be mentioned a large collection of plaster easts, taken from the Alhambra, in Spain, and presented by Count Dona Dio, and 131 frames of fictile ivory, for educational drawings, presented by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon. It is expected that Dr. Dresser’s lectures on “Art Museums,” at the Academy of Fine Arts, will have the effect of creating an interest in the subject, and it is probable that other lectures will follow.

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THE

Centennial History

of TITE

UNITED STATES,

FEOM

THE DISCOVERT OF THE 1MEMCM MTIHEHT

TO

file Close of the First Century of American Independence,,

the close of the FitiST Hundred Years of our National Progress, and its celebration by a Grand International Centennial Exhibition* a renewed and wide-spread interest is being diffused among the people in the History of the Great Events which have culminated in such power and wealth as that to which our country lias attained.

The au-.hor gives a clear, vivid, and brilliant narrative of the events of our history, from the discovery of the American Continent to the present day. The voyages of Columbus, the explorations of the different nations of Europe, and the wanderings of the Spaniards in quest of gold and immortal youth are told with graphic power.

Every step of our colonial history is traced with patient fidelity, and the sources of those noble, and we trust-, enduring institutions which have made our country free and great, are shown with remarkable clearness. The causes of our great struggle for inde¬ pendence are told with a logical force and ability unsurpassed in any work of the day; and the story of that great struggle for liberty, with its triumphant issue, is in itself worth the price of the book. Then n Hows a clear and succinct account of the formation of the Federal Constitution ; the establishment of the In ion ; the course of affairs until the breaking out of the Second War with England; and a full and comprehensive account of that War and its results. The history of the country from the peace of 1815 to the outbreak of the Mexican war is then given, and the thrilling story of the Mexican "War is told with all the interest of a romance. The history of the Civil War is related with intense v.g'w, and with strict fidelity to truth. '1 he author writes throughout with the calmness and impartiality of a historian, and pleads the cause of no [ arty or section, lie states facts, points out the lessons which they teach, and apj ealing to neither passion uor political feeling, trusts to the good sense of his countrymen to sustain his views.

It is a fitting time to consider the storv of the ] ast, to learn the lessons which it teaches, and to ponder the warnings which it conveys for the future. On the fourth of July. 1876, the United States of America completed the first century of their national existence. The people of this country can look back upon this period with pride, for it is a grand history — a record of the highest achievements of humanity — the noblest, most thrilling, and glorious history ever penned on earth, and yet the fact remains that the great mass of the American people are but imperfectly acquainted with it. There is a real need that we should know better than we do what we have done. It is only by f. thoughtful study of our past that we can safely provide for the peri Is of the future, ne- have triumphed over adversity, and we are now called upon to bear the test of success. The author lias devoted a life of study and research to li is task, and has produced a work that will take rank as the Standard History of the United States.

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PATHWAYS OH1

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A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THOSE COUNTRIES, THEIR HISTORY ANTIQUITIES, INHABITANTS AND CUSTOMS, '

ACCORDIXG TO THE

GREAT DISCOVERIES RECENTLY MADE BY THE PALESTINE EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS.

Illustrated with %4:2 line JEnt/vavinf/s and Jilaps^

^^.IlSCE the establishment of Christianity throughout the civilized world the country known as Palestine, or the Holy Land, has been the most interesting portion of the globe in the eyes of every race professing faith in Jesus Christ. Not only is it the scene of the events recorded in the Old Testament, but it witnessed the birth, the labors, the great sacrifice, and the triumphant resurrection of the Redeemer of the world.

For the past ten years there has been a constant and successful effort to explore every part of the Holy Land. These explorations have revolu¬ tionized our knowledge of Palestine, and the most interesting discoveries have been made, all tending to strengthen and confirm the faith of the Christian in the Bible. The author has devoted years of study and research to his task, and has produced a work which is justly regarded as one of the most remarkable volumes ever issued.

The book opens with the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt ; and traces their wonderful march from the Land of Goshen to Mount Sinai* their wanderings in the Desert, and their final march to the Promised Land. Then follows a clear and concise history of Palestine from the earliest times to the present day.

From this brief outline of the character of the work it will be seen that it is very comprehensive. The Bible gathers new interest read in connection with it, ana many difficulties which are constantly presenting themselves to the mind of the unassisted reader will vanish in the light of the clear

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HEALTH, INTELLECT, MENTAL PHILOSOPHY, Eto

BY PROF. O. S. FOWLER.

Ever since man began to think, or to regard himself as a reasonable and responsible 'being, the greatest of all questions to him has been, and still is, how to live, how to regu¬ late the life given to him by the Creator, so as not only to fulfil the high destiny of an immortal soul, but also to enjoy the rewards which attend the rightful observance of those great physical laws upon which his whole animal existence depends. Human beings may be said to live two lives — that of their moral and spiritual faculties, ami that of their bodily faculties. These two lives are so closely interwoven that the perfection ■of the one depends upon the perfection of the other. A well balanced and vigorous mental ar.d moral organization cannot exist in an unsound or diseased body, and he only is a perfect man who can keep both mind and body pure und sound.

THE WORK TREATS

OF THE NATURAL jLAWS which govern man, showing that nearly all pain and suffering is the direct result cf a violation of these laws.

OF THE MIND and its organ, THE BRAIN, showing the wonderful sympathy between body, mind and brain, and how to cause each to increase our happiness.

OF THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT, showing which is the best organization; how bad qualities may be improved, and good ones developed into controlling powers. Parents will find here the reaL secret of instilling sound moral principles into their children.

OF CHARACTER IN INDIVIDUALS, showing how to recognize and read it; wha traits of character aro indicated by various forms, complexions, eyes, intonations, modec •of walking, speaking, Ac.

OF THE NATURAL PROCLIVITIES OF MAN, showing how abnormal pbysicp -conditions create sinful proclivities ; — a chapter of the highest importance.

OF HEALTH, the value of good, sound constitutional health; showing that all may enjoy it, and that sickness and premature death can be almost entirely avoided.

OF CONSUMPTION, showing how a tendency to it may be averted, and how the disease may be cured, when the treatment prescribed is adopted in time.

OF THE SKIN, its structure and offices ; with rules for bathing, Ac.

OF SLEEP ; “ Nature’s sweet restorer ; ” its necessity and duration ; showing how 1c •enjoy sound and refreshing sleep at will.

OF THE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY, in all its various parts.

OF SICKNESS AND DISEASE, describing fully the various “ ills that flesh is heL •to,” and their causes ; with rules for their prevention, proper treatment and cure. This portion enables mothers to have a competent medical adviser always at hand.

OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES, their nature and offices, with rules for the culti¬ vation of each. A complete guide for the proper regulation of the mental character.

jggf- OF SUCCESS IN LIFE; how to deserve and how to win it; showing what developments are necessary for special vocations; what conditions guarantee success, and cause failure; and hew each one may know for what he is best suited.

In short, there is scarcely a question concerning the various relations of life which is not satisfactorily discussed and solved in this wonderful volume. H he great aim of the Author is to show his fellow-men how to live aright, both as to their moral and animal existence. A right life is, incomparably, the most exalted attainment ami achievement possible to human beings. Juat howto live is the master problem, heretofore unsolved, of all individuals, all communities, throughout all ages and climes; audits scientific solution and application to all the relations of life, immeasurably exceeds all other studies and acquisitions, because it embraces all knowledge, all virtue, all enjoyment.^

J u one lurtje royal octavo volume, of 1211 pages, illustrated with over 2C0 I inelngrr. - ings, prepared under the personal supervision of the Author, and furnished to subscriber

In Extra Fine Ruby Cloth, at $3.75 per Copy,

In Fine Leather (Library Style,) - at $4.50 “ “

AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING ML

Philadelphia, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; or, St Louis, Mco

THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE "

GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OP INTEREST EXHIBITED IN THEM,

EMBELLISHED WITH NEARLY 400 FINE ENGRAVINGS

. , i . , . . . - - offered to the public, nml there

is not another book in print which gives one-fourth of the information contained in this ■\vork. To those who have visited the Exhibition, it will be a pleasing souvenir of their visit, and will enable them to recall the magnificent scenes they have witnessed To those who did not make the journey, the book is a necessity, for'it will enable them to •enjoy the delights of a thorough acquaintance with the ’great World’s Fair in the •quietude of their own homes.

THE WORK TREATS

OT THE EXIIIB1 1 ION GROUNDS; giving an account of them, the manner in wh ich they were laid off, and the location of every object of interest in them.

_ Oh 1 IIE G REA I BUILDINGS OF THE EXHIBITION ; giving their history, their •size, the details of their construction, a’ d an accurate description of each.

OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING, that superb palace of glass and iron; of the rare and beautiful articles displayed within it ; the rich Jewels, Laces, Silks, and manufactures of all kinds, which were here spread out in a manner surpassing the wildest flights of romance ; and the thousands of beautiful objects which filled the vast hall.

OF MACHINERY HALL, the grand temple of the Mechanic Arts; of the great Cor¬ liss Engine, and the thousands of machines which exhibit the mechanical industries.

OF MEMORIAL HALL, the beautiful Art Gallery, with its thousands of Paintings, •Statues, Bronzes, etc. ; the most superb Art Collection ever seen in any Exhibition.

OF AGRICUL TURAL HALL, in which was made the most complete display of the Agricultural systems of the nations of the world. This was the grand original feature of the Exhibition, and was a source of the deepest interest to all. To farmers this ac¬ count of the superb display in this building is worth the price of the whole book.

OF HORTICULTURAL HALL, the fairy-like palace in which the flowers of the world were to be seen ; and of the beautiful landscape garden which surrounded it.

OF THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING; in which was displayed the great National Museum and the practical workings of the Treasury, War, Navy, and P. 0. Departments.

OF TH E WOMAN’S PA V 1 LION, with its beautiful collections of the work of women in the various occupations in which her skill and patience have won her success.

OF THE STATE BUILDINGS, the arrangement!* made for special displays, and for the comfort and convenience of the visitors from the various States.

OF THE BUILDINGS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES; giving descriptions of the

portant a p... „ ... ..... . . . .

various State Days ; and the magnificent displays of lire Works; making the work a complete account of the Centennial Exhibition from its inception to its close.

JSS^Tlie work is superbly illustrated. The engravings are genuine works ol art, and were made at a cost of over $20,000. The great number and high character of these engravings make this the most valuable art publication ol the Exhibition.

COIsTIDITIOIsrS :

It is printed from clear, new type, comprised in one large Octavo volume' sf over 900 pages, embellished with nearly 400 fine engravings, of buildings . e^‘ b s 1 bLeiies in the Great Exhibition, and will he furnished to subscribers at the following pin.es.

In Extra Fine Satin Cloth, . at $3.50 per topj.

In Library Style, (Morocco Back and Corners.). . at 4.00

■ nriirr* 111 A llTrn— Send for circulars containing extra terms to Agents, WAIiIlU and a fuller description of the work.

NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO,

CHICAGO, ILL.; or, ST. LOUIS, MO.

Address,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO’S SUPERFINL EDITION.

NEW DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL

With over woo Fine Scripture Illustrations.

jHllUR DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL PICTORIAL FAMILY BIBLE is the most perfect and comprehensive edition ever published in this country.

In addition to the Old and New Testaments, Apocrypha, Concordance and Psalms in Metre, it contains a large amount of explanatory matter, compiled with great care, aud burnishing a complete encyclopedia of Biblical knowledge.

The following are among Its leading features:

1. A comprehensive and critical History of all the Books of the Bible.

2. A very elegant and elaborate Marriage Certificate, with designs, etc., in seven colors.

3. A History of all the existing Religious Denominations in the world, and the various Sects, both ancient and modern.

4. Beautifully illuminated pages of the Lord’s Prayer and Ten Commandments.

5. A very unique Family Record for Marriages, Births and Deaths, printed in colors.

6. The History of the Translation of the English Bible.

7. A handsome Photograph Album for sixteen Portraits, printed in colors.

8. A complete and practical household Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its Antiqui¬ ties, Biography, Geography and Natural History, by the great Biblical scholar, William Smith, LL. D. Expounding every subject mentioned in the Bible.

IKS' Special attention is allied to the great value of this feature. Hr. Smith’s is everywhere conceded to he the most comprehensive and valuable Bible Dictionary ever published.

p. Over 101)0 fine Scripture Illustrations, accurately showing the Manners and Customs of the Period, Biblical Antiquities and Scenery, Natural History, etc., etc.

10. Topographical Sketch of the Holy Land, with Maps and Panoramic views of the country as occupied by the different tribes.

1 1. Illustrations of Jerusalem and its environs, showing the Holy City as it appeared in the time of David and again in the time of Christ. The Mount of Olives, Mount Zion, etc.

12. The Wanderings in the Wilderness, with Map and Illustrations showing the Wilder¬ ness of Sinai, the Camp of the Israelites, Standards of the Twelve Tribes, etc.

13. Illustrations of the Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple, with plans, altars, ark, golden candlestick, brazen laver, breastplate, molten sea, and the high priest in his various offices.

14. Illustrations of scenes and incidents in the Life of Christ.

15. The Cities and Towns of the Bible, showing all the important places in Palestine.

16. Scenes in the Lives of the Patriarchs, Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament.

17. Illustrations of the Animals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc., mentioned in the Bible.

18. Illustrations of the prominent events in the Life of St. Paul.

19. Illustrations of the trees, plants and flowers of the Bible.

20. Fac-similes of Ancient Coins, with a description of each, including the Hebrew, Greek and Roman coins, with their value in gold.

21. A Harmony of the Four Gospels, and Analysis of the Bible.

22. A Table of contents of the Old and New Testaments, so arranged that any subject or occurrence mentioned in the Bible can be readily referred to.

23. A Plan showing how the Bible may be read through in a year.

21. A Table showing how the earth was repeopled by the descendants of Noah.

25. Nearly One Hundred Thousand Marginal References and Readings.

26. A Chronological Table, showing the principal events of Jewish and contemporaneous

History, from the creation of the world to tne present time.

27. A Table of the Kings and Prophets of Judah and Israel, arranged in parallels.

The following arc specimens of letters that we have received from Clergymen and from Agents who are selling our Bible:

JD.v. W. S. Bi.aok, of Monroe, Union Co., N. 0., writes:— “ Kvery person is delighted with your Bil de. It is i lie most complete, and gives more entire satisfaction titan any other Bible I ever saw. 1 sold U cop in one day, 1.5 in another, and 17 in another, mostly in the finest style of binding.”

TIf.v. .T. G. Movfort. T>. T)., of Cincinnati. 0.. writes: — “This Family Bible is of inestimable mine, pictures buttress sacred eh a met ere and scenes n jxm the imagination, and its map-1, tables and marges re ’ enees make it th« best of all Commentaries Bet no family that can aflord it be without this largo, printed, hundsomely-bounil and illustrated copy of tlio Word of God.”

Bex. II. N. 1 1 1 1. 1».\ 1. 1 >, ui l’oint Abino, Ontario r&nAdn wkA l. . .

“The latest edition of your Bible is superior to any Bible hat I °T S? COpies of our Bible- "'rites:—

are highly delighted with it.” y 1 1 ever SHW for the same money. Subscriber*

Mr. J. Barnes, our Agent nt St. James, Phelps Co Mo writes- “TUo him peoplo. They pronounce them the finest ever brought into this wuutTy." “ b “ you 8ent mo 8urPri*o the

C. A. Temple, of Beading, Middlesex Co Mass u-riina. -fn-u •

Is not near as lino as your Slo. Bible in any respect ; ’’binding paperTne Be"in-e “ 82°' BiWo hfre- 14 so considered by tlioso who have seen and compared the ’ tjP®’ aUli enKri»ungs are all inferior, and

J. h. Mohri80N, of Eldorado, Preble Co., 0.. writes — “Ymip Trn.io i= .u . .

I sold 115 copies in Adams Township, Darke Co 0 and 70 conies in v*'? 1x584 Be"lnE hook I ever tried, have been engaged in selling books by subscription for the past fifteen^ Uin^i C° ’10' 1

satisfaction than any book I ever sold.” ^ ttra* an(* y°ur Bible gives better

Aaron Jones, our Agent at Keysvillo, Charlotte Co., Ya„ writes-— “Your Ttimnis„^.pr . , ,

And a wonder to all in cheapness. Nothing like it has ever been sold in this county.” e°m " bcauty*

G. . Ellis, of Linton, Green Co., Ind., writes- _ “ I have Rold 02 TiiLloa- aa n,,™ 1 ,,

>hip My subscri bers are well pleased with them. One man says he would ’not tike & to hUUl 5 Bible and do without one of the kind. Others say they would not take S'2b.” 5 ** Ulb 0

J. C. Bilmnoham, of Gloyersville, N. Y., writes 1 have sold 71 Bibles in this town, and have not yet -canvassed more than half of it." ’ ul *el

WE APPEND THE FOLLOWING EEPOETS FEOM AGENTS.

W. L. Swift, of Fayetto Co., Tenn., sold 83 Bibles in eight days.

Mrs. II. Vansize, of Ada, Mich., sold 140 Bibles in four weeks.

II. G. Conser, of Bebersburgh, Centre Co., Pa., sold 20 Bibles in two days.

Mr. J. Zimmerman, a student from the Theological Seminary of Gettysburg, Pa., sold 105 Bibles In Carroll Co., Md., in fourteen days ; 12 of these Bibles woru sold in one day.

William K. Stiles sold 79 Bibles in Leo Township, I’latte Co., Mo.

Bev. A. J. McGown, of Huntsville, Texas, writes:— “ I sold 197 Bibles last month, and hope to do better next month. In one day I sold 20 Bibles.”

Mr. Gf.orof. Stevf.ns, our Agent nt Corning, Steuben Co.. N. Y., writes: — “I hnve found more than twenty "different styles of Family Bibles while canvassing, but 1 find none that uro equul to yours.”

CONDITIONS:

It is printed from large, clear, new type, on fine white paper, made expressly for this Bible, and bound in the most handsome and substantial manner; contains 1400 pages, and over 1000 Fine Scripture Illustrations, on steel and wood, by Gustave Dorr, ami •other celebrated Artists, and will be furnished to subscribers at the following Prices, payable 011 delivery:

Bound in American Morocco, Panelled Sides, Marbled Edges . at $8.50

Bound in American Morocco, Panelled Sides, Gilt Edges . at 10.00

Elegantly bound in Turkey Morocco, Full Gilt, Raised Panels . at 15.00

Also, a cheap edition, without the Dictionary and illustrated matter . . at 6.50

There is no other Bible published for the price that will at all compare with it. The binding is of the most handsome and substantial kind, being very heavy and durable. Tiie price of our Bible is full 20 per cent, lower than other publishers sell similar Bibles. Compare our S15. Bible with any other one that sells to subscribers for $18. or $20.-exanune the binding, engravings, paper, etc., carefully, and you will be convinced of its superiority.

/x a ■ |TI ABD- Inferior Family Bibles an being circulated.— See that the copy

I A I I I B II |\| you lmv is printed on Fine Paper, and that it contains over

A I M I I I Hill 1000 Fine Scripture Illustrations, and Dr. SMITH’S Complete

jVf 1 W I ■ V/ I I Dictionary of the Bible.

Published in both English and German, at the same prices.

Bihl.es are always in demand, and yon can often, sell a really valuable , handsome and cheap one to persons who will buy no other booh.

AGENTS WANTEITWd»^,a£“ 10 AE““' “d “

Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO.,

Philadelphia, Pa. ; Chicago, Ill. ; or, St. Louis, Mo.

THE

LIGHT IN THE EAST.

A COMPREHENSIVE RELIGIOUS WORK,

EMBRACING THE LIFE OF

OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST

AND THE LIVES OF HIS HOLY APOSTLES AND EVANGELISTS.

BY REV. JOHN FLEETWOOD, D.D.

Together with the LIVES of the PATRIARCHS and PROPHETS, and of the Mos Eminent Christian MARTYRS, FATHERS and REFORMERS. To which is added the HISTORY OF THE JEWS, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, and a

HISTORY OF THE RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF THE WORLD

BOTH ANCIENT AND MODERN.

ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER 200 FINE ENGRAVINGS.

The object of this work is to present to the reader a full, comprehensive and ir.teiligen' account of the Life, Ministry and Sufferings of our Blessed Redeemer. On all sides there is a growing demand for some plain and forcible illustration of the Life and Teachings of Our Saviour while on earth, which, unmarred by the errors and theories of MODERN PHILOSOPHY, shall serve as an assistance to the faithful student of the Gospel story. S».ch a work is needed in every household to strengthen the faith of tho aged, and to keep the feet of the young ia the narrow way. The Lives of the Apostles and Evangelists are given in full, and to them are added biographies of the other New Testament characters. It will be found a great assist¬ ance to an intelligent comprehension of Christ’s ministry to be thoroughly instructed in the history of those who were his intimate friends and the agents of his power.

The Lives of the Patriarchs and Prophets embrace comprehensive acoounts of the moBt noted Old Testament characters, a knowledge of whose lives is essential to a proper under¬ standing of that of our Saviour, who was the fulfilment of the Old Dispensation. The work would be incomplete did it fail to trace the spread of Christianity trom the days of the Apostles to the modern era. This is done in a series of biographies of the Early Christian Martyrs, Fathers and Reformers, embracing a period from St. John to the Reformation, and showing how the truth was established and witnessed, under God, by those noble men. fey this is added a History of the Jews from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, which is very complete and comprehensive, and no more interesting narrative is to be found in the pages

of history.

The History of all Religious Denominations comprises a series of comprehensive accounts of the various forms of truth and error which have prevailed in the world. A proper under¬ standing of this subject will do much to soften denominational asperities and to teach us that respecc for the religious belief of our brethren, which should be the distinguishing tnnrk of a Christian. The Chronological Table will be found especially valuable and interesting, and will enable the reader to mark the progress of the outside world, while Israel was work¬ ing out her destiny.

One of the great merits of this work is that it comprises in one large volume that which is usually spread out through a great many books, so that it may be said it is in enect a complete library of religious literature in itself. The Editor has been extremely desiious of including in it all that it is essential for a Christian to know, and much that is pleasant ta read of. Nothing necessary to a full and intelligent understanding of the truths oi revealed religion has been omitted, and the book is perfectly free from sectarian bias, its aim being to promote the cause of tho one indivisible Church. .

In one large octavo volume of 850 pages, embellished and illustrated with more tQfin ■ 1 fine Engravings, by the best artists of England and America, and furnished to Subscribers,

Elegantly Bound in Pine Morocco Cloth . PAr

“ ** In Red Roan, Full Gilt Back . . . 2 on •* »

** *• In Frencn Morocco, Full Gilt Panelled Sides- at o.uu

AGENTS WAJNXEij. Address, NAlluNAL PUBLISHING CO,

Philadelphia, Pa. ; Chicago, Ill. ; or, St. Louis, Mo.

A WORK DESCRIPTIVE OF THE

CITY OF NEW YORK IN ALL ITS VARIOUS PHASES.

Its Splendors and Wretchedness; Its High and Low Life; Its Marble Palaces and Dark Dens ; Its Attractions and Dangers ; Its Rings and Frauds ; Its Leading Men and Politicians ; Its Adventurers; Its Mysteries and Crimes.

ILLUSTRATED WITH NEARLY 200 FINE ENGRAVINGS.

New York is the most wonderful of all the many wonderful sights of this groat country, and is always, a theme of inexhaustible interest to the other portions of the Union. It is constantly changing, and vrow- lug more magnificent and interesting every year. Thousands who con-ider themselves well acqimiuteifc with the Gruat City, by reason of their numerous visits to it. find, uiam returning after an absence of but a few years, that it lias changed t.> an extent which makes it almost a new city to them.

The author of this work needs no endorsement; his long residence in New Yo k, and very intimate acquaintance with metropolitan life in all its varied phases, peculiarly fit him for the preparation of such a l>ook; and he has produced in this work a vivid and life-like picture of the Great City, painting its Lights and Shadows with a bold and skilful hand, and reproducing its brilliant Sights and wonderful Sen¬ sations with a graphicness which renders it the most absorbing and fascinating Wok that has ever been, wruton upon the subject.

IT TREATS

Of the City of New York; giving a concise and interesting account of its growth and progress from its first settlement.

Of the mxgnifieent public and private buildings of the city; of its gardens, parks, marble palaces, prisons, and public works.

Of Broadway ; the most beautiful and wonderful street in the world, with full accounts < f its sights, hv day anil night.

Of New York Society; showing of what it is composed, and revealing u fearful story of fashion¬ able folio's, and dissipations.

Of the “Bings ” of New York ; showing how the city is plundered by a few unscrupulous men. Of Fifth Avenue, with its miles of palaces, its people, and its sights ; showing the interior of one of; the most fashionable mansions.

Of Wall Street; with vivid sketches of the men and mysteries of Wall Street; how fortunes arc.

made and lost in a day ; how laigus stuck c. mpuiies o' igimite. and how the bubbles burst.

Of the Hotels; showing how these umguiuceut establishments are conducted.

Of the Central Park, its lawns, lakes, rambles, statuary, museums, and summer and winter sports Of the Detectives, with absorbing accounts of some of their most celebrated cases.

Of Fashionable Stores, with a complete description of Stewart’s great retail store, its attaches, CtwUrtWVTB, ttttttrtllll ol l*tc.

Of the Five Points and its History, a fearful account of misery, suffering, and crime; of tlio dark dens and filthy lanes of the Five points; and of the duellers hi this section.

Of Crime and Criminals, with sketches of the l’r- fesslonal Thieves; the Pick-pockets, Female Thieves, Itiver Thieves; lie .'fences; ” the Pawnbrokers; 1 lie Houghs, and others.

Of the Theatres; of actors, actresses, ballet girls and their mode of life; Music and Peer Gardens. Of the Social Evil ; of the i-ost Sisterhood ; of Houses of Assignation ; of Street Walkers, Concert- Saloons and Waiter Girls; of linked Bills, banco Houses and Harry Hill’s; of Pers mils and Matri¬ monial Advertisements; of tho Midnight Mission; Child Mnuler; the Abortionists and tlicb Victims. Of the Poor of New York ; of death in the cellars, and suffering in its most appalling form.

Of Black Mailers ; of sharpers, male and female, and their victims ; of swindlers, gilt enterprises, mock auctions, ‘'Cheap Johns,” im|>ostors, quack doctors, clairvoyants, and fortune tellers.

Of Gambling Houses ; of gamblers and their victims; of lotteries and policy dealing.

Of the Custom House, Mx in-iiln working *, and many interesting dentils.

Of all that is great, noble, mysterious, brilliant, startling, genteel, or shabby, and all that is interesting in the Great City.

No volume ever written concerning New York contains so much Information of use and interest to the reader. It is in all respects the most brilliant, reliable and fascinating work now offered to the public. Though it discusses the darker sides of ci’y life, it does so with delicacy and candor, and the book is an emphatic warning against tho vices of the city.

In one large Royal Octavo volume of SoO pages, embellished and Illustrated with nearly 200 fine Engravings of noted places, life and scenes in New York ; and furnished to Subscribers, elegantly bound

In Fine Morocco Cloth, in English or German . at $2.75 per copy.

In Fine Leather, (Library Style,) in English or German, at $3.25 “ “

AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO.,

Philadelphia, Pa. ; Chicago, Ill. ; or St. Louis, Mo. Published in both English and German, and Sold by Subscription only

ZSTThis very interesting and valuable Work will be sent o, any address, postage paid, on receipt of 1*7' ice. w

MANHOOD, WOMANHOOD

AND

THEIR MUTUAL INTER-RELATIONS;

LOVE, ITS LAWS, POWER, ETC.

By Prof. O. S. Fowler.

“ Sexual Science ” is simply that groat code of natural laws by which the Almighty re quires the sexes to be governed in their mutual relations. A knowledge of these laws is of the highest importance, and it is the general ignorance of them which swells the list of disease and misery in the world, and wrecks so many lives which would otherwise be hnnnv

T11E WORK TREATS OF LOVE-MAKING AND SELECTION, showing how love affairs should be conducted, and revenling the laics which govern male and female attraction -and repulsion; what qualities make a good, and a poor, husband or wife, and what giver .persons should select and reject; what forms, sizes, etc., may, and must not, intermarry.

OF MARRIAGE, its sacredness and necessity, its laws and rights; of perfect and miserable •unions; and of all that it is necessary to know concerning this most important relntion in life.

OF BEARING AND NURSING. — This portion being a complete encyclopedia for pro¬ spective mothers, showing how to render confinement easy, and manage infants; every young ■wife requires its instructions as affecting her embryo.

OF SEXUAL RESTORATION. — This is a very important part of the work; b«eauss Almost all men and women, if not diseased, are run down. The laws of sexual recuperation are here, for the first time, unfolded, and the whole subject thoroughly and scientifically ■treated; giving the cause and cure of female ailments, seminal losses, sexual impotence, etc.

And Tells how to promote sexual vigor, the prime duty of every man and woman.

How to make a right choice of husband or wife ; what persons are nutted tc each other.

How to judge a man or woman’s sexual condition by visible signs.

How young husbands should treat their brides; how to increase their lovt and avoid shocking them.

How to avoid an improper marriage, and how to avoid female ailments.

How to increase the joys of wedded lile, and how to increase female piission,

How to regulate intercourse between mnn and wile, and how to mal e it healthful to both ; Ignorance of thin law is ilie cause of nearly all the woes of marriage.

How to have fine and healthy children, and how to transmit mental and physical qualities to offspring.

How to avoid the evils attending pregnancy, and how to make child-bearing heal'hful and desirable.

How to prevent self-abuse among the young, and how to recognize the sign* of self-abuse and cure it.

How intercourse out of wedlock is injurious ; a warning to young men.

How to restore and perpetuate female beauty, and how to promote the growtn of the female bust.

How to be virtuous, happy, healthful and useful, by a rigid compliance with the laws of sexual science.

There is scarcely a question concerning the most serious duties of life which is not fully -and satisfactorily answered in this book. Such a work has long been needed, ami will be found invaluabK to every man and woman who has arrived nt years of discretion. It should be read especially by the married, and by those who have the care of children, and it will carry happiness with it wherever it goes, by diffusing knowledge on those subjects concern¬ ing which it has, until now, been almost impossible to obtain reliable information. The book is pure and ekvated in tone; eloquent in its denunciations of vice ; and forcible in its warnings against th* secret sins which are practiced with impunity even in the family circle.

In one large royal octavo volume of 930 pages, embellished and illustrated with numeroni Engravings, and furnished to Subscribers,

Bound in Extra Pine Cloth . . . ....at $3.75 per Copy.

Bound in Pine Leather, (Library Style,) . at $4.50 “

AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO.,

Philadelphia, Pa. ; Chicago, Ill. ; or, St. Louie, Me.